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ASTM E1672-06

(Guide)

Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) System Selection

Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) System Selection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide will aid the purchaser in generating a CT system specification. This guide covers the conversion of purchaser’requirements to system components that must occur for a useful CT system specification to be prepared.
Additional information can be gained in discussions with potential suppliers or with independent consultants.
This guide is applicable to purchasers seeking scan services.
This guide is applicable to purchasers needing to procure a CT system for a specific examination application.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers guidelines for translating application requirements into computed tomography (CT) system requirements/specifications and establishes a common terminology to guide both purchaser and supplier in the CT system selection process. This guide is applicable to the purchaser of both CT systems and scan services. Computed tomography systems are complex instruments, consisting of many components that must correctly interact in order to yield images that repeatedly reproduce satisfactory examination results. Computed tomography system purchasers are generally concerned with application requirements. Computed tomography system suppliers are generally concerned with the system component selection to meet the purchaser's performance requirements. This guide is not intended to be limiting or restrictive, but rather to address the relationships between application requirements and performance specifications that must be understood and considered for proper CT system selection.
1.2 Computed tomography (CT) may be used for new applications or in place of film radiography, provided that the capability to disclose physical features or indications that form the acceptance/rejection criteria is fully documented and available for review.
1.3 Computed tomography (CT) systems use a set of transmission measurements made along a set of paths projected through the object from many different directions. Each of the transmission measurements within these views is digitized and stored in a computer, where they are subsequently conditioned (for example, normalized and corrected) and reconstructed by one of a variety of techniques. An in-depth treatment of CT principles is given in Guide E 1441.
1.4 Computed tomography (CT), as with conventional radiography and radioscopic examinations, is broadly applicable to any material or object through which a beam of penetrating radiation may be passed and detected, including metals, plastics, ceramics, metallic/nonmetallic composite material and assemblies. The principal advantage of CT is that it provides densitometric (that is, radiological density and geometry) images of thin cross sections through an object. Because of the absence of structural superposition, images are much easier to interpret than conventional radiological images. The new purchaser can quickly learn to read CT data because images correspond more closely to the way the human mind visualizes 3-D structures than conventional projection radiology. Further, because CT images are digital, the images may be enhanced, analyzed, compressed, archived, input as data into performance calculations, compared with digital data from other nondestructive evaluation modalities, or transmitted to other locations for remote viewing. While many of the details are generic in nature, this guide implicitly assumes the use of penetrating radiation, specifically X rays and gamma rays.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2006
ICS
35.240.80 - IT applications in health care technology
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1672-95(2001)e1 - Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) System Selection
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM E3375-23 - Standard Practice for Cone Beam Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM E2533-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM E1814-14(2022) - Standard Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination of Castings
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM E1570-19 - Standard Practice for Fan Beam Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006

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ASTM E1672-06 - Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) System Selection
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: E1672 – 06
Standard Guide for
1
Computed Tomography (CT) System Selection
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1672; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope and assemblies. The principal advantage of CT is that it
provides densitometric (that is, radiological density and geom-
1.1 This guide covers guidelines for translating application
etry) images of thin cross sections through an object. Because
requirements into computed tomography (CT) system
of the absence of structural superposition, images are much
requirements/specifications and establishes a common termi-
easier to interpret than conventional radiological images. The
nology to guide both purchaser and supplier in the CT system
new purchaser can quickly learn to read CT data because
selection process. This guide is applicable to the purchaser of
images correspond more closely to the way the human mind
both CT systems and scan services. Computed tomography
visualizes 3-D structures than conventional projection radiol-
systems are complex instruments, consisting of many compo-
ogy.Further,becauseCTimagesaredigital,theimagesmaybe
nents that must correctly interact in order to yield images that
enhanced, analyzed, compressed, archived, input as data into
repeatedly reproduce satisfactory examination results. Com-
performance calculations, compared with digital data from
puted tomography system purchasers are generally concerned
other nondestructive evaluation modalities, or transmitted to
with application requirements. Computed tomography system
other locations for remote viewing. While many of the details
suppliers are generally concerned with the system component
are generic in nature, this guide implicitly assumes the use of
selection to meet the purchaser’s performance requirements.
penetrating radiation, specifically X rays and gamma rays.
This guide is not intended to be limiting or restrictive, but
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
rather to address the relationships between application require-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ments and performance specifications that must be understood
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and considered for proper CT system selection.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.2 Computed tomography (CT) may be used for new
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
applications or in place of film radiography, provided that the
capability to disclose physical features or indications that form
2. Referenced Documents
the acceptance/rejection criteria is fully documented and avail-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
able for review.
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
1.3 Computed tomography (CT) systems use a set of trans-
E1441 Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging
mission measurements made along a set of paths projected
E1570 Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) Examina-
through the object from many different directions. Each of the
tion
transmission measurements within these views is digitized and
stored in a computer, where they are subsequently conditioned
3. Terminology
(for example, normalized and corrected) and reconstructed by
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this guide,
one of a variety of techniques. An in-depth treatment of CT
refer to Terminology E1316 and Guide E1441, Appendix X1.
principles is given in Guide E1441.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.4 Computed tomography (CT), as with conventional radi-
3.2.1 purchaser—purchaser or customer of CT system or
ographyandradioscopicexaminations,isbroadlyapplicableto
scan service.
any material or object through which a beam of penetrating
3.2.2 scan service—use of a CTsystem, on a contract basis,
radiation may be passed and detected, including metals,
for a specific examination application. A scan service acquisi-
plastics, ceramics, metallic/nonmetallic composite material
tionrequiresthematchingofaspecificexaminationapplication
to an existing CT machine, resulting in the procurement of CT
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on Nondestruc-
tive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on Radiology
2
(X and Gamma) Method. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
...

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5.1 This test method allows specification of the density calibration procedures to be used to calibrate and perform material density measurements using CT image data. Such measurements can be used to evaluate parts, characterize a particular system, or compare different systems, provided that observed variations are dominated by true changes in object density rather than by image artifacts. The specified procedure may also be used to determine the effective X-ray energy of a CT system.  
5.2 The recommended test method is more accurate and less susceptible to errors than alternative CT-based approaches, because it takes into account the effective energy of the CT system and the energy-dependent effects of the X-ray attenuation process.
FIG. 1 Density Calibration Phantom  
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5.4 Linear attenuation and mass attenuation may be measured in various ways. For a discussion of attenuation and attenuation measurement, see Guide E1441 and Practice E1570.
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1.2 CT provides an excellent method of nondestructively measuring density variations, which would be very difficult to quantify otherwise. Density is inherently a volumetric property of matter. As the measurement volume shrinks, local material inhomogeneities become more important; and measured values will begin to vary about the bulk density value of the material.  
1.3 All values are stated in SI units.  
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5.1 Computed tomography (CT) is a radiographic reconstruction method that provides a sensitive technique whenever the primary goal is to locate and size planar and volumetric detail in three dimensions.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Purpose—Practices to be employed for the radiographic examination of materials and components with neutrons using digital neutron detectors are outlined herein. They are intended as a guide for the assessment of a digital neutron radiograph’s characteristics. For information on neutron beam lines for imaging and film neutron radiography, refer to Guide E748.  
4.2 Limitations—Acceptance standards have not been established for any material or production process. Neutron radiography, whether performed by means of a reactor, an accelerator, subcritical assembly, or radioactive source, will be consistent in sensitivity and spatial resolution only if the consistency of all details of the technique, such as neutron source, collimation, geometry, imaging system, etc., are maintained. This guide is limited to the use of digital neutron detectors in combination with neutron conversion materials for image recording. This guide is intended for use with thermal and cold neutron spectrums. The production of thermal neutron radiographs by employing the use of film and appropriate conversion screens is covered in Guide E748.  
4.3 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretat- ion and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide. Designation of accept-reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications.  
4.4 Other Aspects of the Neutron Radiographic Process—For many important aspects of neutron radiography such as technique, files, viewing of radiographs, storage of radiographs, film processing, and record keeping, refer to Guide E94, which covers these aspects for X-ray radiography. (See Section 2.)
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation, qualification, and quantification of digital neutron images. These images can be acquired by many methods, including: neutron sensitive imaging plates (Computed Radiography – CR), Digital Detector Arrays – DDA’s (amorphous silicon, CMOS, CCD, etc.), micro-channel plates, neutron sensitive fluoroscopes, neutron sensitive scintillators coupled to optical cameras, digitized radiographic films, and linear diode arrays.  
1.2 This guide does not purport to establish what is considered an acceptable image but is intended to only give guidance on digital neutron imaging, as well as image quality metrics of importance, and how they can be measured and reported.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2738-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Computed Radiography (CR) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of computed radiography NDE data will use this practice. This practice will define a set of information modules that along with the Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard will provide a standard means to organize CR inspection data. The CR inspection data may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any CR inspection data stored in accordance with Practice E2339 may use this practice to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of computed radiography (CR) imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules and a data dictionary that are specific to computed radiography test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from CR test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all standard CR technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this practice.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2699-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Digital X-ray (DX) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of digital X-ray test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provides a standard means to organize digital X-ray test parameters and results. The digital X-ray test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any digital X-ray inspection data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE-compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of digital X-ray imaging equipment using Digital Detector Arrays (DDA) as described in Practice E2698 by specifying image data transfer and archival methods in commonly accepted terms. A separate practice, Practice E2738, addresses this topic for digital X-ray imaging equipment using Computed Radiography (CR). This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of DICOM NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to digital X-ray test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from digital X-ray test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the digital X-ray technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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