ASTM D281-12

Standard Test Method for Oil Absorption of Pigments by Spatula Rub-out

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The oil absorption value obtained by this test method gives information about the vehicle demand of the pigment when it is used in a pigment paste. Oil absorption values can be used to characterize pigments or batches of a given pigment.
This test method differs from Test Method D1483 in that D1483 involves only a gentle stirring and folding of the pigment, whereas this test method requires a thorough rubbing action. Because the end points are different, the values obtained from the two test methods generally differ.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the oil absorption of pigments by the spatula rub-out technique.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 14-Apr-2012
• ICS: 87.060.10 - Pigments and extenders
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.24 - Physical Properties of Liquid Paints & Paint Materials

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D281-95(2007) - Standard Test Method for Oil Absorption of Pigments by Spatula Rub-out
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D605-82(2019) - Standard Specification for Magnesium Silicate Pigment (Talc)
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D4487-90(2020) - Standard Test Methods for Analysis of Calcium Borosilicate
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D6280-98(2020) - Standard Specification for Zinc Phosphate Pigments
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D4462-02(2019) - Standard Specification for Zinc Hydroxy Phosphite Pigment
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D79-86(2020) - Standard Specification for Zinc Oxide Pigments
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D3021-01(2019) - Standard Specification for Phthalocyanine Green Pigments
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D4288-02(2019) - Standard Specification for Calcium Borosilicate Pigments
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D1199-86(2020) - Standard Specification for Calcium Carbonate Pigments
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D1483-12(2023) - Standard Test Method for Oil Absorption of Pigments by Gardner-Coleman Method
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2012
• Referred By: ASTM D1844-86(2020) - Standard Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Basic Lead Silicochromate
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2012

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D281 − 12
Standard Test Method for
1
Oil Absorption of Pigments by Spatula Rub-out
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D281; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope* action.Becausetheendpointsaredifferent,thevaluesobtained
from the two test methods generally differ.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the oil
absorption of pigments by the spatula rub-out technique.
5. Apparatus and Materials
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
5.1 Balance, capable of weighing to 0.001 g.
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
5.2 Dropping Bottle, fitted with ground-in pipet and rubber
only.
bulb or buret, graduated in 0.1-mL divisions.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
5.3 Smooth Glass Rub-up Plate or Marble Slab (glass
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
should have a surface similar to Hoover Muller Plates).
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
5.4 Spatula, sharp-edged, steel, having a blade of 15 or 20
1 3
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
mm by 100 mm ( ⁄2 or ⁄4 by 4 in.).
5.5 Oil, linseed, raw, conforming to the following specifi-
2. Referenced Documents
cation:
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Specific Gravity 0.926–0.931
D1483 Test Method for Oil Absorption of Pigments by
Boiling Point >149°C
Acid Number 3 ± 1
Gardner-Coleman Method
Saponification Value 185–196
Iodine Value 170 minimum
3. Summary of Test Method
Gardner Color 13 maximum
3.1 A stiff, putty-like paste is formed by the dropwise
5.5.1 Linseed oil used in comparative tests must have the
addition of linseed oil to pigment that is being thoroughly
sameacidvalue.Otherliquids,suchasrefinedoil,maybeused
rubbed with a spatula. The amount of oil required to produce
by mutual agreement.
the end point is used to calculate an oil absorption value.
6. Procedure
4. Significance and Use
6.1 Procedure A (Weighing Bottle)—Weigh exactly 1 g, or
any multiple thereof (Note 1), of the thoroughly mixed and air
4.1 The oil absorption value obtained by this test method
dried pigment and place upon a glass plate or marble slab.
gives information about the vehicle demand of the pigment
Weigh to 0.01 g a dropping bottle containing raw linseed oil
whenitisusedinapigmentpaste.Oilabsorptionvaluescanbe
along with the pipet and rubber bulb. Add the linseed oil
used to characterize pigments or batches of a given pigment.
gradually,dropbydrop(bymeansofthepipet),tothepigment.
4.2 ThistestmethoddiffersfromTestMethodD1483inthat
After the addition of each drop, thoroughly incorporate the oil
D1483 involves only a gentle stirring and folding of the
by rubbing up with the spatula. The test is complete when
pigment, whereas this test method requires a thorough rubbing
exactly enough oil has been incorporated with the pigment to
produce a very stiff, putty-like paste, that does not break or
separate. Weigh the bottle and oil to 0.01 g and determine by
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint
difference the weight of oil used. The time that it took to run
and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints & Paint Materials.
the test (in minutes) should be noted. Subsequent tests on the
Current edition approved April 15, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally
same kind of pigment should be performed in approximately
approved in 1928. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D281 – 95 (2007).
the same period of time. Any device capable of measuring
DOI: 10.1520/D0281-12.
2
minutes may be used.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D281 − 12
NOTE 1—The specimen weight depends upon the specific gravity,
8.2 Report the time taken to run the test.
fineness, and other characteristics of the pigment. For example, 20 g is
taken for white lead, but about 1 g is sufficient for carbon black. In any
9. Precision and Bias
event,
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:D281–95(Reapproved2007) Designation: D281 – 12
Standard Test Method for
1
Oil Absorption of Pigments by Spatula Rub-out
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D281; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the oil absorption of pigments by the spatula rub-out technique.
1.2The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards: D234Specification for Raw Linseed Oil
D1483 Test Method for Oil Absorption of Pigments by Gardner-Coleman Method
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 A stiff, putty-like paste is formed by the dropwise addition of linseed oil to pigment that is being thoroughly rubbed with
a spatula. The amount of oil required to produce the end point is used to calculate an oil absorption value.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 The oil absorption value obtained by this test method gives information about the vehicle demand of the pigment when it
is used in a pigment paste. Oil absorption values can be used to characterize pigments or batches of a given pigment.
4.2 This test method differs from Test Method D1483 in that D1483 involves only a gentle stirring and folding of the pigment,
whereas this test method requires a thorough rubbing action. Because the end points are different, the values obtained from the two
test methods generally differ.
5. Apparatus and Materials
5.1 Balance, capable of weighing to 0.001 g.
5.2 Dropping Bottle, fitted with ground-in pipet and rubber bulb or buret, graduated in 0.1-mL divisions.
5.3 Smooth Glass Rub-up Plate or Marble Slab (glass should have a surface similar to Hoover Muller Plates).
1 3
5.4 Spatula, sharp-edged, steel, having a blade of 15 or 20 mm by 100 mm ( ⁄2 or ⁄4 by 4 in.).
5.5 Oil, linseed, raw, conforming to Specification D234 except that it shall have an acid number of 3 6 1. Linseed oil used in
comparative tests must have the same acid value. Other liquids, such as refined oil, may be used by mutual agreement. , linseed,
raw, conforming to the following specification:
Specific Gravity 0.926–0.931
Boiling Point >149°C
Acid Number 3 6 1
Saponification Value 185–196
Iodine Value 170 minimum
Gardner Color 13 maximum
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and is the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.24 on Physical Properties of Liquid Paints & Paint Materials.
Current edition approved July 1, 2007. Published July 2007. Originally approved in 1928. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as D281–95(2002). DOI:
10.1520/D0281-95R07.
Current edition approved April 15, 2012. Published May 2012. Originally approved in 1928. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D281 – 95 (2007). DOI:
10.1520/D0281-12.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D281 – 12
5.5.1 Linseed oil used in comparative tests must have the same acid value. Other liquids, such as refined oil, may be used by
mutual agreement.
6. Procedure
6.1 Procedure A (Weighing Bottle)—Weigh exactly 1 g, or any multiple thereof (Note 1), of the thoroughly mixed and air dried
pigment and place upon a glass plate or marble slab. Weigh to 0.01 g a dropping bottle containing raw linseed oil along with the
pipet and rubber bulb. Add
...