ASTM C1400-11(2017)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls
Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides information that, if implemented, will reduce efflorescence potential in new masonry walls. However, its implementation will not always completely prevent efflorescence.
4.2 This guide may be augmented by related information contained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the additional material listed at the end of this specification, and other publications.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence potential in new masonry walls.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1400 − 11 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Guide for
Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1400; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C43, C1180,
C1209, and C1232 shall apply in this guide.
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence
potential in new masonry walls. 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cryptoflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit of water-
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
soluble compounds in the pores of masonry
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
3.2.2 efflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit, usually white,
and are not considered standard.
of water-soluble compounds on the surface of masonry.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.2.2.1 Discussion—The color of stains produced by acid-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the soluble vanadium compounds in clay masonry is usually
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- yellow or green. The color of stains produced by acid-soluble
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- manganese compounds is usually brown or gray.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- 4. Significance and Use
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4.1 This guide provides information that, if implemented,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
will reduce efflorescence potential in new masonry walls.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
However, its implementation will not always completely pre-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
vent efflorescence.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.2 This guide may be augmented by related information
2. Referenced Documents
contained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the addi-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tional material listed at the end of this specification, and other
C43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products (Withdrawn publications.
2009)
C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and
5. Principles of Efflorescence
Structural Clay Tile
5.1 Efflorescence is directly related to the quantity of
C270 Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
water-soluble compounds within, or exposed to, the wall; and
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
to the quantity of water exposed to these compounds. Since
C1209 Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and Related
neither water nor water-soluble compounds can be completely
Units (Withdrawn 2009)
eliminated from an exterior masonry wall, the potential for
C1232 Terminology of Masonry
efflorescence is reduced by reducing water-soluble compounds
3. Terminology and water within the wall.
3.1 Definitions:
5.2 While water penetration is reduced through proper
design and construction, water can penetrate into masonry
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured
walls through cracks and separations in the surface and the top
Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.05 on Masonry
of the wall. It can penetrate voids in the mortar joints or the
Assemblies.
interface between the unit and mortar, and, to a lesser degree
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2017.PublishedJuly2017.Originallyapproved
in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C1400 – 11. DOI: 10.1520/ through the masonry units and the hardened mortar.
C1400-11R17.
5.3 If a significant amount of water penetrates the wall, the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
water will dissolve water-soluble compounds that may exist in
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the masonry units, mortar components, grout, admixtures or
the ASTM website.
3 other secondary sources, and may deposit them on the exterior
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. surface of the masonry when it migrates to the wall surface
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1400 − 11 (2017)
through evaporation. Deposits may also form within the 6.2.6 Overhangs to protect the wall from rain.
masonry resulting in cryptoflorescence. 6.2.7 Utilization of compatible water repellent coating on
concrete masonry walls or integral water repellent admixtures
5.4 The most common efflorescence deposits contain two or
in concrete masonry units.
more of the following: potassium, sodium, calcium, sulfates,
carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, and hydroxides. 6.3 Water that penetrates a masonry wall is quickly drained
out of the wall by:
5.5 Some water-soluble compounds deposited on the sur-
6.3.1 Unobstructed drainage in air space of drainage walls.
face of masonry can chemically react to form compounds that
6.3.2 Functional, unpunctured flashing and weep holes at
are not water-soluble. Calcium carbonate (CaCO ) deposits on
base of wall above grade; above openings in wall, shelf angles,
masonry are a fairly common example. They are a result of
lintels, wall-roofing intersections, chimneys, and bay windows,
reaction between the efflorescence compound calcium hydrox-
and below window sills and copings. The flashing should be
ideandcarbondioxideafterthecalciumhydroxideisdeposited
extended beyond the exterior face of the wall. The flashing
on the surface of the masonry and is exposed to the air.
should have end dams at its discontinuous ends, and properly
5.6 Under some circumstances, particularly when exterior
sealed splices and laps at its joints.
coatings are present, efflorescence compounds can be depos-
6.4 Contactbetweendissimilarmasonryunitsisavoidedby:
ited below the surface of the masonry units. This condition is
6.4.1 The use of cavity walls with unobstructed 2 in. (50
called cryptoflorescence. When cryptoflorescence occurs, the
mm) minimum drainage air space to separate the exterior
forces resulting from its confinement can cause disintegration
masonry wythe from the backup wall consisting of a dissimilar
of the masonry surfaces.
masonry unit.
6.4.2 The use of flashing between masonry wall and sills,
6. Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry
copings, and chimney caps of a dissimilar material.
Wall
...
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: C1400 − 11 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Guide for
Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1400; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C43, C1180,
C1209, and C1232 shall apply in this guide.
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence
potential in new masonry walls. 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cryptoflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit of water-
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
soluble compounds in the pores of masonry
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
3.2.2 efflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit, usually white,
and are not considered standard.
of water-soluble compounds on the surface of masonry.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.2.2.1 Discussion—The color of stains produced by acid-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the soluble vanadium compounds in clay masonry is usually
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- yellow or green. The color of stains produced by acid-soluble
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica- manganese compounds is usually brown or gray.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- 4. Significance and Use
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4.1 This guide provides information that, if implemented,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
will reduce efflorescence potential in new masonry walls.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
However, its implementation will not always completely pre-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
vent efflorescence.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.2 This guide may be augmented by related information
2. Referenced Documents
contained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the addi-
2.1 ASTM Standards: tional material listed at the end of this specification, and other
C43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products (Withdrawn
publications.
2009)
C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and
5. Principles of Efflorescence
Structural Clay Tile
5.1 Efflorescence is directly related to the quantity of
C270 Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
water-soluble compounds within, or exposed to, the wall; and
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
to the quantity of water exposed to these compounds. Since
C1209 Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and Related
neither water nor water-soluble compounds can be completely
Units (Withdrawn 2009)
eliminated from an exterior masonry wall, the potential for
C1232 Terminology of Masonry
efflorescence is reduced by reducing water-soluble compounds
3. Terminology
and water within the wall.
3.1 Definitions:
5.2 While water penetration is reduced through proper
design and construction, water can penetrate into masonry
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured
walls through cracks and separations in the surface and the top
Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.05 on Masonry
of the wall. It can penetrate voids in the mortar joints or the
Assemblies.
interface between the unit and mortar, and, to a lesser degree
Current edition approved June 1, 2017. Published July 2017. Originally approved
in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as C1400 – 11. DOI: 10.1520/ through the masonry units and the hardened mortar.
C1400-11R17.
5.3 If a significant amount of water penetrates the wall, the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
water will dissolve water-soluble compounds that may exist in
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the masonry units, mortar components, grout, admixtures or
the ASTM website.
3 other secondary sources, and may deposit them on the exterior
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. surface of the masonry when it migrates to the wall surface
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1400 − 11 (2017)
through evaporation. Deposits may also form within the 6.2.6 Overhangs to protect the wall from rain.
masonry resulting in cryptoflorescence. 6.2.7 Utilization of compatible water repellent coating on
concrete masonry walls or integral water repellent admixtures
5.4 The most common efflorescence deposits contain two or
in concrete masonry units.
more of the following: potassium, sodium, calcium, sulfates,
6.3 Water that penetrates a masonry wall is quickly drained
carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, and hydroxides.
out of the wall by:
5.5 Some water-soluble compounds deposited on the sur-
6.3.1 Unobstructed drainage in air space of drainage walls.
face of masonry can chemically react to form compounds that
6.3.2 Functional, unpunctured flashing and weep holes at
are not water-soluble. Calcium carbonate (CaCO ) deposits on
base of wall above grade; above openings in wall, shelf angles,
masonry are a fairly common example. They are a result of
lintels, wall-roofing intersections, chimneys, and bay windows,
reaction between the efflorescence compound calcium hydrox-
and below window sills and copings. The flashing should be
ide and carbon dioxide after the calcium hydroxide is deposited
extended beyond the exterior face of the wall. The flashing
on the surface of the masonry and is exposed to the air.
should have end dams at its discontinuous ends, and properly
5.6 Under some circumstances, particularly when exterior
sealed splices and laps at its joints.
coatings are present, efflorescence compounds can be depos-
6.4 Contact between dissimilar masonry units is avoided by:
ited below the surface of the masonry units. This condition is
6.4.1 The use of cavity walls with unobstructed 2 in. (50
called cryptoflorescence. When cryptoflorescence occurs, the
mm) minimum drainage air space to separate the exterior
forces resulting from its confinement can cause disintegration
masonry wythe from the backup wall consisting of a dissimilar
of the masonry surfaces.
masonry unit.
6.4.2 The use of flashing between masonry wall and sills,
6. Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry
copings, and chimney caps of a dissimilar material.
Walls
6.4.3 The use of flashing or separator between changes in
6.1 Efflorescence on a new masonry
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1400 − 11 C1400 − 11 (Reapproved 2017)
Standard Guide for
Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1400; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence potential in new masonry walls.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products (Withdrawn 2009)
C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile
C270 Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
C1209 Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units (Withdrawn 2009)
C1232 Terminology of Masonry
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C43, C1180, C1209, and C1232 shall apply in this guide.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cryptoflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit of water-soluble compounds in the pores of masonry
3.2.2 efflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit, usually white, of water-soluble compounds on the surface of masonry.
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.05 on Masonry
Assemblies.
Current edition approved June 1, 2011June 1, 2017. Published June 2011July 2017. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20072011 as
C1400 – 01C1400 – 11. (2007). DOI: 10.1520/C1400-11.10.1520/C1400-11R17.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
The color of stains produced by acid-soluble vanadium compounds in clay masonry is usually yellow or green. The color of stains
produced by acid-soluble manganese compounds is usually brown or gray.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This guide provides information that, if implemented, will reduce efflorescence potential in new masonry walls. However,
its implementation will not always completely prevent efflorescence.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1400 − 11 (2017)
4.2 This guide may be augmented by related information contained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the additional
material listed at the end of this specification, and other publications.
5. Principles of Efflorescence
5.1 Efflorescence is directly related to the quantity of water-soluble compounds within, or exposed to, the wall; and to the
quantity of water exposed to these compounds. Since neither water nor water-soluble compounds can be completely eliminated
from an exterior masonry wall, the potential for efflorescence is reduced by reducing water-soluble compounds and water within
the wall.
5.2 While water penetration is reduced through proper design and construction, water can penetrate into masonry walls through
cracks and separations in the surface and the top of the wall. It can penetrate voids in the mortar joints or the interface between
the unit and mortar, and, to a lesser degree through the masonry units and the hardened mortar.
5.3 If a significant amount of water penetrates the wall, the water will dissolve water-soluble compounds that may exist in the
masonry units, mortar components, grout, admixtures or other secondary sources, and may deposit them on the exterior surface
of the masonry when it migrates to the wall surface through evaporation. Deposits may also form within the masonry resulting in
cryptoflorescence.
5.4 The most common efflorescence deposits contain two or more of the following: potassium, sodium, calcium, sulfates,
carbonates, bicarbonates, chlorides, and hydroxides.
5.5 Some water-soluble compounds deposited on the surface of masonry can chemically react to form compounds that are not
water-soluble. Calcium carbonate (CaCO ) deposits on masonry are a fairly common example. They are a result of reaction
between the efflorescence compound calcium hydroxide and carbon dioxide after the calcium hydroxide is deposited on the surface
of the masonry and is exposed to the air.
5.6 Under some circumstances, particularly when exterior coatings are present, efflorescence compounds can be deposited
below the surface of the masonry units. This condition is called cryptoflorescence. When cryptoflorescence occurs, the forces
resulting from its confinement can cause disintegration of the masonry surfaces.
6. Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls
6.1 Efflorescence on a new masonry wall is reduced when water penetration of the wall is minimized; when water that penetrates
or condenses in the wall is quickly drained from the wall; when contact between dissimilar masonry units is avoided; and when
potential efflorescence compounds in the wall materials are minimized.
6.2 The amount of water from wind-driven rain that is able to penetrate a masonry wall is minimized by:
6.2.1 Good bond and full contact between masonry units and mortar. This condition is achieved by using mortar that is
compatible with the masonry units; completely filled head and bed mortar joints in solid unit masonry; completely filled face shells
head and bed joints in hollow unit masonry; compacted concave, V, or grapevine mortar joints on the exterior face of the wall;
cold weather construction practices that prevent masonry materials from freezing; and by hot weather construction practices that
prevent newly placed mortar from drying rapidly.
6.2.2 Construction practices that protect the tops and sides of uncompleted w
...
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