ASTM D6276-99a(2006)e1
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Using pH to Estimate the Soil-Lime Proportion Requirement for Soil Stabilization (Withdrawn 2015)
Standard Test Method for Using pH to Estimate the Soil-Lime Proportion Requirement for Soil Stabilization (Withdrawn 2015)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The soil-lime pH test is performed as a test to indicate the soil-lime proportion needed to maintain the elevated pH necessary for sustaining the reactions required to stabilize a soil. The test derives from Eades and Grim.
Performance tests are normally conducted in a laboratory to verify the results of this test method.
This test method will not provide reliable information relative to the potential reactivity of a particular soil, nor will it provide information on the magnitude of increased strength to be realized upon treatment of this soil with the indicated percentage of lime.
This test method can be used to estimate the percentage of lime as hydrated lime or quicklime needed to stabilize soil.
Agricultural lime (crushed limestone) will not stabilize soil.
Note 1—Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias contained in this test method: The precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D 3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D 3740 does not itself ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on several factors; Practice D 3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides a means for estimating the soil-lime proportion requirement for stabilization of a soil. This test method is performed on soil passing the −425-μm (No. 40) sieve. The optimum soil-lime proportion for soil stabilization is determined by tests of specific characteristics of stabilized soil such as unconfined compressive strength or plasticity index.
1.2 Some highly alkaline by-products (lime kiln dust, cement kiln dust, and so forth) have been successfully used to stabilize soil. This test method is not intended for these materials and any such product would need to be tested for specific characteristics as indicated in 1.1.
1.3 This test method is used to determine the lowest percentage of lime that results in a soil-lime pH of 12.4.
1.4 Lime is not an effective stabilizing agent for all soils. Some soil components such as sulfates, phosphates, organics, and so forth can adversely affect soil-lime reactions and may produce erroneous results using this test method.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
WITHDRAWN RATIONALE
This test method provides a means for estimating the soil-lime proportion requirement for stabilization of a soil. This test method is performed on soil passing the −425-μm (No. 40) sieve. The optimum soil-lime proportion for soil stabilization is determined by tests of specific characteristics of stabilized soil such as unconfined compressive strength or plasticity index.
Formerly under the jurisdiction of Committee D18 on Soil and Rock, this test method was withdrawn in July 2015 in accordance with section 10.6.3 of the Regulations Governing ASTM Technical Committees, which requires that standards shall be updated by the end of the eighth year since the last approval date.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
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Designation: D6276 − 99a(Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for
Using pH to Estimate the Soil-Lime Proportion Requirement
for Soil Stabilization
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6276; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
´ NOTE—Footnote 3 was editorially corrected in April 2008.
1. Scope* D421Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Samples for
Particle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Con-
1.1 This test method provides a means for estimating the
stants
soil-limeproportionrequirementforstabilizationofasoil.This
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
testmethodisperformedonsoilpassingthe−425-µm(No.40)
Fluids
sieve.Theoptimumsoil-limeproportionforsoilstabilizationis
D1193Specification for Reagent Water
determined by tests of specific characteristics of stabilized soil
D1293Test Methods for pH of Water
such as unconfined compressive strength or plasticity index.
D2216Test Methods for Laboratory Determination ofWater
1.2 Some highly alkaline by-products (lime kiln dust, ce-
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
ment kiln dust, and so forth) have been successfully used to
D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
stabilize soil. This test method is not intended for these
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
materials and any such product would need to be tested for
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
specific characteristics as indicated in 1.1.
D4753Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-
ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
1.3 This test method is used to determine the lowest
percentage of lime that results in a soil-lime pH of 12.4. Construction Materials Testing
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
1.4 Lime is not an effective stabilizing agent for all soils.
Sieves
Some soil components such as sulfates, phosphates, organics,
E145Specification for Gravity-Convection and Forced-
and so forth can adversely affect soil-lime reactions and may
Ventilation Ovens
produce erroneous results using this test method.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3. Terminology
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1 Definitions:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2 Refer to Terminology C51 for definitions of terms
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
relating to lime.
2. Referenced Documents 3.3 Refer to Terminology D653 for terms relating to soil.
3.4 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C51Terminology Relating to Lime and Limestone (as used
3.4.1 buffersolution—asolutionofspecificpHvalueusedto
by the Industry) calibrate the pH meter.
C977Specification for Quicklime and Hydrated Lime for
3.4.2 free lime—lime in a soil-lime mixture that has not
Soil Stabilization
dissociated into calcium and hydroxyl ions.
3.4.3 hydrated lime—lime that is predominately calcium
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
hydroxide (Ca(OH) ) or a mixture of calcium hydroxide and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.15 on StabilizationWith
magnesium oxide (MgO) or magnesium hydroxide
Admixtures.
Current edition approved May 1, 2006. Published June 2006. Originally (Mg(OH) ).
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 1999 as D6276–99a. DOI:
3.4.4 lime—ageneraltermwhich,forthepurposeofthistest
10.1520/D6276-99AR06E01.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or method, includes hydrated lime and quicklime.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
3.4.5 lime content—the ratio expressed as a percentage of
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. the mass of lime to the dry mass of soil.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D6276 − 99a (2006)
testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with
3.4.6 lime stabilization—addition of lime to a soil in suffi-
Practice D3740 does not itself ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing
cient quantities to promote long-term pozzolanic reactions that
depends on several factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluat-
result in strength gain and permanent improvement in stability.
ing some of those factors.
Textural improvement alone, such as reduced plasticity, is
often referred to as “modification.” Modification can be ef-
6. Apparatus
fected by lime addition rates less than those required for
6.1 Balance or Scale:
stabilization and may not be permanent.
6.1.1 A balance or scale for determining the mass of soil
3.4.7 pH—thenegativelogarithmoftheeffectivehydrogen-
and lime having a minimum capacity of 600 g and meeting the
ionconcentrationorhydrogen-ionactivity,ingramequivalents
requirements of Specification D4753 for a balance or scale of
per litre. The pH values range from 0 to 14; where pH 7
0.01 g readability.
represents neutrality, pH values less than 7 indicate increasing
6.2 Sieve—A 425-µm (No. 40) sieve, conforming to the
acidity, and pH values greater than 7 indicate increasing
requirements of Specification E11.
alkalinity.
6.3 Plastic Bottles—Six 150-mL (or larger) plastic bottles
3.4.8 quicklime—lime that is predominately calcium oxide
with tight-fitting screw caps.
(CaO) or calcium oxide in association with magnesium oxide
(MgO).
6.4 A pH Meter—A pH meter equipped with reference
electrode and low-sodium error glass pH-sensitive electrodes
3.4.9 stabilization—a process to improve the engineering
(or combination electrode) and a meter capable of displaying
properties of soils at a site.
0.01 units pH at 0.2 pH accuracy over a range from 0 to 14.
4. Summary of Test Method
6.5 Drying Oven—Oven conforming to requirements of
4.1 Aseries of specimens is prepared containing a range of
Specification E145.
percentages of lime content in soil. Measurements of pH are
6.6 Miscellaneous Equipment—An airtight, moisture-proof
made on slurries of the specimens to determine the minimum
container for preserving the moisture content of the soil;
lime content of the soil-lime mixture to obtain a pH of at least
mixing tools and scoops for use in preparing test specimens.
12.4.
4.2 The pH of at least 12.4 achieved in this test method
7. Reagents and Materials
results from free lime remaining in the soil-lime mixture.
7.1 Water—Reference to water shall be understood to mean
Normally, the pH of the specific lime being used for soil
Type II reagent water conforming to Specification D1193.
stabilization should be determined and used as the indicator
Store the water in a tightly capped container; boil and cool the
pH.
water immediately before use.
5. Significance and Use
NOTE 2—If the pH of the site water to be used is highly acidic (<6) or
highly basic (>9) test results should be checked against a specimen made
5.1 The soil-lime pH test is performed as a test to indicate
up with site water rather than Type II water.
the soil-lime proportion needed to maintain the elevated pH
7.2 Buffer Solution—Use a buffer solution having a pH of
necessary for sustaining the reactions required to stabilize a
3 12, either commercially available or prepared in accordance
soil. The test derives from Eades and Grim.
with Test Methods D1293.
5.2 Performance tests are normally conducted in a labora-
7.3 Hydrated Lime—Only fresh lime meeting the require-
tory to verify the results of this test method.
ments of Specification C977 may be used.
5.3 This test method will not provide reliable information
7.4 Quicklime—Only fresh lime meeting the requirements
relative to the potential reactivity of a particular soil, nor will
of Specification C977 may be used.
it provide information on the magnitude of increased strength
to be realized upon treatment of this soil with the indicated
8. Safety Hazards
percentage of lime.
8.1 Quicklime becomes hot when mixed with water. Use
5.4 This test method can be used to estimate the percentage
protective gloves when handling containers of soil-quicklime-
of lime as hydrated lime or quicklime needed to stabilize soil.
water mixtures.
5.5 Agricultural lime (crushed limestone) will not stabilize
8.2 Hydrated lime and quicklime are strong caustics and
soil.
may cause severe irritation of skin, eyes, and mucous mem-
NOTE 1—Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias con-
branes. Appropriate safety equipment such as heavy rubber
tained in this test method: The precision of this test method is dependent
gloves,protectiveeyewear,andaplasticapronshouldbeworn
onthecompetenceofthepersonnelperformingita
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