ASTM C1615-05
(Guide)Standard Guide for Mechanical Drive Systems for Remote Operation in Hot Cell Facilities
Standard Guide for Mechanical Drive Systems for Remote Operation in Hot Cell Facilities
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Mechanical drive systems operability and long-term integrity are concerns that should be addressed primarily during the design phase; however, problems identified during fabrication and testing should be resolved and the changes in the design documented. Equipment operability and integrity can be compromised during handling and installation sequences. For this reason, the subject equipment should be handled and installed under closely controlled and supervised conditions.
This standard is intended as a supplement to other standards, and to federal and state regulations, codes, and criteria applicable to the design of equipment intended for this use.
This standard is intended to be generic and to apply to a wide range of types and configurations of mechanical drive systems.
SCOPE
1.1 Intent
1.1.1 The intent of this standard is to provide general guidelines for the design, selection, quality assurance, installation, operation, and maintenance of mechanical drive systems used in remote hot cell environments. The term mechanical drive systems used herein, encompasses all individual components used for imparting motion to equipment systems, subsystems, assemblies, and other components. It also includes complete positioning systems and individual units that provide motive power and any position indicators necessary to monitor the motion.
1.2 Applicability
1.2.1 This standard is intended to be applicable to equipment used under one or more of the following conditions:
The materials handled or processed constitute a significant radiation hazard to man or to the environment.
The equipment will generally be used over a long-term life cycle (for example, in excess of two years), but equipment intended for use over a shorter life cycle is not excluded.
The equipment can neither be accessed directly for purposes of operation or maintenance, nor can the equipment be viewed directly, for example, without radiation shielding windows, periscopes, or a video monitoring system.
1.2.2 The system of units employed in this standard is the metric unit, also known as SI Units, which are commonly used for International Systems, and defined, by ASTM/IEEE SI-10 Standard for Use of International System of Units.
1.3 User Caveats
1.3.1 This standard is not a substitute for applied engineering skills, proven practices and experience. Its purpose is to provide guidance.
The guidance set forth in this standard relating to design of equipment is intended only to alert designers and engineers to those features, conditions, and procedures that have been found necessary or highly desirable to the design, selection, operation and maintenance of mechanical drive systems for the subject service conditions.
The guidance set forth results from discoveries of conditions, practices, features, or lack of features that were found to be sources of operational or maintenance problems, or causes of failure.
1.3.2 This standard does not supersede federal or state regulations, or both, and codes applicable to equipment under any conditions.
1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices, and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
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Designation: C1615 – 05
Standard Guide for
Mechanical Drive Systems for Remote Operation in Hot Cell
Facilities
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1615; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope engineers to those features, conditions, and procedures that
have been found necessary or highly desirable to the design,
1.1 Intent:
selection, operation and maintenance of mechanical drive
1.1.1 The intent of this standard is to provide general
systems for the subject service conditions.
guidelines for the design, selection, quality assurance, instal-
1.3.1.2 The guidance set forth results from discoveries of
lation,operation,andmaintenanceofmechanicaldrivesystems
conditions, practices, features, or lack of features that were
used in remote hot cell environments. The term mechanical
foundtobesourcesofoperationalormaintenanceproblems,or
drive systems used herein, encompasses all individual compo-
causes of failure.
nents used for imparting motion to equipment systems, sub-
1.3.2 This standard does not supersede federal or state
systems, assemblies, and other components. It also includes
regulations, or both, and codes applicable to equipment under
complete positioning systems and individual units that provide
any conditions.
motive power and any position indicators necessary to monitor
1.3.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
the motion.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 Applicability:
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2.1 This standard is intended to be applicable to equip-
priate safety and health practices, and determine the applica-
ment used under one or more of the following conditions:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.2.1.1 The materials handled or processed constitute a
significant radiation hazard to man or to the environment.
2. Referenced Documents
1.2.1.2 The equipment will generally be used over a long-
2.1 Industry and National Consensus Standards—
term life cycle (for example, in excess of two years), but
Nationally recognized industry and consensus standards which
equipment intended for use over a shorter life cycle is not
may be applicable in whole or in part to the design, selection,
excluded.
quality insurance, installation, operation, and maintenance of
1.2.1.3 The equipment can neither be accessed directly for
equipment are referenced throughout this standard and include
purposes of operation or maintenance, nor can the equipment
the following:
be viewed directly, for example, without radiation shielding
2.2 ASTM Standards:
windows, periscopes, or a video monitoring system.
C859 Terminology Relating to Nuclear Materials
1.2.2 The system of units employed in this standard is the
C1533 Guide for General Design Considerations for Hot
metric unit, also known as SI Units, which are commonly used
Cell Equipment
for International Systems, and defined, by ASTM/IEEE SI-10
C1554 Guide for Materials Handling Equipment for Hot
Standard for Use of International System of Units.
Cells
1.3 User Caveats:
C1572 Guide for Dry Lead Glass and Oil-Filled Lead Glass
1.3.1 This standard is not a substitute for applied engineer-
Radiation Shielding Window Components for Remotely
ing skills, proven practices and experience. Its purpose is to
Operated Facilities
provide guidance.
E170 TerminologyRelatingtoRadiationMeasurementsand
1.3.1.1 The guidance set forth in this standard relating to
Dosimetry
design of equipment is intended only to alert designers and
2.3 Other Standards:
1 2
This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C26 on Nuclear For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Fuel Cycle and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C26.14 on Remote contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Systems. Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2005. Published February 2005. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C1615-05. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C1615 – 05
NEMA MG1 Motors and Generators defined as 3.7 3 10 transformations per second. NCRP-82
AGMA 390.0 American Gear Manufacturers Association,
3.2.3 alpha—see radiation
Gear Handbook
3.2.4 becquerel (Bq)—see activity
ANS Design Guides for Radioactive Material Handling
3.2.5 beta—see radiation
Facilities and Equipment, ISBN # 0-89448-554-7
3.2.6 dose equivalent—represents a quantity used for radia-
ASME B17.1 Keys and Keyseats
tion protection purposes that expresses on a common scale, the
NLGI American Standard Classification of Lubricating
dose from all types of radiation. Dose equivalent is the product
Grease
of absorbed dose (D), a quality factor that normalizes the
ASME NOG-1 American Society of Mechanical Engineers
effects between different radiation types (Q) and other modi-
Committee on Cranes for Nuclear Facilities – Rules for
fying factors (N). The specialized unit for dose equivalent is
Construction of Overhead and Gantry Cranes
the rem. The quality factors are specified by the International
ANSI/ASME NQA-1 Quality Assurance Requirements for
Commission on Radiological Units and Measurements for
Nuclear Facility Applications
differenttypesofradiationandorganexposures.TheSIunitfor
ANSI/ISO/ASQ Q9001 Quality Management Standard Re-
dose equivalent is the sievert (Sv), which is equal to 100 rem.
quirements
Human exposure is often expressed in terms of microsieverts
NCRP Report No. 82, SI Units in Radiation Protection and
-6
(µSv), 1 3 10 sieverts, or in terms of millirem (mrem), 1 3
Measurements
-3
10 rem. 10 µSv is equal to 1 mrem. NCRP-82 ICRU –10b
ICRU Report 10b Physical Aspects of Irradiation
3.2.7 encoders—for the purpose of this standard, are mea-
CERN 70-5 Effects of Radiation on Materials and Compo-
suring devices that detect changes in rotary or linear motion,
nents
12 direction of movement, and relative position by producing
2.4 Federal Standards and Regulations:
electrical signals using sensors and an optical disk.
40CFR 260-279 Solid Waste Regulations – Resource Con-
3.2.8 gamma—see radiation
servation and Recovery Act (RCRA)
3.2.9 gray (Gy)—see absorbed dose
10CFR 830.120, Subpart A, Nuclear Safety Management
Quality Assurance Requirements 3.2.10 hot cell—an isolated shielded room that provides a
controlled environment for containing radioactive material and
3. Terminology
equipment. The radiation levels within a hot cell are typically
3.1 General Considerations:
1 Gy/hr (100 rads per hour) or higher.
3.1.1 The terminology employed in this standard conforms
3.2.11 inert gas—a type of commercial grade moisture free
with industry practice insofar as practicable.
gas, usually argon or nitrogen that is present in the hot cell.
3.1.2 For definitions of general terms used to describe
3.2.12 linear variable differential transformer (LVDT)—a
nuclear materials, hot cells, and hot cell equipment, refer to
transducer for linear displacement measurement that converts
Terminology C859 and E170.
mechanical motion into an electrical signal that can be me-
3.2 Definitions:
tered, recorded, or transmitted.
3.2.1 absorbed dose—the quotient of the mean energy (E)
3.2.13 master-slave manipulator—a device used to re-
imparted by ionizing radiation to matter of mass (M). The SI
motely handle radioactively contaminated items, or nuclear
unit for absorbed dose is the gray, defined as 1 joule/kg and is
materialinahotcell.Theuncontaminatedor“clean”portionof
equivalent to 100 rads. NCRP-82, E170
the manipulator is called the “master” and the contaminated
3.2.2 activity—activity is the measure of the rate of spon-
portion of the manipulator or follower is called the “slave”.
taneous nuclear transformations of a radioactive material. The
Mechanical master-slave manipulators are mounted through
SI unit for activity is the becquerel, defined as 1 transformation
the wall of the hot cell or pass through the ceiling. C1554
per second. The original unit for activity was the curie (Ci),
3.2.14 mechanical drive systems—refers to but is not lim-
ited to motors, gears, resolvers, encoders, bearings, couplings,
bushings, lubricants, solenoids, shafts, pneumatic cylinders,
Available from National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA), 1300
N. 17th St., Suite 1752, Rosslyn, VA 22209, http://www.nema.org.
and lead screws.
Available from American Gear Manufacturers Association (AGMA), 500
3.2.15 mock-up facility—an area designed to simulate the
Montgomery St., Suite 350, Alexandria, VA 22314-1581, http://www.agma.org.
handling conditions found in a hot cell facility. Mock-up
Available from ANS, 555 North Kensington Avenue, LaGrange Park, Ilinois
60526.
facilities are generally equipped with master-slave manipula-
Available from ASME, 22Law Dr., Box 2900, Fairfield, NJ 07007-2900.
tors, overhead cranes, and simulated radiation shielding win-
Available from NLGI, 4635 Wyondotte Street, Kansas City, MO 64112.
8 dows.Amock-up area may be a permanent part of a facility or
Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
may be a temporary setup.
4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Available from National Council of Radiation Protection and Measurements,
3.2.16 moderator—materials that slow down fast neutrons
7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-3095
10 via collisions between the neutron and an atomic nucleus. A
Available from International Commission on Radiation Units and Measure-
nucleus’effectiveness as a moderator increases as the mass of
ments, Inc., 7910 Woodmont Avenue, Suite 400, Bethesda, MD 20814-3095.
Available from CERN European Organization for Nuclear Research, CH-
the nucleus approaches the mass of the neutron. Thus, hydro-
1211, Geneva 23, Switzerland.
gen is the most effective moderator, and other nuclei moderate
Available from U.S. Government Printing Office Superintendent of Docu-
neutrons with decreasing effectiveness as their mass increases.
ments, 732 N. Capitol St., NW, Mail Stop: SDE, Washington, DC 20401,
http://www.access.gpo.gov. Nuclei with masses above 20 are normally not considered
C1615 – 05
moderators. Moderator examples include people, water, graph- 5. Quality Assurance and Quality Requirements
ite, oil, solvents, concrete, and polyethylene or other plastics.
5.1 The vendor and owner-operator of hot cell equipment
3.2.17 radiation absorbed dose (rad)—see absorbed dose
should have a documented quality assurance program. Hot cell
3.2.18 radiation—for purposes of this standard, is defined
equipment should be designed according to stringent quality
as the emission that occurs when a nucleus undergoes radio-
assurance requirements and undergo quality control inspec-
active decay. The emitted radiations may include alpha and
tions as outlined by the authority having jurisdiction. QA
beta particles, gamma rays, and neutrons. E170
programs may be required to comply with 10CFR830.120
(1) alpha – alpha radiation is an alpha particle composed of
Subpart A, ANSI/ASME NQA-1,or ANSI/ISO/ASQ Q9001.
two protons and two neutrons with a positive charge of plus
two. (It is the same as a helium atom with no electrons).
6. General Requirements
(2) beta – beta radiation is an electron that was generated in
6.1 For safe and efficient operation, a minimum number of
the atomic nucleus during decay and has a negative charge of
mechanical drive system components should be placed in a hot
one.
cell. Unnecessary equipment in a cell adds to the cost of
(3) gamma – gamma radiation is high energy, short wave-
operating and maintaining the cell and adds to the eventual
lengthelectromagneticradiationandnormallyaccompaniesthe
decontamination and disposal costs of hot cell equipment. A
other forms of particle emissions during radioactive decay.
thorough review of the mechanical drive systems necessary to
Gamma radiation has no electrical charge.
perform the hot cell operations should be performed prior to
(4) neutron– neutron radiation results from instability in the
introducing the equipment into the hot cell.
atomic nucleus that may be the result of either radioactive
6.2 All hot cell equipment should be handled with extreme
instability of the nucleus, interaction of the nucleus with
care during transfers and installation sequences to ensure
another particle or energy source. Neutrons have an atomic
against collision damage.
mass slightly heavier than a proton, but have no electrical
6.3 Installation should be planned and sequenced so that
charge.
other equipment is not handled above and around previously
3.2.19 radiation shielding window—for the purpose of this
installed components to the extent practicable.
standard, is an optically transparent instrument that provides a
6.4 Principles of good modular design and standardization
means for viewing into a hot cell, and shields the operator
should be considered for maintainability of equipment during
while performing work. A shielding window is generally
its design life. Determination should be made early in the
constructed of an outer metal frame called a housing and is
design at which level of subassembly the equipment will be
filled with optically polished lead glass slabs that are secured
disassembled and replaced if necessary. The optimal level is
within the lead housing with lead packing. Most shielding
strongly influenced by the estimated maintenance time and
windows have cover glasses and trim frames on both viewing
associated cell down time costs, radiation exposure to person-
ends to seal the window cavity. The shielding windows can be
nel, and disposal costs for the failed subassembly. Design with
either dry or oil-filled.
standardized fasteners and other components to limit the
3.2.20 radiation streaming—a term used to describe un-
inventory of tools needed for maintenance. Use prudent judge-
shielded beams of radiation.
ment in the selection of fastening materials to avoid galling
3.2.21 resolvers—for the purpose of this standard, are
problems, especially when using stainless steel fasteners.
rotationalpositionmeasuringdevicesthatareessentiallyrotary
6.5 Equipment intended for use in hot cells should be tested
transformerswithsecondarywindingsontherotorandstatorat
and qualified in a mock-up facility prior to installation in the
right angles to the other windings.
...
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