ASTM D480-88(2014)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing of Flaked Aluminum Powders and Pastes
Standard Test Methods for Sampling and Testing of Flaked Aluminum Powders and Pastes
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 Flaked aluminum pigments are produced in a variety of forms. These test methods allow the user to determine the applicability of a given product to this use.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling, qualitative analysis, and physical testing of flaked aluminum powders and pastes (leafing and nonleafing) for coatings.
1.2 These test methods apply equally to leafing and nonleafing flaked aluminum powders and pastes except where noted to the contrary.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 7.3.1.
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Designation: D480 − 88 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Methods for
Sampling and Testing of Flaked Aluminum Powders and
Pastes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D480; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope E34 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Aluminum and
Aluminum-Base Alloys
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling,
E607 Test Method for Atomic Emission Spectrometric
qualitative analysis, and physical testing of flaked aluminum
Analysis Aluminum Alloys by the Point to Plane Tech-
powders and pastes (leafing and nonleafing) for coatings.
nique Nitrogen Atmosphere (Withdrawn 2011)
1.2 These test methods apply equally to leafing and non-
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
leafing flaked aluminum powders and pastes except where
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
noted to the contrary.
3. Significance and Use
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.1 Flaked aluminum pigments are produced in a variety of
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only. forms. These test methods allow the user to determine the
applicability of a given product to this use.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Sampling
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 Sampling is subject to mutual agreement between the
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
seller and the purchaser. Place each sample in a clean, dry
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. For a specific
metal or glass container which shall be nearly filled, then close
hazard statement, see 7.3.1.
with a tight cover, seal, mark, and send to the laboratory for
testing.
2. Referenced Documents
4.2 When requested, duplicate samples may be taken from
2.1 ASTM Standards:
thesamecontaineranddeliveredtotheseller,andtheinspector
D185 Test Methods for Coarse Particles in Pigments
may take a third set of samples to hold for test in case of
D235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits)
disagreement.
(Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
D329 Specification for Acetone
5. Qualitative Analysis
D962 Specification for Aluminum Powder and Paste Pig-
5.1 Significance and Use—This test method determines if
ments for Paints
there are chemical impurities, other than fatty and oily matter,
D3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint and
as specified in Specification D962, to ensure the absence of
Related Materials (Withdrawn 1998)
fillers or extender pigments.
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test
Sieves
5.2 Procedure:
5.2.1 Total Impurities—Determine the total impurities by
weight in accordance with Test Methods E34 and E607 or by
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
atomic absorption.
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.31 on Pigment Specifications.
5.2.2 Total Aluminum—Determine the total aluminum by
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2014. Published December 2014. Originally
weight difference with elemental impurities in accordance with
approved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as D480 – 88 (2008).
5.2.1.
DOI: 10.1520/D0480-88R14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
6. Leafing Properties
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
6.1 The leafing test conditions specified are selected
the ASTM website.
arbitrarily, and even though the numerical leafing value ob-
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. tained by this test method appears to be low, the pigment may
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D480 − 88 (2014)
give substantially perfect leafing under the conditions of in the glass cylinder and cover with a watch glass. Transfer
practical application in a paint. 25.0 6 1.0 mL of the vehicle to a clean container. Weigh the
required aliquot of aluminum powder or paste to the nearest
6.2 SignificanceandUse—Thisleafingtestmethodhasbeen
0.01 g and transfer to a small dish. Add about 2.5 mL of the
established to determine the percent of leafed aluminum flakes
25-mLquantityofvehicleandmixtoastiffpastewithaspatula
at the surface of a simulated paint formula to ensure a bright
or small stiff brush. Add approximately 5 mL more of the
metallic luster. Minimum leafing characteristics must conform
vehicle and stir to a smooth mixture, then add the remainder of
to Specification D962.
the vehicle and continue stirring to obtain complete dispersion.
6.3 Apparatus:
Transfer the mixture to the test tube to give a depth of about
6.3.1 Leafing Spatula, nonmagnetic, stainless steel spatula
110 mm when the specified spatula is immersed. Avoid
having the following dimensions:
formation of bubbles. Dip the spatula to the bottom of the
Length of blade min, in. (mm) 5.5 (139.7)
mixture and rotate it gently through an arc of about 90° for 10
Width of blade, in. (mm) 0.540 ± 0.002 (13.72 ± 0.05)
s. Withdraw the spatula at a uniform rate of about 50 mm (2
Thickness of blade, in. (mm):
in.)/s. The spatula should not touch the wall of the test tube
10 mm from tip 0.013 ± 0.003 (0.33 ± 0.08)
100 mm from tip 0.038 ± 0.004 (0.97 ± 0.10)
above the liquid level. Immediately suspend the spatula verti-
Shape of tip rounded or straight
cally in the glass cylinder with leafing liquid in it and allow to
The surface of the spatula shall be polished with 3/0 emery
remain for 3 min. Measure the height of immersion and the
or silicon carbide metallographic paper wet with mineral
height of complete leafing on both sides of the spatula,
spirits; polishing shall be repeated for 1-min intervals until a
measuring to the bottom of the meniscus in each case. Clean
consistent minimum leafing result is obtained in a typical
the spatula by rinsing it in petroleum spirits and wipe dry with
leafing test.
a clean cloth. Stir (do not shake) the mixture in the test tube
6.3.2 Test Tube, 152 mm (6 in.) in length by 19.0 mm (0.75
and repeat the determination.
in.) in diameter.
6.8 Calculation—Calculate the leafing value L as follows:
6.3.3 Glass Cylinder, 203 mm (8 in.) in length and 38.1 to
L 5 A/B 3100 5 A 3100/B
50.8 mm (1.5 to 2.0 in.) in inside diameter. A stopper shall be
used and the spatula shall be attached to the stopper so as to
where:
hang vertically in the cylinder with the tip about 25 mm (1 in.)
A = height of complete leafing, in. (mm), and
from the bottom.
B = height of immersion, in. (mm).
6.4 Reagents:
7. Coarse Particles
6.4.1 Coumarone-Idene Resin—The form commercially
known as “chipped” and having the following properties: 7.1 This section provides two test methods for determining
the percent residue retained on a sieve by wet-screening
Softening point, °C 109 to 117
Specific gravity 1.12 to 1.16
techniques.
Acid value, max 0.5
Cloud point, °C, max −7 7.2 Significance and Use—These procedures determine the
percent of coarse particles present in aluminum pigments to
6.4.2 Petroleum Spirits—Conforming to Specification D235
ensureasmoothappearance,asrequiredinSpecificationD962.
and having the following additional properties:
7.3 Procedure A:
Specific gravity at 16°C (60°F) 0.800 to 0.810
Surface tension at 21°C (70°F), 24.5
7.3.1 Aluminum Powder—Fill two “straight wall” contain-
N/m, min
ers not less than 305 mm (12 in.) in diameter to a depth of not
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D480 − 88 (Reapproved 2008) D480 − 88 (Reapproved 2014)
Standard Test Methods for
Sampling and Testing of Flaked Aluminum Powders and
Pastes
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D480; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover procedures for sampling, qualitative analysis, and physical testing of flaked aluminum powders
and pastes (leafing and nonleafing) for coatings.
1.2 These test methods apply equally to leafing and nonleafing flaked aluminum powders and pastes except where noted to the
contrary.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use. For a specific hazard statement, see 7.3.1.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D185 Test Methods for Coarse Particles in Pigments
D235 Specification for Mineral Spirits (Petroleum Spirits) (Hydrocarbon Dry Cleaning Solvent)
D329 Specification for Acetone
D962 Specification for Aluminum Powder and Paste Pigments for Paints
D3980 Practice for Interlaboratory Testing of Paint and Related Materials (Withdrawn 1998)
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
E34 Test Methods for Chemical Analysis of Aluminum and Aluminum-Base Alloys
E607 Test Method for Atomic Emission Spectrometric Analysis Aluminum Alloys by the Point to Plane Technique Nitrogen
Atmosphere (Withdrawn 2011)
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
3. Significance and Use
3.1 Flaked aluminum pigments are produced in a variety of forms. These test methods allow the user to determine the
applicability of a given product to this use.
4. Sampling
4.1 Sampling is subject to mutual agreement between the seller and the purchaser. Place each sample in a clean, dry metal or
glass container which shall be nearly filled, then close with a tight cover, seal, mark, and send to the laboratory for testing.
4.2 When requested, duplicate samples may be taken from the same container and delivered to the seller, and the inspector may
take a third set of samples to hold for test in case of disagreement.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.31 on Pigment Specifications.
Current edition approved July 1, 2008Dec. 1, 2014. Published July 2008. December 2014. Originally approved in 1938. Last previous edition approved in 20032008 as
D480 – 88 (2003).(2008). DOI: 10.1520/D0480-88R08.10.1520/D0480-88R14.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’sstandard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D480 − 88 (2014)
5. Qualitative Analysis
5.1 Significance and Use—This test method determines if there are chemical impurities, other than fatty and oily matter, as
specified in Specification D962, to ensure the absence of fillers or extender pigments.
5.2 Procedure:
5.2.1 Total Impurities—Determine the total impurities by weight in accordance with Test Methods E34 and E607 or by atomic
absorption.
5.2.2 Total Aluminum—Determine the total aluminum by weight difference with elemental impurities in accordance with 5.2.1.
6. Leafing Properties
6.1 The leafing test conditions specified are selected arbitrarily, and even though the numerical leafing value obtained by this
test method appears to be low, the pigment may give substantially perfect leafing under the conditions of practical application in
a paint.
6.2 Significance and Use—This leafing test method has been established to determine the percent of leafed aluminum flakes at
the surface of a simulated paint formula to ensure a bright metallic luster. Minimum leafing characteristics must conform to
Specification D962.
6.3 Apparatus:
6.3.1 Leafing Spatula, nonmagnetic, stainless steel spatula having the following dimensions:
Length of blade min, in. (mm) 5.5 (139.7)
Width of blade, in. (mm) 0.540 ± 0.002 (13.72 ± 0.05)
Thickness of blade, in. (mm):
10 mm from tip 0.013 ± 0.003 (0.33 ± 0.08)
100 mm from tip 0.038 ± 0.004 (0.97 ± 0.10)
Shape of tip rounded or straight
The surface of the spatula shall be polished with 3/0 emery or silicon carbide metallographic paper wet with mineral spirits;
polishing shall be repeated for 1-min intervals until a consistent minimum leafing result is obtained in a typical leafing test.
6.3.2 Test Tube, 152 mm (6 in.) in length by 19.0 mm (0.75 in.) in diameter.
6.3.3 Glass Cylinder, 203 mm (8 in.) in length and 38.1 to 50.8 mm (1.5 to 2.0 in.) in inside diameter. A stopper shall be used
and the spatula shall be attached to the stopper so as to hang vertically in the cylinder with the tip about 25 mm (1 in.) from the
bottom.
6.4 Reagents:
6.4.1 Coumarone-Idene Resin—The form commercially known as “chipped” and having the following properties:
colwidth="1.26in"/COLSPEC
Softening point, °C 109 to 117
Specific gravity 1.12 to 1.16
Acid value, max 0.5
Cloud point, °C, max −7
6.4.2 Petroleum Spirits—Conforming to Specification D235 and having the following additional properties:
Specific gravity at 16°C (60°F) 0.800 to 0.810
Surface tension at 21°C (70°F), 24.5
N/m, min
Kauri butanol value 42 to 44
Aniline point, °C (°F) 40 to 45 (105 to 115)
6.5 Preparation of Leaf-Testing Vehicle—Prepare solution by dissolving 30.0 g of resin, in the form of small chips, in 100 mL
of petroleum spirits, while heating gently at about 60°C (140°F). The specific gravity of the solution shall be between 0.877 and
0.881 at 16°C (60°F). Allow the solution to settle and retain the clear portion for use.
6.6 Aliquot—Unless otherwise specified, the aliquot weight shall be as follows:
Aliquot
Classification ASTM Designation Class
Weight, g
Flaked aluminum powder D962, Type 1 A 1.0
B 1.0
C 2.0
Aluminum paste D962, Type 2 A 1.5
B 1.5
C 3.0
6.7 Procedure—Perform the test at a room temperature of 25 6 2°C. Place approximately 5 mL of the leaf-testing vehicle in
the glass cylinder and cover with a watch glass. Transfer 25.0 6 1.0 mL of the vehicle to a clean container. Weigh the required
aliquot of aluminum powder or paste to the nearest 0.01 g and transfer to a small dish. Add about 2.5 mL of the 25-mL quantity
of vehicle and mix to a stiff paste with a spatula or small stiff brush. Add approximately 5 mL more of the vehicle and stir to a
smooth mixture, then add the remainder of the vehicle and continue stirring to obtain complete dispersion. Transfer the mixture
to the test tube to give a depth of about 110 mm when the specified spatula is immersed. Avoid formation of bubbles. Dip the
D480 − 88 (2014)
spatula to the bottom of the mixture and rotate it gently through an arc of about 90° for 10 s. Withdraw the spatula at a uniform
rate of about 50 mm (2 in.)/s. The spatula should not touch the wall of the test tube above the liquid level. Immediately suspend
the spatula vertical
...
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