ASTM D1937-23

Standard Test Method for Carbon Black, Pelleted-Mass Strength

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Mass strength gives an indication of the flowability in bulk handling. It is affected by pellet properties such as hardness, size, shape, and especially fines content. Due to the influence of other variables, the user and the producer must determine an acceptable mass strength level.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mass strength of pelleted carbon black. It is designed to determine the force required to pack a cylindrical column of pelleted carbon black. The results of this test are believed to relate to the ability of the carbon black to flow in bulk handling systems.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Apr-2023
• ICS: 83.040.20 - Rubber compounding ingredients
• Technical Committee: D24 - Carbon Black
• Drafting Committee: D24.51 - Carbon Black Pellet Properties

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D1900-06(2015) - Standard Practice for Carbon Black—Sampling Bulk Shipments
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2015
• Refers: ASTM D1799-03a(2014) - Standard Practice for Carbon Black—Sampling Packaged Shipments
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2014
• Refers: ASTM D1900-06(2011) - Standard Practice for Carbon Black<char: emdash>Sampling Bulk Shipments
• Effective Date: 01-May-2011
• Refers: ASTM D1799-03a(2008) - Standard Practice for Carbon Black<span class='unicode'>&#x2014;</span>Sampling Packaged Shipments
• Effective Date: 01-Sep-2008
• Refers: ASTM D1900-06 - Standard Practice for Carbon Black-Sampling Bulk Shipments
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2006
• Refers: ASTM D1799-03a - Standard Practice for Carbon Black&#8212;Sampling Packaged Shipments
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2003
• Refers: ASTM D1799-03 - Standard Practice for Carbon Black&#8212;Sampling Packaged Shipments
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2003
• Refers: ASTM D1799-02 - Standard Practice for Carbon Black&#8212;Sampling Packaged Shipments
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-2002
• Refers: ASTM D1799-93(1997) - Standard Practice for Carbon Black-Sampling Packaged Shipments
• Effective Date: 10-Nov-1997
• Refers: ASTM D1900-94(2002) - Standard Practice for Carbon Black&#8212;Sampling Bulk Shipments
• Effective Date: 15-Aug-1994

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D1937 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Carbon Black, Pelleted—Mass Strength
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1937; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope the cylinder is opened, whereupon all of the carbon black either
falls out the bottom or forms a ring or bridge in the cylinder.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mass
The process is repeated with a new sample until the minimum
strength of pelleted carbon black. It is designed to determine
force required for the carbon black to form a ring or bridge is
the force required to pack a cylindrical column of pelleted
found. The resultant force is called mass strength and is
carbon black. The results of this test are believed to relate to the
reported in Newtons.
ability of the carbon black to flow in bulk handling systems.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
4. Significance and Use
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
4.1 Mass strength gives an indication of the flowability in
only.
bulk handling. It is affected by pellet properties such as
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
hardness, size, shape, and especially fines content. Due to the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
influence of other variables, the user and the producer must
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
determine an acceptable mass strength level.
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
5. Apparatus
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- 3
5.1 Mass Strength Tester, with a compression chamber
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
comprising:
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
5.1.1 Hollow Compression Cylinder, of 95.25 mm (3.75 in.)
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
depth and 52.4 mm (2.06 in.) diameter, made of stainless steel.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
5.1.2 Plunger, of 50.8 mm (2 in.) diameter and a central
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
bore of 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) diameter and 19 mm (0.75 in.) depth,
made of stainless steel.
2. Referenced Documents
5.1.3 Force Application Mechanism, allowing the applica-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tion of a controllable force onto the plunger.
D1799 Practice for Carbon Black—Sampling Packaged
5.2 Powder Funnel, to completely fill the cylinder.
Shipments
D1900 Practice for Carbon Black—Sampling Bulk Ship-
5.3 Spatula, with a straight edge of at least 55 mm (2.2 in.).
ments
5.4 Brush, approximately 40 mm (1.5 in.), stiff bristle.
D4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test Method
Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Manufacturing
6. Sampling
Industries
6.1 Samples shall be taken in accordance with Practices
3. Summary of Test Method D1799 or D1900.
3.1 A sample of carbon black is placed in a vertical cylinder
7. Calibration
and pressed with a plunger for 10 s after which the bottom of
7.1 The manufacturer will typically calibrate the instru-
ment’s measurement system before delivery. Load cells are
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D24 on Carbon
typically calibrated or verified using a reference load cell or
Black and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.51 on Carbon Black
calibrated masses, or both. Traceability is recommended for all
Pellet Properties.
Current edition approved May 1, 2023. Published May 2023. Originally
calibration devices. Follow the manufacturer’s recommenda-
approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 2021 as D1937 – 21. DOI:
tions for calibration frequency and procedure.
10.1520/D1937-23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on For information about known sources of supply of mass strength tester
the ASTM website. instruments, please contact ASTM International at [e-mail].
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1937 − 23
NOTE 3—Data obtained in lbf can be converted to N as follows: 1 lbf
8. Procedure
= 4.448 N.
8.1 Compress the sample using a mass strength tester per
the manufacturer instructions. A general procedure for com-
10. Precision and Bias
pressing carbon black involves the following steps:
10.1 These precision statements have been prepared in
8.1.1 Clean the cylinder with a brush to remove any
accordance with Practice D4483. Refer to this practice for
adhering carbon black. With the sliding door (cylinder trap
terminology and other statistical details.
door) closed and the funnel in position, pour carbon black
10.2 The precision results in this precision and bias section
pellets into the cylinder until an excess of pellets forms a cone
give an estimate of the precision of this test method with the
above the rim. Level the surface with a single sweep of a
materials used in the particular interlaboratory program de-
straightedge or spatula held perpendicular to, and in firm
scribed below. The precision parameters should not be used for
contact with the top of the cylinder. The top surface of the
acceptance or rejection testing of any group of materials
carbon black column shall be level to prevent unequal pressure
without documentation that they are applicable to those par-
on the column.
ticular materials and the specific testing protocols of the test
8.1.2 Select the force to be applied. The setting for the
method. Any appropriate value may be used from Table 1.
initial press is discretionary and is based usually on lab
experience.
10.3 A type 1 inter-laborator
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D1937 − 21 D1937 − 23
Standard Test Method for
Carbon Black, Pelleted—Mass Strength
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1937; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the mass strength of pelleted carbon black. It is designed to determine the force
required to pack a cylindrical column of pelleted carbon black. The results of this test are believed to relate to the ability of the
carbon black to flow in bulk handling systems.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1799 Practice for Carbon Black—Sampling Packaged Shipments
D1900 Practice for Carbon Black—Sampling Bulk Shipments
D4483 Practice for Evaluating Precision for Test Method Standards in the Rubber and Carbon Black Manufacturing Industries
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 A sample of carbon black is placed in a vertical cylinder and pressed with a plunger for 10 s after which the bottom of the
cylinder is opened, whereupon all of the carbon black either falls out the bottom or forms a ring or bridge in the cylinder. The
process is repeated with a new sample until the minimum force required for the carbon black to form a ring or bridge is found.
The resultant force is called mass strength and is reported in Newtons.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Mass strength gives an indication of the flowability in bulk handling. It is affected by pellet properties such as hardness, size,
shape, and especially fines content. Due to the influence of other variables, the user and the producer must determine an acceptable
mass strength level.
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D24 on Carbon Black and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D24.51 on Carbon Black Pellet
Properties.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2021May 1, 2023. Published December 2021May 2023. Originally approved in 1962. Last previous edition approved in 20182021 as
D1937 – 18.D1937 – 21. DOI: 10.1520/D1937-21.10.1520/D1937-23.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D1937 − 23
5. Apparatus
5.1 Mass Strength Tester, with a compression chamber comprising:
5.1.1 Hollow Compression Cylinder, of 95.25 mm (3.75 in.) depth and 52.4 mm (2.06 in.) diameter, made of stainless steel.
5.1.2 Plunger, of 50.8 mm (2 in.) diameter and a central bore of 12.7 mm (0.5 in.) diameter and 19 mm (0.75 in.) depth, made
of stainless steel.
5.1.3 Force Application Mechanism, allowing the application of a controllable force onto the plunger.
5.2 Powder Funnel, to completely fill the cylinder.
5.3 Spatula, with a straight edge of at least 55 mm (2.2 in.).
5.4 Brush, approximately 40 mm (1.5 in.), stiff bristle.
6. Sampling
6.1 Samples shall be taken in accordance with Practices D1799 or D1900.
7. Calibration
7.1 The manufacturer will typically calibrate the instrument’s measurement system before delivery. Load cells are typically
calibrated or verified using a reference load cell or calibrated masses, or both. Traceability is recommended for all calibration
devices. Follow the manufacturer’s recommendations for calibration frequency and procedure.
8. Procedure
8.1 Compress the sample using a mass strength tester per the manufacturer instructions. A general procedure for compressing
carbon black involves the following steps:
8.1.1 Clean the cylinder with a brush to remove any adhering carbon black. With the sliding door (cylinder trap door) closed and
the funnel in position, pour carbon black pellets into the cylinder until an excess of pellets forms a cone above the rim. Level the
surface with a single sweep of a straightedge or spatula held perpendicular to, and in firm contact with the top of the cylinder. The
top surface of the carbon black column shall be level to prevent unequal pressure on the column.
8.1.2 Select the force to be applied. The setting for the initial press is discretionary and is based usually on lab experience.
NOTE 1—Soft pellets with irregular shape and high fines tend to have low mass strength. For these materials an initial setting of 100 N is suggested. More
spherical pellets with higher pellet hardness and low fines tend to have high mass strength. For these materials an initial setting of 250 N is suggested.
8.1.3 Activate the plunger, to start the compression. The timer shall be set to allow a total plunger application time of 10 s on the
sample.
8.1.4 After the plunger returns to the rest position above the sample, open the sliding door carefully and observe the inside of the
cylinder. If no black remains in the cylinder, the end point has not been reached. The test is then repeated on untested portions of
the sample using successively higher pressures following the test sequence in 8.1.1 – 8.1.4.
NOTE 2—The increments of increased force are discretionary. Steps of 50 or 100 N are appropriate.
8.2 Once a bridge of pressed carbon black is formed, the end point has been reached or exceeded. An additional test should be
performed at lower pressure(s) in
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