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ASTM C1273-05(2010)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Monolithic Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures

Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Monolithic Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.
High strength, monolithic advanced ceramic materials generally characterized by small grain sizes (50 μm) and bulk densities near the theoretical density are candidates for load-bearing structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance, and high temperature strength. Although flexural test methods are commonly used to evaluate strength of advanced ceramics, the non-uniform stress distribution of the flexure test specimen limits the volume of material subjected to the maximum applied stress at fracture. Uniaxially-loaded tensile strength tests provide information on strength-limiting flaws from a greater volume of uniformly stressed material.
Although the volume or surface area of material subjected to a uniform tensile stress for a single uniaxially-loaded tensile test may be several times that of a single flexure test specimen, the need to test a statistically significant number of tensile test specimens is not obviated. Therefore, because of the probabilistic strength distributions of brittle materials such as advanced ceramics, a sufficient number of test specimens at each testing condition is required for statistical analysis and eventual design, with guidelines for sufficient numbers provided in this test method. Note that size-scaling effects as discussed in Practice C1239 will affect the strength values. Therefore, strengths obtained using different recommended tensile test specimens with different volumes or surface areas of material in the gage sections will be different due to these size differences. Resulting strength values can be scaled to an effective volume or surface area of unity as discussed in Practice C1239.
Tensile tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. Uniform stress states are required to effectively evalu...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile strength under uniaxial loading of monolithic advanced ceramics at ambient temperatures. This test method addresses, but is not restricted to, various suggested test specimen geometries as listed in the appendix. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (force, displacement, or strain control), testing rates (force rate, stress rate, displacement rate, or strain rate), allowable bending, and data collection and reporting procedures are addressed. Note that tensile strength as used in this test method refers to the tensile strength obtained under uniaxial loading.
1.2 This test method applies primarily to advanced ceramics that macroscopically exhibit isotropic, homogeneous, continuous behavior. While this test method applies primarily to monolithic advanced ceramics, certain whisker- or particle-reinforced composite ceramics as well as certain discontinuous fiber-reinforced composite ceramics may also meet these macroscopic behavior assumptions. Generally, continuous fiber ceramic composites (CFCCs) do not macroscopically exhibit isotropic, homogeneous, continuous behavior and application of this practice to these materials is not recommended.
1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and .
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-May-2010
ICS
81.060.30 - Advanced ceramics
81.060.99 - Other standards related to ceramics
Technical Committee
C28 - Advanced Ceramics
Drafting Committee
C28.01 - Mechanical Properties and Performance
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM C1273-05 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Monolithic Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Replaced By
ASTM C1273-15 - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Monolithic Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures
Effective Date
01-Jul-2015
Referred By
ASTM C1361-10(2019) - Standard Practice for Constant-Amplitude, Axial, Tension-Tension Cyclic Fatigue of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM C1368-18 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant Stress Rate Strength Testing at Ambient Temperature
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM C1773-21 - Standard Test Method for Monotonic Axial Tensile Behavior of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Tubular Test Specimens at Ambient Temperature
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM C1683-10(2019) - Standard Practice for Size Scaling of Tensile Strengths Using Weibull Statistics for Advanced Ceramics
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010
Referred By
ASTM C1291-18 - Standard Test Method for Elevated Temperature Tensile Creep Strain, Creep Strain Rate, and Creep Time to Failure for Monolithic Advanced Ceramics
Effective Date
01-Jun-2010

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ASTM C1273-05(2010) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Monolithic Advanced Ceramics at Ambient TemperaturesASTM C1273-05(2010) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Monolithic Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures
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ASTM C1273-05(2010) - Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Monolithic Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1273 − 05(Reapproved 2010)
Standard Test Method for
Tensile Strength of Monolithic Advanced Ceramics at
1
Ambient Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1273; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile 2.1 ASTM Standards:
strengthunderuniaxialloadingofmonolithicadvancedceram- C1145Terminology of Advanced Ceramics
ics at ambient temperatures. This test method addresses, but is C1161Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced
notrestrictedto,varioussuggestedtestspecimengeometriesas Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
listed in the appendix. In addition, test specimen fabrication C1239Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and
methods,testingmodes(force,displacement,orstraincontrol), Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters forAdvanced
testing rates (force rate, stress rate, displacement rate, or strain Ceramics
rate), allowable bending, and data collection and reporting C1322Practice for Fractography and Characterization of
procedures are addressed. Note that tensile strength as used in Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
this test method refers to the tensile strength obtained under D3379TestMethodforTensileStrengthandYoung’sModu-
uniaxial loading. lus for High-Modulus Single-Filament Materials
E4Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
1.2 Thistestmethodappliesprimarilytoadvancedceramics
E6Terminology Relating to Methods of MechanicalTesting
that macroscopically exhibit isotropic, homogeneous, continu-
E83Practice for Verification and Classification of Exten-
ous behavior. While this test method applies primarily to
someter Systems
monolithic advanced ceramics, certain whisker- or particle-
E337Test Method for Measuring Humidity with a Psy-
reinforcedcompositeceramicsaswellascertaindiscontinuous
chrometer (the Measurement of Wet- and Dry-Bulb Tem-
fiber-reinforced composite ceramics may also meet these
peratures)
macroscopicbehaviorassumptions.Generally,continuousfiber
E1012Practice for Verification of Testing Frame and Speci-
ceramic composites (CFCCs) do not macroscopically exhibit
men Alignment Under Tensile and Compressive Axial
isotropic, homogeneous, continuous behavior and application
Force Application
of this practice to these materials is not recommended.
SI10-02IEEE/ASTMSI10 AmericanNationalStandardfor
1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance
UseoftheInternationalSystemofUnits(SI):TheModern
with the International System of Units (SI) and SI10-02
Metric System
IEEE/ASTM SI 10 .
3. Terminology
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 The definitions of terms relating to tensile testing
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
appearing in Terminology E6 apply to the terms used in this
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
test method on tensile testing.The definitions of terms relating
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
to advanced ceramics testing appearing inTerminology C1145
tionary statements are given in Section 7.
applytothetermsusedinthistestmethod.Pertinentdefinitions
as listed in Practice C1239, Practice E1012, Terminology
C1145, and Terminology E6 are shown in the following with
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on
2
Mechanical Properties and Performance. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved June 1, 2010. Published December 2010. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C1273–05. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C1273-05R10.
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1273 − 05 (2010)
the appropriate source given in parentheses. Additional terms vided in this test method. Note that size-scaling effects as
used in conjunction with this test method are defined in the discussed in Practice C1239 will affect the strength values.
following: Therefore, strengths obtained using different recommended
3.1.2 advanced ceramic—a highly engineered, high perfor- tensile test specimens wit
...

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Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. This test method is intended to be used with ceramics whose flexural strength is ∼50 MPa (∼7 ksi) or greater.  
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4.5 This method determines the flexural strength at elevated temperature and ambient environmental conditions at a nominal, moderately fast testing rate. The flexural strength under these conditions may or may not necessarily be the...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of advanced ceramics at elevated temperatures.2 Four-point-1/4-point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations. Test specimens may be 3 by 4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are tested on 40-mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures. Alternatively, test specimens and fixture spans half or twice these sizes may be used. The test method permits testing of machined or as-fired test specimens. Several options for machining preparation are included: application matched machining, customary procedures, or a specified standard procedure. This test method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting requirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1292-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Shear Strength of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites can be candidate materials for structural applications requiring high degrees of wear and corrosion resistance, and damage tolerance at high temperatures.  
5.2 Shear tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under shear stresses.  
5.3 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
5.4 For quality control purposes, results derived from standardized shear test specimens may be considered indicative of the response of the material from which they were taken for given primary processing conditions and post-processing heat treatments.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of shear strength of continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) at ambient temperature. The test methods addressed are (1) the compression of a double-notched test specimen to determine interlaminar shear strength, and (2) the Iosipescu test method to determine the shear strength in any one of the material planes of laminated composites. Test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (load or displacement control), testing rates (load rate or displacement rate), data collection, and reporting procedures are addressed.  
1.2 This test method is used for testing advanced ceramic or glass matrix composites with continuous fiber reinforcement having unidirectional (1D) or bidirectional (2D) fiber architecture. This test method does not address composites with 3D fiber architecture or discontinuous fiber-reinforced, whisker-reinforced, or particulate-reinforced ceramics.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard and are in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific hazard statements are given in 8.1 and 8.2.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM C1273-18(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Tensile Strength of Monolithic Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, material comparison, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
4.2 High-strength, monolithic advanced ceramic materials generally characterized by small grain sizes (  
4.3 Although the volume or surface area of material subjected to a uniform tensile stress for a single uniaxially loaded tensile test may be several times that of a single flexure test specimen, the need to test a statistically significant number of tensile test specimens is not obviated. Therefore, because of the probabilistic strength distributions of brittle materials such as advanced ceramics, a sufficient number of test specimens at each testing condition is required for statistical analysis and eventual design, with guidelines for sufficient numbers provided in this test method. Note that size-scaling effects as discussed in Practice C1239 will affect the strength values. Therefore, strengths obtained using different recommended tensile test specimens with different volumes or surface areas of material in the gage sections will be different due to these size differences. Resulting strength values can be scaled to an effective volume or surface area of unity as discussed in Practice C1239.  
4.4 Tensile tests provide information on the strength and deformation of materials under uniaxial tensile stresses. Uniform stress states are required to effectively evaluate any nonlinear stress-strain behavior which may develop as the result of testing mode, testing rate, processing or alloying effects, or environmental influences. These effects may be consequences of stress corrosion or subcritical (slow) crack growth, which can be minimized by testing at appropriately rapid rates as outlined in this test method.  
4.5 The results of tensile tests of test specimens fabricated to standardized dimensions from a particular material or selected portions, or both, of a part may not totally represent the strength and deforma...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile strength under uniaxial loading of monolithic advanced ceramics at ambient temperatures. This test method addresses, but is not restricted to, various suggested test specimen geometries as listed in the appendixes. In addition, test specimen fabrication methods, testing modes (force, displacement, or strain control), testing rates (force rate, stress rate, displacement rate, or strain rate), allowable bending, and data collection and reporting procedures are addressed. Note that tensile strength as used in this test method refers to the tensile strength obtained under uniaxial loading.  
1.2 This test method applies primarily to advanced ceramics that macroscopically exhibit isotropic, homogeneous, continuous behavior. While this test method applies primarily to monolithic advanced ceramics, certain whisker- or particle-reinforced composite ceramics as well as certain discontinuous fiber-reinforced composite ceramics may also meet these macroscopic behavior assumptions. Generally, continuous fiber ceramic composites (CFCCs) do not macroscopically exhibit isotropic, homogeneous, continuous behavior and application of this practice to these materials is not recommended.  
1.3 Values expressed in this test method are in accordance with the International System of Units (SI) and IEEE/ASTM SI 10.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Section 7.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guid...

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ASTM
ASTM C1291-18(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Elevated Temperature Tensile Creep Strain, Creep Strain Rate, and Creep Time to Failure for Monolithic Advanced Ceramics

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Creep tests measure the time-dependent deformation under force at a given temperature, and, by implication, the force-carrying capability of the material for limited deformations. Creep rupture tests, properly interpreted, provide a measure of the force-carrying capability of the material as a function of time and temperature. The two tests complement each other in defining the force-carrying capability of a material for a given period of time. In selecting materials and designing parts for service at elevated temperatures, the type of test data used will depend on the criteria for force-carrying capability that best defines the service usefulness of the material.  
4.2 This test method may be used for material development, quality assurance, characterization, and design data generation.  
4.3 High-strength, monolithic ceramic materials, generally characterized by small grain sizes (  
4.4 Data obtained for design and predictive purposes shall be obtained using any appropriate combination of test methods that provide the most relevant information for the applications being considered. It is noted here that ceramic materials tend to creep more rapidly in tension than in compression (1-3).4 This difference results in time-dependent changes in the stress distribution and the position of the neutral axis when tests are conducted in flexure. As a consequence, deconvolution of flexural creep data to obtain the constitutive equations needed for design cannot be achieved without some degree of uncertainty concerning the form of the creep equations, and the magnitude of the creep rate in tension vis-a-vis the creep rate in compression. Therefore, creep data for design and life prediction shall be obtained in both tension and compression, as well as the expected service stress state.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of tensile creep strain, creep strain rate, and creep time to failure for advanced monolithic ceramics at elevated temperatures, typically between 1073 and 2073 K. A variety of test specimen geometries are included. The creep strain at a fixed temperature is evaluated from direct measurements of the gage length extension over the time of the test. The minimum creep strain rate, which may be invariant with time, is evaluated as a function of temperature and applied stress. Creep time to failure is also included in this test method.  
1.2 This test method is for use with advanced ceramics that behave as macroscopically isotropic, homogeneous, continuous materials. While this test method is intended for use on monolithic ceramics, whisker- or particle-reinforced composite ceramics as well as low-volume-fraction discontinuous fiber-reinforced composite ceramics may also meet these macroscopic behavior assumptions. Continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites (CFCCs) do not behave as macroscopically isotropic, homogeneous, continuous materials, and application of this test method to these materials is not recommended.  
1.3 The values in SI units are to be regarded as the standard (see IEEE/ASTM SI 10). The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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