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ASTM D5855-95(2000)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of a Confined Nonleaky or Leaky Aquifer by Constant Drawdown Method in a Flowing Well

Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of a Confined Nonleaky or Leaky Aquifer by Constant Drawdown Method in a Flowing Well

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an analytical solution for determining transmissivity and storage coefficient of a leaky or nonleaky confined aquifer. It is used to analyze data on the flow rate from a control well while a constant head is maintained in the well.
1.2 This analytical procedure is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Practice D 5786.
1.3 LimitationsThe limitations of this technique for the determination of hydraulic properties of aquifers are primarily related to the correspondence between field situation and the simplifying assumption of the solution.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Dec-1995
ICS
13.060.10 - Water of natural resources
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.21 - Groundwater and Vadose Zone Investigations
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D5855-95(2006) - Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Confined Nonleaky or Leaky Aquifer by Constant Drawdown Method in Flowing Well
Effective Date
15-Sep-2006

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ASTM D5855-95(2000) - Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of a Confined Nonleaky or Leaky Aquifer by Constant Drawdown Method in a Flowing WellASTM D5855-95(2000) - Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of a Confined Nonleaky or Leaky Aquifer by Constant Drawdown Method in a Flowing Well
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ASTM D5855-95(2000) - Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of a Confined Nonleaky or Leaky Aquifer by Constant Drawdown Method in a Flowing Well
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D 5855 – 95 (Reapproved 2000)
Standard Test Method for
(Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and
Storage Coefficient of a Confined Nonleaky or Leaky Aquifer
by Constant Drawdown Method in a Flowing Well
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5855; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method see
Terminology D653.
1.1 This test method covers an analytical solution for
3.2 Symbols:Symbols and Dimensions:
determiningtransmissivityandstoragecoefficientofaleakyor
2 −1
3.2.1 T—transmissivity [L T ].
nonleakyconfinedaquifer.Itisusedtoanalyzedataontheflow
3.2.2 K —modifiedBesselfunctionofthesecondkind,first
rate from a control well while a constant head is maintained in
order [ nd].
the well.
3.2.3 K — modified Bessel function of the second kind,
1.2 Thisanalyticalprocedureisusedinconjunctionwiththe
zero order [ nd].
field procedure in Practice D5786.
3.2.4 J — Bessel function of the first kind, zero order [nd].
1.3 Limitations—The limitations of this technique for the
3.2.5 Y — Bessel function of the second kind, zero order
determination of hydraulic properties of aquifers are primarily 0
[nd].
related to the correspondence between field situation and the
3.2.6 W(u)—w (well) function of u [nd].
simplifying assumption of the solution.
3.2.7 u—variable of integration [ nd].
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.8 t—elapsed time test [ T].
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3 −1
3.2.9 Q—discharge rate [L T ].
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.10 s —constant drawdown in control well [L].
W
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.11 S—storage coefficient [ nd].
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.2.12 r —radius of control well.
W
2. Referenced Documents
4. Summary of Test Method
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.1 This test method describes the analytical procedure for
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
2 analyzing data collected during a constant drawdown aquifer
Fluids
test. This test method is usually performed on a flowing well.
D4043 Guide for Selection of Aquifer-Test Method in
2 After the well has been shut-in for a period of time, the well is
Determining of Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
openedandthedischargerateismeasuredoveraperiodoftime
D4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid
after allowing the well to flow. The water level in the control
Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation
wellwhilethewellisflowingistheelevationoftheopeningof
Well)
the control well through which the water is allowed to flow.
D5786 Practice (Field Procedure) for Constant Drawdown
Data are analyzed by plotting the discharge rate versus time.
Tests in Flowing Wells for Determining Hydraulic Prop-
erties of Aquifer Systems
NOTE 1—This test method involves the withdrawal of water from a
control well that is fully screened through the confined aquifer. The
3. Terminology
withdrawalrateisvariedtocausethewaterlevelwithinthewelltoremain
constant.Thefieldprocedureinvolvedinconductingaconstantdrawdown
3.1 Definitions:
test is given in Practice D5786. Methods used to develop a conceptual
model of the site and for initially selecting an analytical procedure are
described in Guide D4043.
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
4.2 Leaky Aquifer Solution—The solution is given by Han-
RockandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD18.21onGroundWaterand 4
tush. Transmissivity is calculated as follows:
Vadose Zone Investigations.
Current edition approved Dec. 10, 1995. Published January 1996.
This practice is presently under development in Section D18.21.04 and may be
obtained by contacting the Committee D-18 Staff Manager.
2 4
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.08. Hantush,M.S.,“NonsteadyFlowtoFlowingWellsinLeakyAquifer,” Journal
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.09. of Geophysical Research, Vol 64, No. 8, 1959, pp. 1043–1052.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D 5855
5 5
NOTE 2—These are Eq (93) through (97) of Lohman. NOTE 5—These equations are Eqs (71) and (73) of Lohman.
Q 2.30
2 21 2 21
T 5 @L T # (1) T 5 @L T # (10)
2ps G a,r / B!
~
W W 4pD~s /Q!/Dlog ~t/r !
W 10 W
where:
by extrapolating the straight line to s /Q =0 (the point of
W
zero drawdown), storage coefficient is given by:
Tt
a5 nd (2)
@ #
Sr t
W
S 52.25 T nd (11)
@ #
r
W
20.5 2
r /B 5 r T/ K8/b8! L (3)
@ ~ # @ #
W W
NOTE 6—In(Eq10)and(Eq11), Qisincubicfeetperday, tisindays.
and:
5. Significance and Use
r r K ~r /b! r r
W W 1 w W
G 5 1 exp 2a . (4)
F G F GF G F S D G 5.1 Assumptions—Leaky Aquifer:
B B K ~r /b! B
0 W p
5.1.1 Drawdown (s ) in the control well is constant,
W
`
u exp~2au ! du
5.1.2 Well is infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates
· @nd#
*
2 2 2 2
o
J u 1 Y u u 1 r /B
~ ! ~ ! ~ ! aquifer,
0 0 W
5.1.3 The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally
4.2.1 Storage coefficient is given by:
extensive, and
Tt
S 5 nd (5) 5.1.4 The control well is 100% efficient.
@ #
r a
W
5.2 Assumptions—Nonleaky Aquifer:
4.3 Non-Leaky Aquifer:
5.2.1 Drawdown (s ) in the control well is constant,
W
4.3.1 Log-Log—The solution is given by Lohman.
5.2.2 Well is infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates
aquifer,
NOTE 3—These equations are Eq (66) through (69) of Lohman.
5.2.3 The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally
4.3.1.1 Transmissivity is calculated as follows:
extensive,
Q
5.2.4 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from
2 21
T 5 L T (6)
@ #
2pG~a!s
W storage in the nonleaky aquifer, and
5.2.5 The control well is 100% efficient.
where:
5.3 Implications of Assumptions:
Tt
a5 @nd# (7) 5.3.1 The assumptions are applicable to confined aquifers
Sr
W
and fully penetrating control wells. However, this test method
maybeappliedtopartiallypenetratingwellswherethemethod
and:
may provide an estimate of hydraulic conductivity for the
4a ` 2 p Y ~x! aquifer adjacent to the open interval of the well if the
o
2ax 21
G a 5 xe 1tan dx nd (8)
~ ! @ #
* F S DG
p 2 J ~x! horizontal hydraulic conductivity is significantly greater than
o
o
the vertical hydraulic conductivity.
4.3.1.2 Storage coefficient is given by:
5.3.2 Valuesobtainedforstoragecoefficientarelessreliable
Tt
than the values calculated for transmissivity. Storage coeffi-
S 5 @nd# (9)
ar
W
cient values calculated from control well data are not reliable.
4.3.2 Semi-Log—The solution is given by Jacob and Lo-
6 6. Apparatus
hman.
6.1 Analysis of data from the field procedure (see Practice
NOTE 4—Jacob and Lohman showed that for all but extremely small
D5786) by the methods specified in this procedure requires
values of t, the function of G(a) shown above can be approximated very
that the control well and observation wells meet the specifica-
closely by 2/ W(u). For sufficiently small values of u, W(u) are further
tions given in the apparatus section of Practice D5786.
approximatedby2.30 log 2.25Tt/r S.Theuseofthissemi-logarithmic
10 W
method will produce values of transmissivity that are slightly elevated.
7. Procedure
Examples of this error are shown below:
7.1 Data Collection—Procedures to collect the field data
Estimated
u W (u) Error, %
used by the analytical procedures described in this test method
are given in Practice D5786.
0.25000 1.044283 25
0.00625 4.504198 10 7.2 Data Calculation and Interpretation—Perform the pro-
0.000833 6.513694 5
cedures for calculation and interpretation of test data as given
1.25E-05 10.71258 2
in Section 8.
4.3.2.1 Transmissivity is calculated as follows:
7.3 Report—Prepare a report as given in Section 9.
8. Calculation and Interpretation of Results
Lohman, S. W., “Ground-Water Hydraulics,” Professional Paper 708, U.S.
8.1 Leaky Aquifer Solution:
Geological Survey, 1972.
8.1.1 (Eq 4) cannot be integrated directly but has been
Jacob, C. E. and Lohman, S.
...

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1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word“ Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical ...

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ASTM D6452-18(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Purging Methods for Wells Used for Ground Water Quality Investigations

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Purging is done for a variety of reasons and the purging method may depend on the hydrogeologic setting, condition of the well, or the contaminants of interest and well production rates. well hydrological conditions, condition of the well, or the contaminants of interest, and well production rates. This guide presents an approach for selecting an appropriate purging method if purging is to be performed., Water above the screened interval or open borehole may not accurately reflect ambient ground water chemistry.
Note 1: Some sampling methods, such as passive sampling, do not require the practice of purging prior to sample collection (1,2).3  
4.2 There are various methods for purging. Each purging method may have a different volume of influence within the aquifer or screened interval. Therefore, a sample collected after purging by any one method is not necessarily equivalent to samples collected after purging by the other methods. The selection of the appropriate method will be dependent on several factors, which should be defined during the development of the sampling and analysis plan. This guide describes the methods available and defines the circumstances under which each method may be appropriate.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods for purging wells used for ground water quality investigations and monitoring programs. These methods could be used for other types of programs but are not addressed in this guide.  
1.2 This guide applies only to wells sampled at the wellhead.  
1.3 This standard describes seven methods (A-G) for the selection of purging methods.
Method A—Fixed Volume Purging,
Method B—Purging Based on Stabilization of Indicator Parameters,
Method C—Purging Based on Stabilization of Target Analytes,
Method D—Purging Based on Fixed Volume Combined with Indicator Parameter Stabilization,
Method E—Low Flow/Low Volume (Minimal Drawdown) Purging,
Method F—Well Evacuation Purging, and
Method G—Use of Packers in Purging.  
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this guide means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D5903-96(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Planning and Preparing for a Groundwater Sampling Event

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The success of a sampling event is influenced by adequate planning and preparation. Use of this guide will help the groundwater sampler to methodically execute the planning and preparation.  
3.2 This guide should be used by a professional or technician that has training or experience in groundwater sampling.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers planning and preparing for a groundwater sampling event. It includes technical and administrative considerations and procedures. Example checklists are also provided as Appendices.  
1.2 This guide may not cover every consideration procedure, or both, that is necessary before all groundwater sampling projects. In karst or fractured rock terranes, it may be appropriate to collect groundwater samples from springs (see Guide D5717). This guide focuses on sampling of groundwater from monitoring wells; however, most of the guidance herein can apply to the sampling of springs as well.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6771-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Low-Flow Purging and Sampling Used for Groundwater Monitoring

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Method Considerations—The objective of most groundwater sampling programs is to obtain samples that are similar in composition to that of the formation water near the well screen. The low-flow purging and sampling method uses the stabilization of indicator parameters to determine when the pump discharge is considered to represent a flow-weighted average of the formation water. Measurements of operational parameters are used to determine potential sampling bias (for example, artifactual turbidity and increased temperature) that may have been introduced by pumping operations and to ensure that the sample is representative of formation water. The low-flow purge rate minimizes lowering of the ambient groundwater level and thereby minimizes potential entrainment of blank-riser pipe (and potentially stagnant) water above or below the screen into the screened-zone of the well. This sampling method assumes that the well has been properly designed and constructed as described in Practices D5092/D5092M and D6725/D6725M, adequately developed as described in Guide D5521/D5521M, and has received proper well maintenance and rehabilitation as described in Guide D5978/D5978M (see Note 1).
Note 1: This Standard is not intended to replace or supersede any regulatory requirements, standard operating procedure (SOP), quality assurance project plan (QAPP), ground water sampling and analysis plan (GWSAP) or site-specific regulatory permit requirements. The procedures described in this Standard may be used in conjunction with regulatory requirements, SOPs, QAPPs, GWSAPs or permits where allowed by the authority with jurisdiction.  
5.2 Applicability—Low-flow purging and sampling may be used in a monitoring well that can be pumped at a constant low-flow rate without continuously increasing drawdown in the well (2). If a well cannot be purged without continuously increasing drawdown even at very low pumping rates (for example, 50 – 100 mL/min), the well should not be sampled using th...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the method of low-flow purging and sampling used to collect groundwater samples from wells to assess groundwater quality.  
1.2 The purpose of this procedure is to collect groundwater samples that represent a flow-weighted average of solute and colloid concentrations transported through the formation near the well screen under ambient conditions. Samples collected using this method can be analyzed for groundwater contaminants and/or naturally occurring analytes.  
1.3 This practice is generally not suitable for use in wells with very low-yields and cannot be conducted using grab sampling or inertial lift devices. This practice is not suitable for use in wells with non-aqueous phase liquids.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are approximate mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standar...

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ASTM D6001/D6001M-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Direct-Push Groundwater Sampling for Environmental Site Characterization

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Direct-push groundwater sampling and profiling are economical methods for obtaining discrete interval groundwater quality samples in many soils and unconsolidated formations without the expense of permanent monitoring well installation (1-10).4 Many of these devices can be used to profile groundwater quality or contamination and/or hydraulic conductivity with depth by performing repetitive sampling and testing events. DP groundwater sampling is often used in expedited site characterization (Practice D6235) and as a means to accomplish high resolution site characterization (HRSC) (11, 12). The formation to be sampled should be sufficiently permeable to allow filling of the sampler in a relatively short time. The zone to be sampled and/or slug tested can be isolated by matching sampler screen length to obtain discrete samples of thin saturated, permeable layers. Use of these sampling and hydraulic testing techniques will result in more detailed characterization of sites containing multiple aquifers. The field conditions, sampler design and data quality objectives should be reviewed to determine if development (Guide D5521/D5521M) of the screened formation is appropriate. The samplers do not have a filter pack designed to retain fines like conventional wells, but only a slotted screen or wire-mesh covered ports. So, obtaining low turbidity samples may be difficult or even impossible in formations with a significant proportion of fine-grained materials. With most systems turbidity will always be high so consult Guide D6564/D6564M if field filtration of samples is required. Discrete water sampling, combined with knowledge of location and thickness of target aquifers, may better define conditions in thin multiple aquifers than monitoring wells with long screened intervals that can intersect and allow for intercommunication of multiple aquifers (4, 6, 11-15). DP sampling performed without knowledge of the location and thickness of target aquifers can result in sampling...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a review of methods for sampling groundwater at discrete points or in increments by insertion of groundwater sampling devices using Direct Push Methods (D6286/D6286M, see 3.3.2). By directly pushing the sampler, the soil is displaced and helps to form an annular seal above the sampling zone. Direct-push water sampling can be one time, or multiple sampling events. Knowledge of site specific geology and hydrogeologic conditions is necessary to successfully obtain groundwater samples with these devices.  
1.2 Direct-push methods of water sampling are used for groundwater quality and geohydrologic studies. Water quality and permeability may vary at different depths below the surface depending on geohydrologic conditions. Incremental sampling or sampling at discrete depths is used to determine the distribution of contaminants and to more completely characterize geohydrologic environments. These explorations are frequently advised in characterization of hazardous and toxic waste sites and for geohydrologic studies.  
1.3 This guide covers several types of groundwater samplers; sealed screen samplers, profiling samplers, dual tube sampling systems, and simple exposed screen samplers. In general, sealed screen samplers driven to discrete depth provide the highest quality water samples. Profiling samplers using an exposed screen(s) which are purged between sampling events allow for more rapid sample collection at multiple depths. Simple exposed screen samplers driven to a test zone with no purging prior to sampling may result in more questionable water quality if exposed to upper contaminated zones, and in that case, would be considered screening devices.  
1.4 Methods for obtaining groundwater samples for water quality analysis and detection of contaminants are presented. These methods include use of related standards such as; selection of purging and sampling devices (Guide D6452 and D6634/D6634M), samp...

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