ASTM E1757-19
(Practice)Standard Practice for Preparation of Biomass for Compositional Analysis
Standard Practice for Preparation of Biomass for Compositional Analysis
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Preparation Method A—Method suitable for the preparation of large quantities (>20 g) of field collected samples into a form appropriate for compositional analysis. Woody samples must first be available as chips of a nominal 5 by 5 by 0.6 cm (2 by 2 by 1/4 in.) or less and twigs not exceeding 0.6 cm (1/4 in.) diameter. Herbaceous materials may be processed as whole straw. It is recommended that wastepaper should be shredded into pieces less then 1 cm (1/2 in.) wide. Furthermore, it is recommended that twigs, straw, and wastepaper should not exceed 61 cm (24 in.) in length to facilitate handling.
4.2 Preparation Methods B and C—Methods are suitable for very moist feedstocks, samples that would not be stable during prolonged exposure to ambient conditions, or for drying materials when room conditions deviate from the ambient conditions described in 3.1.1. These test methods are also suitable for handling small samples of biomass (
4.3 Preparation Methods A, B, and C are not intended for materials that will already pass through a 20 mesh sieve or that cannot be dried by the described methods to a total solids content of greater than 85 %, based on an oven dried weight.
4.4 Preparation Method A will separate the milled material into two fractions, a −20/+80 mesh fraction and a −80 mesh fraction.
4.4.1 Extraneous inorganic materials will accumulate in the −80 mesh fraction and it should be analyzed independently from the −20/+80 mesh fraction. Weighted results from the two fractions can then be combined to obtain results for materials on an "as received" basis.
Note 1: During analysis, the very fine consistency of the −80 mesh fraction may cause problems in filtering operations and should be handled appropriately.
4.5 Preparation Method D—Method suitable for cereal grains, cereal grain fermentation mash, cereal grain fermentation beer, and cereal grain fermentation residues that are generally stable.
4.6 Preparation Method E—Method suitable for ce...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers a reproducible way to convert hardwoods, softwoods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), cellulosic feedstocks pretreated to improve suitability for fermentation, cereal grains, cereal grain fermentation mash, cereal grain fermentation beer, and fermentation residues into a uniform material suitable for compositional analysis. This practice is intended for samples that need to be dried prior to analysis.
1.2 Milling and sieving actions both produce large amounts of dust. This dust can be a nuisance hazard and irritant. Use appropriate respiratory protection as needed. If excessive amounts of dust are allowed to become airborne a potential explosion hazard is possible. Provide appropriate dust control measures as needed.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E1757 − 19
Standard Practice for
1
Preparation of Biomass for Compositional Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1757; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This practice covers a reproducible way to convert
E11Specification forWovenWireTest Sieve Cloth andTest
hardwoods, softwoods, herbaceous materials (such as switch-
Sieves
grass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover,
2.2 Other Documents:
wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste,
AOAC 935.29Moisture in Malt - Gravimetric Method
boxboard, and newsprint), cellulosic feedstocks pretreated to
3
(AOAC 2005)
improve suitability for fermentation, cereal grains, cereal grain
NFTA 2.2.2.5Dry Matter by Oven Drying for 3 hr at 105
fermentationmash,cerealgrainfermentationbeer,andfermen-
4
°C
tation residues into a uniform material suitable for composi-
tional analysis. This practice is intended for samples that need
3. Terminology
to be dried prior to analysis.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.2 Milling and sieving actions both produce large amounts
3.1.1 ambient conditions, n—a temperature of 20 to 30°C
of dust. This dust can be a nuisance hazard and irritant. Use
(68 to 85°F), less than 50% relative humidity.
appropriate respiratory protection as needed. If excessive
3.1.2 beer, n—the mash after it has undergone fermentation
amounts of dust are allowed to become airborne a potential
and has been deemed complete by virtue of the carbohydrates
explosion hazard is possible. Provide appropriate dust control
being converted into renewable fuel by enzymes and ferment-
measures as needed.
ing organisms.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.3 mash, n—a mixture or slurry of water (including
standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are
recycled water streams) and ground grain.
provided for information only and are not considered standard.
3.1.4 prepared biomass, n—biomass that has been prepared
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
according to this practice.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.5 predominantly cellulosic, adj—feedstock that has an
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
averageadjustedcellulosiccontentof75%,measuredonadry
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mass basis; furthermore, this “adjusted cellulosic content” is
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
the percent of organic (non-ash) material that is cellulose,
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
hemicellulose, or lignin.
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
4. Significance and Use
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
4.1 Preparation Method A—Method suitable for the prepa-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
rationoflargequantities(>20g)offieldcollectedsamplesinto
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E48 on Bioenergy Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
and Industrial Chemicals from Biomass and is the direct responsibility of Subcom- the ASTM website.
3
mittee E48.05 on Biomass Conversion. Available from AOAC International, 2275 Research Blvd., Suite 300,
Current edition approved April 1, 2019. Published May 2019. Originally Rockville, MD 20850-3250, http://www.aoac.org.
4
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as E1757–01(2015). Available from National Forage Testing Association (NFTA), PO Box 1470,
DOI: 10.1520/E1757-19. Stuart, FL 34995, https://www.foragetesting.org/.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1757 − 19
a form appropriate for compositional analysis.Woody samples 5.5 Sample Mills, for grinding samples.
must first be available as chips of a nominal 5 by 5 by 0.6cm
5.5.1 Sample grinders must be capable of grinding samples
1 1
(2by2by ⁄4in.)orlessandtwigsnotexceeding0.6cm(
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E1757 − 01 (Reapproved 2015) E1757 − 19
Standard Practice for
1
Preparation of Biomass for Compositional Analysis
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1757; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers a reproducible way to convert hardwoods, softwoods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and
sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and
newsprint), cellulosic feedstocks pretreated to improve suitability for fermentation fermentation, cereal grains, cereal grain
fermentation mash, cereal grain fermentation beer, and fermentation residues into a uniform material suitable for compositional
analysis. This practice is intended for samples that need to be dried prior to analysis.
1.2 Milling and sieving actions both produce large amounts of dust. This dust can be a nuisance hazard and irritant. Use
appropriate respiratory protection as needed. If excessive amounts of dust are allowed to become airborne a potential explosion
hazard is possible. Provide appropriate dust control measures as needed.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The inch-pound units values given in parentheses are for
information only.after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E11 Specification for Woven Wire Test Sieve Cloth and Test Sieves
2.2 Other Documents:
3
AOAC 935.29 Moisture in Malt - Gravimetric Method (AOAC 2005)
4
NFTA 2.2.2.5 Dry Matter by Oven Drying for 3 hr at 105 °C
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 ambient conditions—conditions, n—a temperature of 20 to 30°C30 °C (68 to 85°F),85 °F), less than 50 % relative
humidity.
3.1.2 beer, n—the mash after it has undergone fermentation and has been deemed complete by virtue of the carbohydrates being
converted into renewable fuel by enzymes and fermenting organisms.
3.1.3 mash, n—a mixture or slurry of water (including recycled water streams) and ground grain.
3.1.4 prepared biomass—biomass, n—biomass that has been prepared according to this practice.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E48 on Bioenergy and Industrial Chemicals from Biomass and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
E48.05 on Biomass Conversion.
Current edition approved June 1, 2015April 1, 2019. Published July 2015May 2019. Originally approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 20072015 as
E1757-01(2007).E1757– 01(2015). DOI: 10.1520/E1757-01R15.10.1520/E1757-19.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from AOAC International, 2275 Research Blvd., Suite 300, Rockville, MD 20850-3250, http://www.aoac.org.
4
Available from National Forage Testing Association (NFTA), PO Box 1470, Stuart, FL 34995, https://www.foragetesting.org/.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E1757 − 19
3.1.5 predominantly cellulosic, adj—feedstock that has an average adjusted cellulosic content of 75 %, measured on a dry mass
basis; furthermore, this “adjusted cellulosic content” is the percent of organic (non-ash) material that is cellulose, hemicellulose,
or lignin.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Preparation Method A—Method suitable for the preparati
...
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