ASTM D5895-03(2008)

Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Drying or Curing During Film Formation of Organic Coatings Using Mechanical Recorders

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The drying times of a coating are significant in determining when a freshly painted room, floor or stair may be put back in use or a coated article handled or packaged. Slow drying may result in dirt pick-up or, on an exterior surface, moisture may cause a nonuniform appearance.  
These test methods are used to determine the various stages of drying or curing in the dry-film formation of organic coatings using mechanical devices for the purpose of comparing types of coatings or ingredient changes, or both. To evaluate the stages of drying in a quantitative manner, use of instrumentation under environmental controlled conditions is strongly recommended. These devices also offer a method of determining drying characteristics of coatings that can not be ascertained within the standard 8-h work day.  
When evaluating drying characteristics of baking systems, the circular drying time devices offer a method to determine quantitatively drying times of coatings at room temperature and elevated conditions. Maximum temperatures would be limited by considerations such as the affect of temperature on the motor lubrication or structural components of the device.
The straight line drying time devices offer a method to determine quantitatively drying times of coatings tested simultaneously using one recorder.
This method is useful in comparing the behavior of coatings during drying of the same generic type. Determination of actual drying times should be conducted following procedures outlined in Test Method D 1640 or ISO 1517.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods describe the determination of several stages and the rate of dry-film formation of organic coatings using straight line and circular mechanical drying-time recording devices. The use of mechanical recorders is valuable in comparing the drying behavior of coatings of the same generic type, allowing that one coating may form a gel or resist tearing at a faster rate than another.
1.2 Drying time measured using the mechanical recorders may differ from those found using conventional methods, such as Test Method D 1640 or ISO 1517.
1.3 The values stated in SI are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

• Status: Historical
• Publication Date: 31-May-2008
• ICS: 25.220.60 - Organic coatings
• Technical Committee: D01 - Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications
• Drafting Committee: D01.23 - Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films

Relations

• Replaces: ASTM D5895-03 - Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Drying or Curing During Film Formation of Organic Coatings Using Mechanical Recorders
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2008
• Replaced By: ASTM D5895-13 - Standard Test Methods for Evaluating Drying or Curing During Film Formation of Organic Coatings Using Mechanical Recorders
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2013
• Referred By: ASTM D6577-15(2019) - Standard Guide for Testing Industrial Protective Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D5324-16(2022) - Standard Guide for Testing Water-Borne Architectural Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2008
• Referred By: ASTM D5146-10(2019) - Standard Guide to Testing Solvent-Borne Architectural Coatings
• Effective Date: 01-Jun-2008

Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D5895 − 03 (Reapproved2008)
Standard Test Methods for
Evaluating Drying or Curing During Film Formation of
Organic Coatings Using Mechanical Recorders
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5895; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Pigmented Coatings
1.1 Thesetestmethodsdescribethedeterminationofseveral 2.2 ISO Standard:
stages and the rate of dry-film formation of organic coatings ISO 1517Drying Time Using Ballotini
using straight line and circular mechanical drying-time record-
ing devices. The use of mechanical recorders is valuable in 3. Terminology
comparing the drying behavior of coatings of the same generic
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
type,allowingthatonecoatingmayformagelorresisttearing
3.1.1 dry-hard time, n—the dry-hard condition is reached
at a faster rate than another.
using mechanical recorders when the drying and curing, or
1.2 Drying time measured using the mechanical recorders
both, reactions have proceeded sufficiently that the film is not
may differ from those found using conventional methods, such
displacednorisanynoticeablemarkleftbypinchingthepanels
as Test Method D1640 or ISO 1517. between the thumb on the film and forefinger with a relatively
strong force.
1.3 The values stated in SI are to be regarded as the
3.1.1.1 Discussion—Inthesetestmethods,thedry-hardtime
standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
is reached where the stylus has risen out of the film and rides
information only.
onthesurface,leavingonlyamarkwithoutdisruptingthebody
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
of the film (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.2 dry-through time, n—the dry-through condition is
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
reachedwhenthefilmhassolidifiedsocompletelythatalarge,
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
twisting force can be applied without distorting the film.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In these test methods, the dry-through
2. Referenced Documents time is reached when the stylus no longer left any visible mark
on the film (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1.3 set-to-touch time, n—The set-to-touch condition is
D823Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness
of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels reached when the film has solidified sufficiently, by solvent
evaporation or chemical reaction, or both, that it not longer
D1005Test Method for Measurement of Dry-Film Thick-
ness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers flows nor sticks to a finger that lightly touches it.
D1640Test Methods for Drying, Curing, or Film Formation 3.1.3.1 Discussion—In these test methods, the set-to-touch
of Organic Coatings at Room Temperature time is reached where a pear-shaped depression appears in the
D3924Specification for Environment for Conditioning and filmwhenthefilmstopsflowingoverthepathoftherecorder’s
Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials stylus and leaves a track in the film revealing the glass
D3925Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related substrate (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).
3.1.4 tack-free time, n—the tack-free condition is reached
using mechanical recorders when the film surface has dried or
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
cured(seeset-to-touchtime)sothatthefilmdoesnotadhereto
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint
very light objects placed on it.
Films.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—In these test methods, the tack-free
Current edition approved June 1, 2008. Published June 2008. Originally
time is reached where the continuous track in the film ceases
approved in 1996. Last previous edition approved in 2003 as D5895–03. DOI:
10.1520/D5895-03R08.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
the ASTM website. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5895 − 03 (2008)
4.2 In Test Method B (Circular Recorder), the coating is
appliedtoglassplatesapproximately6in.by6in.(150by150
mm). The drying time recorder is immediately placed on the
wet film and a stylus is moved in a 360° arc at a selected
constant speed.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The drying times of a coating are significant in deter-
mining when a freshly painted room, floor or stair may be put
back in use or a coated article handled or packaged. Slow
NOTE 1—The above figure represents a typical track of a coating that
drying may result in dirt pick-up or, on an exterior surface,
does not skin over during curing. Any coating which exhibits skinning,
moisture may cause a nonuniform appearance.
such as two pack epoxies or polyurethane coatings, will show a very
different track where the stylus tears the surface of the film, leaving
5.2 These test methods are used to determine the various
diamond or kite-shaped patterns.
stages of drying or curing in the dry-film formation of organic
FIG. 1 Stages of Drying Using Straight Line Drying Time Record-
coatings using mechanical devices for the purpose of compar-
ers
ing types of coatings or ingredient changes, or both. To
evaluate the stages of drying in a quantitative manner, use of
instrumentation under environmental controlled conditions is
strongly recommended. These devices also offer a method of
determining drying characteristics of coatings that can not be
ascertained within the standard 8-h work day.
5.3 When evaluating drying characteristics of baking sys-
tems, the circular drying time devices offer a method to
determine quantitatively drying times of coatings at room
temperature and elevated conditions. Maximum temperatures
would be limited by considerations such as the affect of
temperature on the motor lubrication or structural components
of the device.
5.4 The straight line drying time devices offer a method to
determine quantitatively drying times of coatings tested simul-
taneously using one recorder.
5.5 This method is useful in comparing the behavior of
coatingsduringdryingofthesamegenerictype.Determination
of actual drying times should be conducted following proce-
dures outlined in Test Method D1640 or ISO 1517.
6. Coatings and Recommend Film Thicknesses
6.1 Whenever tests are to be performed on coatings not
listedinTableX1.1,thereshouldbeaprioragreementbetween
FIG. 2 Stages of Drying Using Circular Time Drying Recorders
the purchaser and seller as to the substrate, film thickness,
application method, and conditions for testing the specific
coating involved.
6.2 Tests should be carried out at a practical viscosity under
and the stylus starts to tear the film or leave a ragged/sharp-
which the coating can be applied at the proper film thickness
edged grove as it first begins to climb over the film (see Fig. 1
with resultant good flow and leveling properties.
and Fig. 2).
6.3 Films to be tested should have practical thicknesses
NOTE 1—The above descriptions are typical for coatings that do not
commensurate with those expected under actual usage for the
skinoverduringcuring.Anycoatingwhichexhibitsskinning,suchastwo
pack epoxies or polyurethane coatings, will show a very different track type under test.
where the stylus tears the surface of the film, leaving diamond or
7. Test Conditions
kite-shaped patterns.
7.1 Air Dry Coatings, conduct all tests in a well ventilated
4. Summary of Test Methods
room,freefromdirectdrafts,dust,laboratoryfumes,andunder
4.1 In Test Method A (Straight Line Recorder), the coating diffusedlight.Makeallmeasurementsatatemperatureof23 6
is applied to glass strips approximately 300 by 25 mm (12 by 2°C and 50 6 5% relative humidity in accordance with
1 in.). The drying time recorder is immediately placed on the SpecificationD3924.Forbakingsystems,conductalltestsina
wetfilmandthestylusloweredontothewetcoating.Thestylus forceddraftovenatcontrolledtemperatureswithinthelimitso
...

This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
e1
Designation:D5895–01 Designation:D5895–03(Reapproved2008)
Standard Test Methods for
Measuring Times ofEvaluating Drying or Curing During Film
Formation of Organic Coatings Using Mechanical
Recorders
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D 5895; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
e NOTE—Research Report was added editorially June 2001.
1. Scope
1.1These test methods describe the determination of several stages and the rate of dry-film formation of organic coatings using
straight line and circular mechanical drying-time recording devices.
1.2The values stated in SI are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for information only.
1.3
1.1 These test methods describe the determination of several stages and the rate of dry-film formation of organic coatings using
straight line and circular mechanical drying-time recording devices. The use of mechanical recorders is valuable in comparing the
drying behavior of coatings of the same generic type, allowing that one coating may form a gel or resist tearing at a faster rate
than another.
1.2 Dryingtimemeasuredusingthemechanicalrecordersmaydifferfromthosefoundusingconventionalmethods,suchasTest
Method D 1640 or ISO 1517.
1.3 ThevaluesstatedinSIaretoberegardedasthestandard.Thevaluesgiveninparenthesesareprovidedforinformationonly.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D 823 Practices for Producing Films of Uniform Thickness of Paint, Varnish, and Related Products on Test Panels
D 1005 Test MethodsMethod for Measurement of Dry-Film Thickness of Organic Coatings Using Micrometers
D3924Specification for Standard Environment for Conditioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquers, and Related Materials
1640 Test Methods for Drying, Curing, or Film Formation of Organic Coatings at Room Temperature
D 3924 Specification for Environment for Conditioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials
D 3925Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related Pigmented Coatings Practice for Sampling Liquid Paints and Related
Pigmented Coatings
2.2 ISO Standard:
ISO 1517 Drying Time Using Ballotini
3. Terminology
3.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 dry-hard time, n—The—the dry-hard condition is reached using mechanical recorders when the drying and curing, or
both, reactions have proceeded sufficiently that the film is not displaced nor is any noticeable mark left by pinching the panels
between the thumb on the film and forefinger with a relatively strong force.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—In these test methods, the dry-hard time is reached where the stylus stops tearing or cuttinghas risen out
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, andApplications, and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.23 on Physical Properties of Applied Paint Films .
Current edition approved Feb. 10, 2001.June 1, 2008. Published April 2001.Originally published as D 5895–96.June 2008. Originally approved in 1996. Last previous
edition D 5895–96.approved in 2003 as D 5895 – 03.
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
, Vol 06.01.volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Supporting data are available from ASTM Headquarters. Request RR: D01–1119.
Available from American National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St., 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D5895–03 (2008)
of the film, but leaves film and rides on the surface, leaving only a visible trace onmark without disrupting the body of the film
(see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).
3.1.2 dry-through time, n—The—the dry-through condition is reached when the film has solidified so completely that a large,
twisting force can be applied without distorting the film.
3.1.2.1 Discussion—In these test methods, the dry-through time is reached when the stylus no longer left any visible trackmark
on the film (see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).
3.1.3 set-to-touch time, n—Theset-to-touchconditionisreachedwhenthefilmhassolidifiedsufficiently,bysolventevaporation
or chemical reaction, or both, that it not longer flows nor sticks to a finger that lightly touches it.
3.1.3.1 Discussion—In these test methods, the set-to-touch time is reached where a pear-shaped depression appears in the film
when the film stops flowing over the path of the recorder’s stylus and leaves a track in the film revealing the glass substrate (see
Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).
3.1.4 tack-free time, n—The—the tack-free condition is reached using mechanical recorders when the film surface has dried or
cured (see set-to-touch time) so that the film does not adhere to very light objects placed on it.
3.1.4.1 Discussion—In these test methods, the tack-free time is reached where the continuous track in the film ceases and the
stylus starts to tear the film or leave a discontinuous cutting ofragged/sharp-edged grove as it first begins to climb over the film
(see Fig. 1 and Fig. 2).
NOTE 1—The above descriptions are typical for coatings that do not skin over during curing. Any coating which exhibits skinning, such as two pack
epoxies or polyurethane coatings, will show a very different track where the stylus tears the surface of the film, leaving diamond or kite-shaped patterns.
NOTE 1—The above figure represents a typical track of Dry a coating U
that does not skin over during St curing. Any coating which exhibit Ls
skinning, such as two pack e Dpoxies or polyurethane coating Ts, wimll
show a ve Rry different track where the stylus tears the surface of the film,
leaving diamond or kite-shaped patterns.
FIG. 1 Stages of Drying Using Straight Line Drying Time
Recorders
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 In Test MethodA(Straight Line Recorder), the coating is applied to glass strips approximately 300 by 25 mm (12 by 1 in.).
The drying time recorder is immediately placed on the wet film and the stylus lowered onto the wet coating. The stylus moves
across the glass strip at a selected constant speed.
4.2 In Test Method B (Circular Recorder), the coating is applied to glass plates approximately 6 in. by 6 in. (150 by 150 mm).
The drying time recorder is immediately placed on the wet film and a stylus is moved in a 360° arc at a selected constant speed.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The drying times of a coating are significant in determining when a freshly painted room, floor or stair may be put back
inuseoracoatedarticlehandledorpackaged.Slowdryingmayresultindirtpick-upor,onanexteriorsurface,moisturemaycause
a nonuniform appearance.
5.2 Thesetestmethodsareusedtodeterminethevariousstagesofdryingorcuringinthedry-filmformationoforganiccoatings
using mechanical devices for the purpose of comparing types of coatings or ingredient changes, or both. To evaluate the stages
of drying in a quantitative manner, use of instrumentation under environmental controlled conditions is strongly recommended.
These devices also offer a method of determining drying characteristics of coatings that can not be ascertained within the standard
8-h work day.
5.3 When evaluating drying characteristics of baking systems, the circular drying time devices offer a method to determine
quantitatively drying times of coatings at room temperature and elevated conditions. Maximum temperatures would be limited by
considerations such as the affect of temperature on the motor lubrication or structural components of the device.
5.4 The straight line drying time devices offer a method to determine quantitatively drying times of coatings tested
simultaneously using one recorder.
D5895–03 (2008)
FIG. 2 Stages of Drying Using Circular Time Drying Recorders
5.5 Thismethodisusefulincomparingthebehaviorofcoatingsduringdryingofthesamegenerictype.Determinationofactual
drying times should be conducted following procedures outlined in Test Method D 1640 or ISO 1517.
6. Coatings and Recommend Film Thicknesses
6.1 Whenever tests are to be performed on coatings not listed in Table X1.1, there should be a prior agreement between the
purchaser and seller as to the substrate, film thickness, application method, and conditions for testing the specific coating involved.
6.2 Tests should be carried out at a practical viscosity under which the coating can be applied at the proper film thickness with
resultant good flow and leveling properties.
6.3 Filmstobetestedshouldhavepracticalthicknessescommensuratewiththoseexpectedunderactualusageforthetypeunder
test.
7. Test Conditions
7.1 Air Dry Coatings, conduct all tests in a well ventilated room, free from direct drafts, dust, laboratory fumes, and un
...