ASTM D6932/D6932M-08(2013)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Materials and Construction of Open-Graded Friction Course Plant Mixtures
Standard Guide for Materials and Construction of Open-Graded Friction Course Plant Mixtures
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides information to assist engineers with the design requirements and construction guidelines for paving an Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC) surface layer. An OGFC is primarily used to improve the skid resistance and wear resistance of a bituminous pavement by providing an escape route for surface water beneath a moving wheel load. The mixture is typically produced with a low amount of fine aggregate particles and high air void content to provide a passageway of interconnected voids for moisture to drain away from the travelway. The film thickness of the asphalt and overall asphalt content is important for better stripping resistance and durability and aging properties.Note 1—OGFCs may also be placed to reduce the tire-pavement interface noise and may also be placed to reduce the occurrence and severity of reflective cracking.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the construction of bituminous open-graded friction course plant mixtures. End-use specifications should be adopted to conform to job and user requirements. Where applicable, Specification D3666 should be applied as a minimum for agencies testing and inspecting road and paving materials.
1.2 Bituminous open-graded friction courses are placed as the final wearing course for highways and airfields.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in non-conformance with the standard.
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6932/D6932M − 08 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Guide for
Materials and Construction of Open-Graded Friction Course
Plant Mixtures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6932/D6932M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C128 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity)
and Absorption of Fine Aggregate
1.1 This guide covers the construction of bituminous open-
C131 Test Method for Resistance to Degradation of Small-
graded friction course plant mixtures. End-use specifications
Size CoarseAggregate byAbrasion and Impact in the Los
should be adopted to conform to job and user requirements.
Angeles Machine
Where applicable, Specification D3666 should be applied as a
C136 Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse
minimum for agencies testing and inspecting road and paving
Aggregates
materials.
C1252 Test Methods for Uncompacted Void Content of Fine
1.2 Bituminous open-graded friction courses are placed as
Aggregate (as Influenced by Particle Shape, Surface
the final wearing course for highways and airfields.
Texture, and Grading)
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
D75 Practice for Sampling Aggregates
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
D140 Practice for Sampling Bituminous Materials
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
D448 Classification for Sizes of Aggregate for Road and
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
Bridge Construction
values from the two systems may result in non-conformance
D946 Specification for Penetration-Graded Asphalt Cement
with the standard.
for Use in Pavement Construction
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
D1461 Test Method for Moisture or Volatile Distillates in
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Bituminous Paving Mixtures
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
D2419 Test Method for Sand Equivalent Value of Soils and
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
Fine Aggregate
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
D2995 Practice for Estimating Application Rate and Re-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
sidual Application Rate of Bituminous Distributors
2. Referenced Documents D3381 Specification for Viscosity-Graded Asphalt Cement
for Use in Pavement Construction
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D3666 Specification for Minimum Requirements for Agen-
C29/C29M Test Method for Bulk Density (“Unit Weight”)
cies Testing and Inspecting Road and Paving Materials
and Voids in Aggregate
D4791 Test Method for Flat Particles, Elongated Particles,
C88 Test Method for Soundness of Aggregates by Use of
or Flat and Elongated Particles in Coarse Aggregate
Sodium Sulfate or Magnesium Sulfate
D5821 Test Method for Determining the Percentage of
C127 Test Method for Relative Density (Specific Gravity)
and Absorption of Coarse Aggregate Fractured Particles in Coarse Aggregate
D6114 Specification for Asphalt-Rubber Binder
1 D6307 Test Method forAsphalt Content ofAsphalt Mixture
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D04 on Road and
Paving Materials and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D04.23 on by Ignition Method
Plant-Mixed Asphalt Surfaces and Bases.
D6373 Specification for Performance Graded Asphalt
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published February 2014. Originally
Binder
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D6932/D6932M – 08.
DOI: 10.1520/D6932_D6932M-08R13. D6390 Test Method for Determination of Draindown Char-
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
acteristics in Uncompacted Asphalt Mixtures
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
D7064 Practice for Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC)
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. Mix Design
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States
D6932/D6932M − 08 (2013)
2.2 Other References: 6.2 Size—Aggregate should be as close to one size as is
TRB NCHRP Synthesis 284 Performance Survey on Open- economically practical, preferably in the range of 12.5 to 4.75
Graded Friction Course Mixes
mm [ ⁄2 in. to No. 4], for OGFC with up to 25 mm [1.0 in.] in
NCAT Report No. 2001-01 Design, Construction and Per- compacted thickness.
formance of New Generation Open-Graded Friction
6.3 Shape—The ideal shape is cubical or angular. To
Courses
achieve adequate angularity it is suggested that the coarse
FAA-RD-73-197
aggregate have at least 95 % one-fractured face and 90 %
FAA-RD-74-38
two-fractured face as measured by Test Method D5821.To
help achieve a more cubical shape it is suggested that the
3. Terminology
coarse aggregate maximum amount of flat or elongated par-
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
ticles as measured by Test Method D4791 not exceed 10 %
3.1.1 open-graded friction course (OGFC), n— special type
with a ratio of 5 to 1 in maximum dimension to minimum
of hot mix asphalt surface mixture used for reducing hydro-
dimension. Rounded particles are not acceptable. The uncom-
planing and potential for skidding, where the function of the
pacted void content (fine aggregate angularity-FAA) as mea-
mixture is to provide a free-draining layer that permits surface
sured by Test Methods C1252 should be 40 % or greater.
watertomigratelaterallythroughthemixturetotheedgeofthe
6.4 Cleanliness—It is important that the aggregate be clean.
pavement.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Example gradings can be found in The sand equivalent value of the fine aggregate passing the
2.36mm[No.8]sieveaccordingtoTestMethodD2419should
Appendix X1.
be at least 45 % or greater. It is recommended that the material
to be tested be separated on the 2.36 mm [No. 8] sieve because
4. Significance and Use
of the coarse grading of the aggregate. It is also very important
4.1 This guide provides information to assist engineers with
toremoveanycoatingsorfinesadheringtothecoarsematerial.
the design requirements and construction guidelines for paving
an Open-Graded Friction Course (OGFC) surface layer. An
7. Asphalt Binder
OGFC is primarily used to improve the skid resistance and
wear resistance of a bituminous pavement by providing an
7.1 Asphalt cement shall conform to Specifications D946,
escape route for surface water beneath a moving wheel load.
D3381,or D6373.
The mixture is typically produced with a low amount of fine
7.2 When modified asphalt is used, it shall conform to
aggregate particles and high air void content to provide a
Specification D6373.
passageway of interconnected voids for moisture to drain away
from the travelway. The film thickness of the asphalt and
7.3 When asphalt-rubber is used, it shall conform to Speci-
overall asphalt content is important for better stripping resis-
fication D6114.
tance and durability and aging properties.
NOTE 2—The asphalt type and grade to be used depends on the type of
NOTE 1—OGFCs may also be placed to reduce the tire-pavement
construction, climatic conditions, amount and nature of traffic.
interface noise and may also be placed to reduce the occurrence and
severity of reflective cracking.
8. Composition of Open-Graded Mixtures
5. Types of Specification Information
8.1 The asphalt content shall be determined in accordance
with the owner’s selection method or Practice D7064.
5.1 Contract documentation for bituminous OGFC typically
includes the following information:
8.2 The asphalt cement open-graded mixture will typically
5.1.1 Type of asphalt (for example, asphalt cement, polymer
consist of 93 to 95 % aggregate and 5 to 7 % asphalt by weight
modifiedasphalt,asphaltrubber)andspecificationdesignation;
of total mixture.
5.1.2 Grade of asphalt;
5.1.3 Quantity of asphalt required; 8.3 The modified asphalt open-graded mixture typically
5.1.4 Type of aggregate (for example, crushe
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