ASTM C1400-11
(Guide)Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls
Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This guide provides information that, if implemented, will reduce efflorescence potential in new masonry walls. However, its implementation will not always completely prevent efflorescence.
This guide may be augmented by related information contained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the additional material listed at the end of this specification, and other publications.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence potential in new masonry walls.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C1400 − 11
Standard Guide for
1
Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1400; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.2.2 efflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit, usually white,
of water-soluble compounds on the surface of masonry.
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The color of stains produced by acid-
potential in new masonry walls.
soluble vanadium compounds in clay masonry is usually
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
yellow or green. The color of stains produced by acid-soluble
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
manganese compounds is usually brown or gray.
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
and are not considered standard.
4. Significance and Use
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 This guide provides information that, if implemented,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
will reduce efflorescence potential in new masonry walls.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
However, its implementation will not always completely pre-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
vent efflorescence.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.2 This guide may be augmented by related information
2. Referenced Documents
contained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the addi-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tional material listed at the end of this specification, and other
C43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products (Withdrawn
publications.
3
2009)
C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and
5. Principles of Efflorescence
Structural Clay Tile
5.1 Efflorescence is directly related to the quantity of
C270 Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
water-soluble compounds within, or exposed to, the wall; and
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
to the quantity of water exposed to these compounds. Since
C1209 Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and Related
3
neither water nor water-soluble compounds can be completely
Units (Withdrawn 2009)
eliminated from an exterior masonry wall, the potential for
C1232 Terminology of Masonry
efflorescence is reduced by reducing water-soluble compounds
3. Terminology
and water within the wall.
3.1 Definitions:
5.2 While water penetration is reduced through proper
3.1.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C43, C1180,
design and construction, water can penetrate into masonry
C1209, and C1232 shall apply in this guide.
walls through cracks and separations in the surface and the top
of the wall. It can penetrate voids in the mortar joints or the
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
interface between the unit and mortar, and, to a lesser degree
3.2.1 cryptoflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit of water-
through the masonry units and the hardened mortar.
soluble compounds in the pores of masonry
5.3 If a significant amount of water penetrates the wall, the
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured
water will dissolve water-soluble compounds that may exist in
Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.05 on Masonry
the masonry units, mortar components, grout, admixtures or
Assemblies.
other secondary sources, and may deposit them on the exterior
Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C1400 – 01 (2007). surface of the masonry when it migrates to the wall surface
DOI: 10.1520/C1400-11.
through evaporation. Deposits may also form within the
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
masonry resulting in cryptoflorescence.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
5.4 The most common efflorescence deposits contain two or
the ASTM website.
3 more of the following: potassium, sodium, calcium, sulfates,
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, and hydroxides.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1400 − 11
5.5 Some water-soluble compounds deposited on the sur- 6.3 Water that penetrates a masonry wall is quickly drained
face of masonry can chemicall
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C1400–01 (Reapproved 2007) Designation:C1400–11
Standard Guide for
1
Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1400; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence potential in new masonry walls.
1.2The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard.The SI units given in parentheses are for information
only.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products
C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile
C270 Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
C1209 Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units
C1232 Terminology of Masonry
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C43, C1180, C1209, and C1232 shall apply in this guide.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cryptoflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit of water-soluble compounds in the pores of masonry
3.2.2 efflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit, usually white, of water-soluble compounds on the surface of masonry.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—The color of stains produced by acid-soluble vanadium compounds in clay masonry is usually yellow or
green. The color of stains produced by acid-soluble manganese compounds is usually brown or gray.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This guide provides information that, if implemented, will reduce efflorescence potential in new masonry walls. However,
its implementation will not always completely prevent efflorescence.
4.2 This guide may be augmented by related information contained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the additional
material listed at the end of this specification, and other publications.
5. Principles of Efflorescence
5.1 Efflorescence is directly related to the quantity of water-soluble compounds within, or exposed to, the wall; and to the
quantity of water exposed to these compounds. Since neither water nor water-soluble compounds can be completely eliminated
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.05 on Masonry
Assemblies.
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2007. Published January 2008. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as C1400–01. DOI:
10.1520/C1400-01R07.
Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as C1400 – 01 (2007). DOI:
10.1520/C1400-11.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1400–11
from an exterior masonry wall, the potential for efflorescence is reduced by reducing water-soluble compounds and water within
the wall.
5.2 While water penetration is reduced through proper design and construction, water can penetrate into masonry walls through
cracks and separations in the surface and the top of the wall. It can penetrate voids in the mortar joints or the interface between
the unit and mortar, and, to a lesser degree through the masonry units and the hardened mortar.
5.3 If a significant amount of water penetrates the wall, the water will dissolve water-soluble compounds that may exist in the
masonry units, mortar components, grout, admixtures or other secondary sources, and may deposit them on
...
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