ASTM C1568-03

Standard Test Method for Wind Resistance of Concrete and Clay Roof Tiles (Mechanical Uplift Resistance Method)

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the mechanical uplift resistance of concrete and clay roof tiles, which relates to the wind resistance of an air-permeable roof tile system as applied to a roof.
1.2 The procedure covers mechanically-fastened attachment systems, adhesive-set attachment systems, and mortar-set attachment systems, or combinations of attachment systems, that are used to apply tile to a roof.
1.3 The values stated in inch pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are given for reference only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 09-Jun-2003
• ICS: 91.060.20 - Roofs
• Technical Committee: C15 - Masonry – Manufactured Masonry Units, Mortars and Grouts
• Drafting Committee: C15.06 - Roofing Tile

Relations

• Replaced By: ASTM C1568-04 - Standard Test Method for Wind Resistance of Concrete and Clay Roof Tiles (Mechanical Uplift Resistance Method)
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2004
• Referred By: ASTM C1569-22 - Standard Test Method for Wind Resistance of Concrete and Clay Roof Tiles (Wind Tunnel Method)
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2003
• Referred By: ASTM C1232-21a - Standard Terminology for Masonry
• Effective Date: 10-Jun-2003

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation:C1568–03
Standard Test Method for
Wind Resistance of Concrete and Clay Roof Tiles
(Mechanical Uplift Resistance Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1568; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the
mechanical uplift resistance of concrete and clay roof tiles,
3. Terminology
which relates to the wind resistance of an air-permeable roof
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
tile system as applied to a roof.
method refer to Terminology C 43, and Specifications C 1167
1.2 The procedure covers mechanically-fastened attachment
and C 1492.
systems, adhesive-set attachment systems, and mortar-set at-
tachment systems, or combinations of attachment systems, that
4. Significance and Use
are used to apply tile to a roof.
4.1 The method of attachment of roof tiles to the roof deck,
1.3 The values stated in inch pound units are to be regarded
or support structure, is one factor in the resistance of concrete
as the standard. The values in parentheses are given for
and clay roof tiles to the action of wind. Several systems of
reference only.
attachment, and even combinations of systems, are used in the
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
application of tile to a roof.The mechanical uplift resistance of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
the tile, when applied to the roof by any attachment system
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
approved by, and in accordance with, the manufacturer’s
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
instructions, is a primary factor in the tile’s resistance to the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
action of wind. This test method determines the mechanical
2. Referenced Documents uplift resistance that is related to resistance to the uplift forces
acting as a result of wind. Natural wind conditions differ with
2.1 ASTM Standards:
2 respect to intensity, duration, and turbulence; these conditions
C 43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products
are beyond the means of this test method to simulate.
C 67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and
Structural Clay Tile
5. Apparatus
C 140 Test Methods of Sampling and Testing Concrete
2 5.1 Atest apparatus shown in Fig. 1 shall be used to test the
Masonry Units
mechanical uplift resistance of roof tiles. The triangulated
C 1167 Specification for Clay Roof Tiles
2 framework and loading bar shall be constructed of tubular steel
C 1492 Specification for Concrete Roof Tiles
of sufficient strength to remain rigid when loads of up to 500
2.2 SBCCI Standard:
lbf are applied to the test tile. The frame shall be fixed to the
SBCCI SSDT 11 SBCCI Test Standard for Determining
floor to prevent movement of the frame and to provide a solid
Wind Resistance of Concrete or Clay Roof Tiles
reference plane for deflection measurements. The joints of the
NOTE 1—This standard is based on the International Code Council’s
frame shall be rigid, however, the loading bar rotates about the
ICC/SBCCI SSTD 11 Test Standard for Determining Wind Resistance of
frame to facilitate the loading of the test tile. The other end of
Concrete or Clay Roof Tiles, and work derived from the tile industry’s
the loading bar is attached to a hydraulic jack, or similarly
testing programs completed in the Redland Wind Tunnel in the UK.
controllable mechanical device, which allows the load to be
2.3 ASCE Standard:
applied gradually and to be maintained at any desired load
while deflections are being measuredThe load is applied to the
tile through a load transfer device (steel bolt with chain
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on
linkage) and is measured by a load cell capable of operating at
Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
up to 500 lbf.The roof framing used for the specimens shall be
C15.06 on Roofing Tile .
either fixed to the floor, anchored to the triangulated frame-
Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Published July 2003.
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 04.05. work,orweightedtopreventtheroofframingfrombeinglifted
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C1568–03
FIG. 1 Mechanical Uplift Resistance Test Apparatus
during the test. Deflections are measured by dial gages firmly being tested is at the correct angle to the sheathing with the
fixedtoareferenceplanesothatasthetileisloadedandthetile nose of the test tile at the correct angle to the tile course below.
or test frame distorts, the reference position remains static. A 6.3 The loading shall be applied through a chain linkage
dial gage plunger is placed on top of the tile nose in a central attached to the load transfer bolt at a rate that will cause
position to measure the mechanical uplift of the tile.Additional deflection of the tile nose of approximately 1 in.(25 mm) per
dial gages are required depending on the method of tile minute.
attachment: (a) in mechanically fastened systems, a dial gage 6.3.1 The load cell shall be zeroed to take out the weight of
at the fastener in the bead of the tile to measure withdrawal of the load transfer bolt and chain linkage.
the fastener; (b) when a clip is used, a dial gage at the clip to
6.4 Each type of tile installation shall be tested three (3)
measure deflection and permanent set of the clip; and (c) when times with a new tile and fixing. The position of the tile shall
a barrel tile is used, a dial gage at the roll of the tile to measure
be moved each time so that new fixings will not be affected by
the deflection of the roll due to the rotation of this type of tile. any damage caused by previous tests. The sheathing, under-
layment, and battens shall be replaced when damage is such
6. Procedure
that the test result is compromised. If the failure of any of the
6.1 Drill the test tile and install the steel-bolt load-transfer
three (3) tests varies from the average failure by more than
device into to the tile as follows: twenty percent (20 %), then three (3) additional tests shall be
6.1.1 Drill a hole along the centerline of the exposed width
performed to provide a total of six (6) tests.
of the tile at 0.76 times the tile length from the head of the tile
using a ⁄4 in. (6 mm) non-percussion, cutting carbide bit.
7. Conditioning
Discard any tile that, after drilling, exhibits spalling or chip-
7.1 See the conditioning specified for each specific instal-
ping around the hole in excess of ⁄4 in. (6 mm). Installa4in.
lation system.
(100 mm) long, ⁄4 in. (6 mm) diameter steel bolt witha1in.
(25 mm) diameter steel washer under the tile through the hole.
8. Failure
It is not prohibited to shape the washer to match the contour of
8.1 The failure criteria are described for each specific
the underside of the tile. It is also not prohibited to omit the
installation system and tile.
washer.
6.2 Install the tile in the same manner as on a roof, in
9. Calculation of Mechanical Uplift Resistance
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, on a small
section of roof deck constructed to fit within the frame of the 9.1 The reported mechanical uplift resistance shall be the
test apparatus as shown in Fig. 1. The rafters shall be securely failure load corresponding to the failure criteria described for
anchored to the frame or the floor and the sheathing firmly each specific attachment system, and adjusted as in 9.2.
nailed to the rafters. If the roofing underlayment transfers 9.2 The failure load shall be adjusted when the attachment
loads, the underlayment shall be installed and, if required, systemisusedtoprovideresistancetomorethanone(1)tileby
battens shall be nailed to the sheathing. The tile to be tested dividing the failure load by a load factor of two (2). If the
shall then be installed onto the roof deck section. Tiles in the attachment system provides resistance for only one (1) roof
coursebelowthetesttileshallbeinstalledtoensurethatthetile tile, the load factor is one (1).
C1568–03
9.3 The mechanical uplift resistance is the net result of the mechanically-fastened attachment system shall be considered
Attachment resistance minus the tile’s gravity moment. as the lower of the loads required to develop a permanent set
1 1
at the clip of ⁄8 in. (3 mm), or a ⁄4 in. (6 mm) withdrawal of
the fastener (nail, screw, etc.) at the tile head, or a deflection of
W = average weight of tile (lbf).
two (2) in. (51 mm) at the roll of the tile. In all cases, if the
u = test roof deck slope (degrees).
ultimate failure of the mechanically-fastened attachment sys-
a = installed tile angle with respect to the test roof deck
tem or the tile occurs before any one of the above criteria are
(degrees).
met, then the load at ultimate failure shall be considered as
L = tile gravitational moment arm (ft). The tile gravita-
g
failure of the tile’s mechanically-fastened attachment system.
tional moment arm, L , is the orthogonal distance
g
10.6.2 The mechanical uplift resistance of the
from the tile’s center of gravity to the tile’s axis of
mechanically-fastened tile is the lowest load corresponding to
rotation.
any of the failure criteria described in 10.6.1, adjusted in
L = tile attachment moment arm (ft). The tile attachment
f
accordance with Section 9.
moment arm, L , is the orthogonal distance from the
f
point of load application to the tile’s axis of rotation.
11. Tile Attachment Using Adhesive-Set Systems
F = failure load as determined under 9.2 (lbf).
S.F. = safety factor.
11.1 The adhesive system shall be installed in accordance
M = tile gravitational moment (ft-lbf). The gravitational
g
with the manufacturer’s instructions using supplementary clips
moment, M , is the moment created by the dead
f
if so specified.
weight of the tile for the roof deck slope.
11.2 When a hot-mopped underlayment system is used, the
M 5 W [cos u2a! L !
~ ~
g g
underlayment shall be left to reach ambient temperature before
M = fastening system attachment moment (ft-lbf). The
f
tile installation.
attachment moment, M, is the allowable uplift resis-
f
11.3 Tiles shall be at a temperature of 1000°F (380°C) plus
tance for the attachment resistance for the roof deck
or minus 50°F (6 30°C) when installed. The adhesive system
slope.
shall be cured in accordance with the manufacturer’s instruc-
M 5 F [cos ~u2a! ~L – M, S.F.!
f f f
tions.Testingmustbecompletedwithin28-daysofinstallation.
11.4 Specimens shall be tested at a surface temperature of
10. Tile Installation Using Mechanically-Fastened
750°F (210°C) plus or minus 50°F (6 30°C) measured with a
Systems
surface-mounted thermocouple and recorded on a chart to
10.1 Tile shall be installed in accordance with the manufac-
confirm that the surface temperature meets the required test
turer’s instructions, using supplementary clips if so specified.
temperature.
10.2 It is not prohibited to omit the tile underlayment
11.5 One dial gage shall be mounted to measure the upward
system.
deflection of the tile ⁄4 in. (19 mm) from the nose of the tile
10.3 When a hot-mopped underlayment system is used, the
and in line with the point of application of the load.
underlayment shall be left to reach ambient temperature before
11.6 For a tile fixed with a clip, load the tile in such a
tile installation.
manner that the load and deflection can be measured at several
10.4 For a tile fixed without a clip, one dial gage shall be
levels of deflection up to a maximum of ⁄4 in. (6 mm). At a
mounted to measure the upward deflection of the tile ⁄4 in. (19
deflection of ⁄4 in. (6 mm), the load shall be removed and the
mm) from the nose of the tile and in line with the point of
permanent set of the clip measured, then the loading shall be
application of the load.
re-applied and increased until ultimate failure of either the
10.5 For a tile fixed with a clip, load the tile in such a
attachment system or the tile. For a tile fixed with a clip, one
manner that the load and deflection can be measured at several
dial gage shall be mounted to measure the deflection at the clip
levels of deflection up to a maximum of ⁄4 in. (6 mm). At a
position.
deflection of ⁄4 in. (6 mm), the load shall be removed and the
11.7 Failure Criteria:
permanent set of the clip measured, then the loading shall be
11.7.1 Failure of the tile’s adhesive-set attachment system
takentoultimatefailureofeitherthefixingorthetile.Foratile
shall be considered as the load required to cause deflection
fixedwithaclip,onedialgageshallbemountedtomeasurethe
without any further increase in the load, or to cause a
deflection at the clip position.
separation of the system, or to cause the tile to break. An
10.6 Failure Criteria:
adhesive-set attachment system that includes mechanical fas-
10.6.1 For a tile without clips, failure of the tile’s
teners and/or clips shall use the failure criteria of this section
mechanically-fastened attachment system shall be considered
and 10.6 for the fasteners and/or clips.
as the load required to deflect the nose of the tile by two (2) in.
11.7.2 The mechanical uplift resistance of the adhesive-set
(51 mm), or to break the tile, or to cause ⁄4 in. (6 mm)
tile is the lowest load corresponding to any of the failure
withdrawal of the fastener (nail, screw, etc.) at the tile head.
criteria in 11.7.1, adjusted in accordance with Section 9.
For a tile with clips, failure of the tile’s mechanically-fastened
attachment system shall be considered as the lower of the loads
12. Tile Installation Using Mortar-Set Systems
requiredtodevelopapermanentsetattheclipof ⁄8in.(3mm),
or a ⁄4 in. (6 mm) withdrawal of the fastener (nail, screw, etc.) 12.1 The mortar-set system shall be mixed and installed in
at the tile head. For a barrel tile with clips, failure of the tile’s accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
C1568–03
12.2 When a hot-mopped underlayment system is used, the washer under the tile through the hole. It is not prohibited to
underlayment shall be left to reach ambient temperature before shape the washer to match the contour of the underside of the
tile installation. tile. It is also not prohibited to omit the washer.
12.3 Tiles shall be at a temperature of 1000°F (380°C) plus 13.1.2 Use a 24 in. (610 mm) long by 1 ⁄8 in. (41 mm
...