ASTM C1193-16(2023)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Use of Joint Sealants
Standard Guide for Use of Joint Sealants
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides information and guidelines for consideration by the designer or applicator of a joint seal. It explains the properties and functions of various materials, such as sealant, sealant backing, and primer, among others; and, procedures such as, substrate cleaning and priming, and installation of the components of a sealed joint. It presents guidelines for the use and application of the various materials, design of a sealant joint for a specific application, and environmental conditions and effects that are known to detrimentally affect a sealant joint. The information and guidelines are also useful for those that supply accessories to the sealant industry and for those that install sealants and accessory materials associated with sealant use.
4.2 In addition to the design and installation data in this guide, consult the sealant manufacturer about applications for its products and their proper use and installation. Considering the range of properties of commercially available sealants, the variety of joint designs possible, and the many conditions of use, the information contained herein is general in nature.
4.3 It should be realized that a sealant and sealant joint are expected to have a design life during which they remain functional. However, a sealant and sealant joint will also have a service life. The intent is for service life to meet or exceed design life. There are many factors that can affect service life including type of sealant polymer, sealant formulation, compatibility with adjacent materials, installation techniques or deficiencies, sealant joint design (or lack thereof), proper maintenance (or lack thereof), and environmental exposure, among others. The designer of a joint seal should take the above into consideration when designing and specifying sealants for certain applications.
4.4 The design life of a sealant or sealant joint should be considered in conjunction with the design life of the structure for which it is us...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the use of a cold liquid-applied sealant for joint sealing applications. Including joints on buildings and related adjacent areas, such as plazas, decks, and pavements for vehicular or pedestrian use, and types of construction other than highways and airfield pavements and bridges. Information in this guide is primarily applicable to a single and multi-component, cold liquid-applied joint sealant and secondarily to a precured sealant when used with a properly prepared joint opening and substrate surfaces.
1.2 An elastomeric or non-elastomeric sealant described by this guide should meet the requirements of Specification C834, C920, or C1311.
1.3 This guide does not provide information or guidelines for the use of a sealant in a structural sealant glazing application. Guide C1401 should be consulted for this information. Additionally, it also does not provide information or guidelines for the use of a sealant in an insulating glass unit edge seal used in a structural sealant glazing application. Guide C1249 should be consulted for this information.
1.4 Practice C919 should be consulted for information and guidelines for the use of a sealant in an application where an acoustic joint seal is required.
1.5 This guide also does not provide information relative to the numerous types of sealant that are available nor specific generic sealant properties, such as hardness, tack-free time, or curing process, among others.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthesis are provided for information only.
1.7 The Committee with jurisdiction for this standard is not aware of any comparable standards published by other organizations.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and e...
General Information
- Status
- Published
- Publication Date
- 30-Apr-2023
- Technical Committee
- C24 - Building Seals and Sealants
- Drafting Committee
- C24.10 - Specifications, Guides and Practices
Relations
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2020
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2020
- Effective Date
- 01-Jan-2020
- Effective Date
- 01-Oct-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Aug-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-May-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Jan-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Jan-2019
- Effective Date
- 01-Jul-2018
- Effective Date
- 01-Jun-2018
- Effective Date
- 01-Mar-2018
- Effective Date
- 01-Jan-2018
- Effective Date
- 01-Nov-2017
Overview
ASTM C1193-16(2023), Standard Guide for Use of Joint Sealants, is an authoritative guide developed by ASTM International to provide crucial information on the selection, design, and application of cold liquid-applied and pre-cured joint sealants. This guide is widely utilized in the construction, architectural, and civil engineering sectors to ensure high standards in sealing joints found in buildings, plazas, decks, and pavements for both vehicular and pedestrian use. It outlines best practices for substrate preparation, sealant selection, and installation, highlighting the diverse environmental and operational factors that influence joint sealant performance.
Key Topics
Sealant Types and Materials
The guide covers both elastomeric and non-elastomeric sealants that should conform to ASTM C834, C920, or C1311. It distinguishes between cold liquid-applied sealants (single and multi-component) and pre-cured sealants when correctly matched with prepared substrates.Substrate Preparation
Proper cleaning, priming, and surface conditioning are emphasized to ensure optimum adhesion and longevity. The compatibility of the sealant with adjacent materials and the importance of using appropriate joint backers and primers are key focuses.Joint Design and Installation
Recommendations for joint design center on accommodating expected movement, environmental exposure, and maintenance needs. Considerations include the width and depth of the joint, sealant profile, and access for future repair or replacement.Durability, Service Life, and Maintenance
The guide highlights the need to match the sealant’s design life with that of the host structure and addresses the impact of environmental factors (UV exposure, temperature cycling, moisture, pollutants) and installation deficiencies on performance and longevity.Testing and Performance Evaluation
Key performance indicators such as adhesion, compatibility, color stability, and resistance to staining are addressed. The guide refers to ASTM test methods (e.g., C719, C1087, and C1247) to evaluate these properties under accelerated and real-world conditions.
Applications
ASTM C1193-16(2023) is applicable to a wide variety of construction and maintenance situations where joint sealing is critical for durability and weather resistance. Typical applications include:
- Sealing joints in building exteriors, such as façades, windows, and expansion joints
- Waterproofing horizontal surfaces like decks, plazas, and sidewalks
- Protecting pavements used for vehicle or pedestrian traffic from water ingress
- Ensuring long-term adhesion in complex or inaccessible locations, including roofs and tall structural elements
- Maintaining optimal acoustic, thermal, and environmental performance in building envelopes
The guidance within ASTM C1193 assists professionals in selecting the right product, preparing surfaces, and installing sealants to maximize joint longevity, minimize failures, and plan for effective maintenance and remedial action.
Related Standards
- ASTM C834: Specification for Latex Sealants
- ASTM C920: Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants
- ASTM C1311: Specification for Solvent Release Sealants
- ASTM C1401: Guide for Structural Sealant Glazing (not covered by C1193; refer to C1401 for glazing-specific applications)
- ASTM C1249: Guide for Secondary Seals in Insulating Glass Units
- ASTM C919: Practice for Use of Sealants in Acoustical Applications
- ASTM C717: Terminology for Building Seals and Sealants
Note: This guide does not cover sealant use for structural sealant glazing or insulating glass unit edge seals (refer to C1401 and C1249, respectively), nor does it address detailed technical properties like cure time or hardness.
By establishing best practices for joint sealant usage, ASTM C1193-16(2023) serves as an indispensable resource for designers, applicators, and material suppliers looking to optimize the performance and reliability of sealed joints in modern construction. Incorporating these guidelines not only extends service life but also reduces the costs and risks associated with premature sealant failure.
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Frequently Asked Questions
ASTM C1193-16(2023) is a guide published by ASTM International. Its full title is "Standard Guide for Use of Joint Sealants". This standard covers: SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 4.1 This guide provides information and guidelines for consideration by the designer or applicator of a joint seal. It explains the properties and functions of various materials, such as sealant, sealant backing, and primer, among others; and, procedures such as, substrate cleaning and priming, and installation of the components of a sealed joint. It presents guidelines for the use and application of the various materials, design of a sealant joint for a specific application, and environmental conditions and effects that are known to detrimentally affect a sealant joint. The information and guidelines are also useful for those that supply accessories to the sealant industry and for those that install sealants and accessory materials associated with sealant use. 4.2 In addition to the design and installation data in this guide, consult the sealant manufacturer about applications for its products and their proper use and installation. Considering the range of properties of commercially available sealants, the variety of joint designs possible, and the many conditions of use, the information contained herein is general in nature. 4.3 It should be realized that a sealant and sealant joint are expected to have a design life during which they remain functional. However, a sealant and sealant joint will also have a service life. The intent is for service life to meet or exceed design life. There are many factors that can affect service life including type of sealant polymer, sealant formulation, compatibility with adjacent materials, installation techniques or deficiencies, sealant joint design (or lack thereof), proper maintenance (or lack thereof), and environmental exposure, among others. The designer of a joint seal should take the above into consideration when designing and specifying sealants for certain applications. 4.4 The design life of a sealant or sealant joint should be considered in conjunction with the design life of the structure for which it is us... SCOPE 1.1 This guide describes the use of a cold liquid-applied sealant for joint sealing applications. Including joints on buildings and related adjacent areas, such as plazas, decks, and pavements for vehicular or pedestrian use, and types of construction other than highways and airfield pavements and bridges. Information in this guide is primarily applicable to a single and multi-component, cold liquid-applied joint sealant and secondarily to a precured sealant when used with a properly prepared joint opening and substrate surfaces. 1.2 An elastomeric or non-elastomeric sealant described by this guide should meet the requirements of Specification C834, C920, or C1311. 1.3 This guide does not provide information or guidelines for the use of a sealant in a structural sealant glazing application. Guide C1401 should be consulted for this information. Additionally, it also does not provide information or guidelines for the use of a sealant in an insulating glass unit edge seal used in a structural sealant glazing application. Guide C1249 should be consulted for this information. 1.4 Practice C919 should be consulted for information and guidelines for the use of a sealant in an application where an acoustic joint seal is required. 1.5 This guide also does not provide information relative to the numerous types of sealant that are available nor specific generic sealant properties, such as hardness, tack-free time, or curing process, among others. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthesis are provided for information only. 1.7 The Committee with jurisdiction for this standard is not aware of any comparable standards published by other organizations. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and e...
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE 4.1 This guide provides information and guidelines for consideration by the designer or applicator of a joint seal. It explains the properties and functions of various materials, such as sealant, sealant backing, and primer, among others; and, procedures such as, substrate cleaning and priming, and installation of the components of a sealed joint. It presents guidelines for the use and application of the various materials, design of a sealant joint for a specific application, and environmental conditions and effects that are known to detrimentally affect a sealant joint. The information and guidelines are also useful for those that supply accessories to the sealant industry and for those that install sealants and accessory materials associated with sealant use. 4.2 In addition to the design and installation data in this guide, consult the sealant manufacturer about applications for its products and their proper use and installation. Considering the range of properties of commercially available sealants, the variety of joint designs possible, and the many conditions of use, the information contained herein is general in nature. 4.3 It should be realized that a sealant and sealant joint are expected to have a design life during which they remain functional. However, a sealant and sealant joint will also have a service life. The intent is for service life to meet or exceed design life. There are many factors that can affect service life including type of sealant polymer, sealant formulation, compatibility with adjacent materials, installation techniques or deficiencies, sealant joint design (or lack thereof), proper maintenance (or lack thereof), and environmental exposure, among others. The designer of a joint seal should take the above into consideration when designing and specifying sealants for certain applications. 4.4 The design life of a sealant or sealant joint should be considered in conjunction with the design life of the structure for which it is us... SCOPE 1.1 This guide describes the use of a cold liquid-applied sealant for joint sealing applications. Including joints on buildings and related adjacent areas, such as plazas, decks, and pavements for vehicular or pedestrian use, and types of construction other than highways and airfield pavements and bridges. Information in this guide is primarily applicable to a single and multi-component, cold liquid-applied joint sealant and secondarily to a precured sealant when used with a properly prepared joint opening and substrate surfaces. 1.2 An elastomeric or non-elastomeric sealant described by this guide should meet the requirements of Specification C834, C920, or C1311. 1.3 This guide does not provide information or guidelines for the use of a sealant in a structural sealant glazing application. Guide C1401 should be consulted for this information. Additionally, it also does not provide information or guidelines for the use of a sealant in an insulating glass unit edge seal used in a structural sealant glazing application. Guide C1249 should be consulted for this information. 1.4 Practice C919 should be consulted for information and guidelines for the use of a sealant in an application where an acoustic joint seal is required. 1.5 This guide also does not provide information relative to the numerous types of sealant that are available nor specific generic sealant properties, such as hardness, tack-free time, or curing process, among others. 1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parenthesis are provided for information only. 1.7 The Committee with jurisdiction for this standard is not aware of any comparable standards published by other organizations. 1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and e...
ASTM C1193-16(2023) is classified under the following ICS (International Classification for Standards) categories: 91.100.50 - Binders. Sealing materials. The ICS classification helps identify the subject area and facilitates finding related standards.
ASTM C1193-16(2023) has the following relationships with other standards: It is inter standard links to ASTM C1521-19(2020), ASTM D2453-15(2020)e1, ASTM C1247-20, ASTM C734-15(2019), ASTM C1521-19, ASTM C1135-19, ASTM C1253-14(2019), ASTM C717-19, ASTM C603-14(2019), ASTM C1369-19, ASTM C919-18, ASTM C1184-18, ASTM C717-18, ASTM C920-18, ASTM C717-17a. Understanding these relationships helps ensure you are using the most current and applicable version of the standard.
ASTM C1193-16(2023) is available in PDF format for immediate download after purchase. The document can be added to your cart and obtained through the secure checkout process. Digital delivery ensures instant access to the complete standard document.
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1193 − 16 (Reapproved 2023)
Standard Guide for
Use of Joint Sealants
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1193; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.1 This guide describes the use of a cold liquid-applied
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
sealant for joint sealing applications. Including joints on
1.9 The committee with jurisdiction over this standard is not
buildings and related adjacent areas, such as plazas, decks, and
aware of any comparable standards published by other orga-
pavements for vehicular or pedestrian use, and types of
nizations.
construction other than highways and airfield pavements and
1.10 This international standard was developed in accor-
bridges. Information in this guide is primarily applicable to a
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
single and multi-component, cold liquid-applied joint sealant
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
and secondarily to a precured sealant when used with a
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
properly prepared joint opening and substrate surfaces.
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
1.2 An elastomeric or non-elastomeric sealant described by
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
this guide should meet the requirements of Specification C834,
C920, or C1311.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 This guide does not provide information or guidelines
2.1 ASTM Standards:
for the use of a sealant in a structural sealant glazing applica-
C510 Test Method for Staining and Color Change of Single-
tion. Guide C1401 should be consulted for this information.
or Multicomponent Joint Sealants
Additionally, it also does not provide information or guidelines
C603 Test Method for Extrusion Rate and Application Life
for the use of a sealant in an insulating glass unit edge seal used
of Elastomeric Sealants
in a structural sealant glazing application. Guide C1249 should
C661 Test Method for Indentation Hardness of Elastomeric-
be consulted for this information.
Type Sealants by Means of a Durometer
1.4 Practice C919 should be consulted for information and
C711 Test Method for Low-Temperature Flexibility and
guidelines for the use of a sealant in an application where an
Tenacity of One-Part, Elastomeric, Solvent-Release Type
acoustic joint seal is required.
Sealants
C717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
1.5 This guide also does not provide information relative to
C719 Test Method for Adhesion and Cohesion of Elasto-
the numerous types of sealant that are available nor specific
meric Joint Sealants Under Cyclic Movement (Hockman
generic sealant properties, such as hardness, tack-free time, or
Cycle)
curing process, among others.
C731 Test Method for Extrudability, After Package Aging,
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
of Latex Sealants
standard. The values given in parenthesis are provided for
C732 Test Method for Aging Effects of Artificial Weathering
information only.
on Latex Sealants
1.7 The Committee with jurisdiction for this standard is not
C734 Test Method for Low-Temperature Flexibility of Latex
aware of any comparable standards published by other orga-
Sealants After Artificial Weathering
nizations.
C792 Test Method for Effects of Heat Aging on Weight Loss,
Cracking, and Chalking of Elastomeric Sealants
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
C793 Test Method for Effects of Laboratory Accelerated
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Weathering on Elastomeric Joint Sealants
This standard is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C24 on Building
Seals and Sealants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C24.10 on
Specifications, Guides and Practices. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved May 1, 2023. Published May 2023. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1991. Last previous edition approved in 2016 as C1193 – 16. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C1193-16R23. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1193 − 16 (2023)
C794 Test Method for Adhesion-in-Peel of Elastomeric Joint D2453 Test Method for Shrinkage and Tenacity of Oil- and
Sealants Resin-Base Caulking Compounds
E2114 Terminology for Sustainability
C834 Specification for Latex Sealants
C919 Practice for Use of Sealants in Acoustical Applications
3. Terminology
C920 Specification for Elastomeric Joint Sealants
3.1 Definitions—Refer to Terminology C717 for definitions
C1083 Test Method for Water Absorption of Cellular Elas-
of the following terms used in this guide: adhesive failure,
tomeric Gaskets and Sealing Materials
bicellular sealant backing, blooming, bond-breaker, bridge
C1087 Test Method for Determining Compatibility of
sealant joint, butt sealant joint, cell, cellular material, chalk,
Liquid-Applied Sealants with Accessories Used in Struc-
chalking, chemically curing sealant, closed cell, closed cell
tural Glazing Systems
material, closed cell sealant backing, cohesive failure,
C1135 Test Method for Determining Tensile Adhesion Prop-
compatibility, compatible materials, compound, control joint,
erties of Structural Sealants
creep, cure, cured, dirt pick-up, durability, durability limit,
C1184 Specification for Structural Silicone Sealants
elastomeric, elongation, expansion joint, fillet sealant joint,
C1216 Test Method for Adhesion and Cohesion of One-Part
gasket, hydrostatic pressure, isolation joint, fluid migration,
Elastomeric Solvent Release Sealants
joint filler, laitance, latex sealant, modulus, non-sag sealant,
C1241 Test Method for Volume Shrinkage of Latex Sealants
open cell, open cell material, open cell outgassing, premature
During Cure
deterioration, primer, reversion, rundown, seal, sealant, sealant
C1247 Test Method for Durability of Sealants Exposed to
backing, self-leveling sealant, service life, shelf-life, shrinkage,
Continuous Immersion in Liquids
silicone sealant, skin, solvent release sealant, structural sealant,
C1248 Test Method for Staining of Porous Substrate by Joint
substrate, tooling, tooling time, weathertight, working life (pot
Sealants
life).
C1249 Guide for Secondary Seal for Sealed Insulating Glass
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Units for Structural Sealant Glazing Applications
3.2.1 precured sealant, n—a preformed, factory cured, elas-
C1253 Test Method for Determining the Outgassing Poten-
tomeric material.
tial of Sealant Backing
C1257 Test Method for Accelerated Weathering of Solvent- 4. Significance and Use
Release-Type Sealants
4.1 This guide provides information and guidelines for
C1265 Test Method for Determining the Tensile Properties
consideration by the designer or applicator of a joint seal. It
of an Insulating Glass Edge Seal for Structural Glazing
explains the properties and functions of various materials, such
Applications
as sealant, sealant backing, and primer, among others; and,
C1311 Specification for Solvent Release Sealants
procedures such as, substrate cleaning and priming, and
C1330 Specification for Cylindrical Sealant Backing for Use
installation of the components of a sealed joint. It presents
with Cold Liquid-Applied Sealants
guidelines for the use and application of the various materials,
C1369 Specification for Secondary Edge Sealants for Struc- design of a sealant joint for a specific application, and
turally Glazed Insulating Glass Units environmental conditions and effects that are known to detri-
mentally affect a sealant joint. The information and guidelines
C1382 Test Method for Determining Tensile Adhesion Prop-
are also useful for those that supply accessories to the sealant
erties of Sealants When Used in Exterior Insulation and
industry and for those that install sealants and accessory
Finish Systems (EIFS) Joints
materials associated with sealant use.
C1401 Guide for Structural Sealant Glazing
C1442 Practice for Conducting Tests on Sealants Using
4.2 In addition to the design and installation data in this
Artificial Weathering Apparatus
guide, consult the sealant manufacturer about applications for
C1472 Guide for Calculating Movement and Other Effects
its products and their proper use and installation. Considering
When Establishing Sealant Joint Width
the range of properties of commercially available sealants, the
C1481 Guide for Use of Joint Sealants with Exterior Insu- variety of joint designs possible, and the many conditions of
lation and Finish Systems (EIFS) use, the information contained herein is general in nature.
C1519 Test Method for Evaluating Durability of Building
4.3 It should be realized that a sealant and sealant joint are
Construction Sealants by Laboratory Accelerated Weath-
expected to have a design life during which they remain
ering Procedures
functional. However, a sealant and sealant joint will also have
C1521 Practice for Evaluating Adhesion of Installed Weath-
a service life. The intent is for service life to meet or exceed
erproofing Sealant Joints
design life. There are many factors that can affect service life
C1681 Test Method for Evaluating the Tear Resistance of a
including type of sealant polymer, sealant formulation, com-
Sealant Under Constant Strain
patibility with adjacent materials, installation techniques or
D412 Test Methods for Vulcanized Rubber and Thermoplas-
deficiencies, sealant joint design (or lack thereof), proper
tic Elastomers—Tension
maintenance (or lack thereof), and environmental exposure,
D624 Test Method for Tear Strength of Conventional Vul- among others. The designer of a joint seal should take the
canized Rubber and Thermoplastic Elastomers
above into consideration when designing and specifying seal-
D2203 Test Method for Staining from Sealants ants for certain applications.
C1193 − 16 (2023)
4.4 The design life of a sealant or sealant joint should be wetting or to pedestrian or other traffic) can lessen sealant and
considered in conjunction with the design life of the structure sealant joint durability. The type of sealant, its primary
for which it is used. For example, a building owner may require polymer backbone, and the particular sealant formulation can
a new courthouse building to have an expected design life of 50 also contribute to lessened durability, especially if a sealant is
years. Therefore, elements of the building’s exterior envelope used in an application, or under conditions of use, not
should, with proper maintenance, be expected to perform for appropriate for it. Frequently, various combinations of envi-
that time period. As a result of the information in 4.3 it should ronmental exposure and conditions of use occur which can
be realized that a sealant or sealant joint may not perform for result in lessened durability. For example, depending on sealant
that time period without proper maintenance. Proper mainte- type, joint movement combined with heat aging and cold
nance could include replacement of localized sealant and weather exposure or joint movement combined with heat aging
sealant joint failures and conceivably complete sealant and moisture can result in failure. To enhance durability, it is
replacement, perhaps more than once, during that 50 year time important that the sealant type is matched to the conditions of
period depending on a sealant’s polymer base and its particular use and exposure and that the sealant joint is of proper design
formulation. Sealant replacement needs to be considered and for those conditions of use and exposure. In any event, eventual
when needed should be easily accomplished. replacement of a sealant that has reached its durability limit
must be planned for in the initial design and installation to
4.5 To assist the user of the guide in locating specific
facilitate future remedial work.
information, a detailed listing of guide numbered sections and
5.2.1 Durability Testing—Presently, testing for sealant du-
their descriptors are included in Appendix X1.
rability consists of exposing small-scale sealant samples to
conditions intended to simulate the effects of movements (as in
5. General Considerations
Practice C719), and to artificial weathering by actinic radiation,
5.1 General—Proper selection and use of a sealant is
moisture, and heat, without cycling movement, in a laboratory
fundamental to its ultimate performance, service life,
accelerated weathering device according to Practice C1442.
durability, and sustainability. A sealant joint subjected to
Laboratory artificial weathering and heat aging can be useful in
movement and other similar performance factors should be
the evaluation of the effects on sealants related to wash out,
designed for the particular application to avoid compromising
cracking, discoloration, and adhesion failure. The applicable
the sealant’s performance capability and causing failure of the
ASTM test methods are Test Method C732 for sealants
sealant (see Section 15). If not designed for the particular
conforming to Specification C834, Test Method C1257 for
application, failure is a possibility. Of equal importance is the
solvent release sealants conforming to C1311, and Test Meth-
proper selection and use of other materials and products
ods C792 and C793 for sealants conforming to Specification
associated with sealant use. These include substrate cleaner,
C920. Additionally, environmental exposure at various loca-
surface conditioner or primer, type of sealant backing material,
tions (for example Florida, Arizona, Texas, and certain sites in
bond-breaker, and joint filler, among others. The ability of a
northern latitudes) is also conducted. Correlation of artificial
sealant installation to remain weathertight is critically depen-
weathering to environmental exposure is important to assess
dent on proper preparation, continuity, durability of the sub-
the relevance of laboratory test results to predicting sealant
strates to which the sealant will adhere, and compatibility of
performance during environmental use (1, 2). Laboratory tests
the sealant with the materials it will contact, including the
to date indicate that at least several thousand hours of artificial
substrates. The proper application and installation of the
weathering exposure is necessary to adequately predict a
various sealant materials and products, following the estab-
minimum level of environmental performance. For example, if
lished joint design criteria, is fundamental to realizing the
changes occur five times faster in a laboratory device than
intended service life of the sealant. For a sealant joint that is
under environmental conditions (a typical average acceleration
difficult or expensive to access (for example, tall buildings and
factor for a number of materials), and the desired lifetime of a
certain roofs) a sealant should be selected that provides the
material is about five years, as much as one year of artificial
optimum combination of performance characteristics (for
weathering may be necessary to qualify a material for the
example, adhesion, movement capability and resistance to
application. The latest ASTM weathering standards recom-
environmental conditions) appropriate for that application.
mend as a minimum exposure time, the duration necessary to
5.2 Durability—The durability of a sealant and a sealant
produce a substantial change in the property of interest for the
joint is related to many factors. For example, environmental
least stable material being evaluated. However, this may not be
exposure to solar radiation, ozone, heat-aging, and atmospheric
long enough to qualify a material for the desired application.
contaminants can lessen sealant durability. Inadequate con-
Environmental performance will vary with latitude. For
struction tolerances and improper sealant joint design for
example, a sealant used in Chicago will perform differently
movement and other effects can contribute to sealant joint
than the same sealant used in Florida for a similar application.
failure, which is usually expressed as adhesive or cohesive
Compass orientation also has an effect, with a northerly
failure of the sealant. Inadequate installation (for example,
exposure sealant tending to last longer than a southerly
where the sealant profile is inappropriate for movement, where
exposure in the northern hemisphere. The incident solar
substrates have not been properly cleaned and, if required,
primed, and the sealant inadequately tooled, among others) is
a common cause of failure. Conditions of exposure and design
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
(where, for example, a sealant joint is exposed to constant this standard.
C1193 − 16 (2023)
radiation is a primary contributing factor, among others, to a sealant manufacturer typically will be performed after one
lessened durability. The ability of a sealant to resist degradation day or seven days of water immersion. For many applications
due to solar radiation may also be dependent on the sealant this is not an adequate test exposure to predict long term
manufacturer’s requirements, such as thickness of the installed sealant joint performance. It is the user’s responsibility to
sealant. Other conditions being equal, the sealant in Chicago
evaluate the water immersion condition of an adhesion test
will in general perform for a longer time period than the same conducted by the sealant manufacturer and determine if it is
sealant used in Florida.
applicable to a particular use. If not, the user should obtain
appropriate data consistent with the intended application. In
5.2.1.1 The latest durability testing programs indicate that
artificial weathering performed concurrently with movement of general, for most materials, sealant manufacturers have exten-
a sealant joint sample seems to more realistically predict sive previous adhesion testing experience and can usually
sealant and sealant joint environmental performance (3, 4, 5, indicate if their sealant will or will not adhere to a generic
6). Current ASTM laboratory test methods, that include a
material’s surface. Therefore, pre-qualification testing, prior to
durability component, such as C719, do not provide an specifying, is usually not necessary unless the manufacturer
adequate prediction of sealant long-term environmental perfor-
does not have relevant data for a particular material or if the
mance and therefore potential sealant and joint durability. adhesion to a generic substrate varies significantly. Careful
5.2.1.2 Test method C719 evaluates the movement of a new review of a sealant manufacturer’s data sheet is important,
sealant without the benefit of any aging or weathering and since some only report extension or simple cyclic movement
thereby provides data only for an unaged sealant. performance not including all the Test Method C719 param-
eters and conditions. To monitor for any subsequent surface
5.2.1.3 The user of a sealant should realize that most
changes, consideration should be given to evaluating substrate
manufacturers’ data sheets report laboratory testing data con-
adhesion on the installed substrates at the project site prior to
ducted in an idealized, as-cured state and not in a weathered
beginning the installation of the sealant and periodically during
condition that represents how the sealant will actually appear
the installation. Practice C1521 describes project site adhesion
and perform on a building. Additionally, the performance and
testing methods.
other properties reported on many data sheets does not include
movement during the curing process.
5.4 Compatibility—A sealant must be compatible with the
5.2.1.4 Almost all building sealant applications have
materials and surfaces with which it will be in contact.
movement-during-cure. These natural movements during cure
Occasionally, materials that are in close proximity, but not in
almost always decrease the performance capability of a sealant.
contact with the sealant, can have an effect on the installed
Therefore, data sheet performance properties, if correct, gen-
sealant. Incompatibility can cause, as a minimum, a discolor-
erally overstate the expected environmental and cyclic move-
ation of the sealant or, at its extreme, sealant deterioration or
ment performance of a sealant. With this in mind, a sealant
adhesion loss. Compatibility must never be assumed but
joint design should always be performed with mitigating
always established by a formal program of testing by the
design factors included in the design to account for movement-
sealant manufacturer, since there are no “always compatible”
during-cure (see 12.5).
combinations of a sealant with other materials. A sealant
should be tested for compatibility with other sealants which it
5.3 Adhesion—Obtaining and then maintaining long-term
may contact and with materials and finishes it contacts or is in
adhesion of a sealant is the primary variable in a successful
close proximity. Materials and finishes, with time and exposure
installation. A sealant manufacturer will determine what is
to the ultraviolet component of sunlight, can exude or release
necessary to achieve adequate adhesion to a particular
plasticizers or other materials into a sealant, which can cause a
substrate, and if a primer or surface conditioner is necessary, by
sealant to change color or lose adhesion. Also, these accesso-
using laboratory test methods. In some applications, glass,
ries can have surface residues or contaminants from manufac-
metal or other substrates may have coatings, surface treatments
turing that can migrate into the sealant. A change of sealant
or difficult-to-remove contaminants requiring special cleaning
color is evidence of a potentially detrimental chemical
techniques or primers. Due to this surface variability, the
reaction, and although adhesion may not be initially lost, the
substrates should be sampled and tested by the sealant manu-
color change could be predictive of a future loss of adhesion.
facturer from actual production runs of the materials. Specifi-
Other sealant characteristics that could also be affected by
cation C920 requires a sealant to be rated as Use M, A, G, or
incompatibility include the ability of a sealant to cure fully, its
O. When listed by a sealant manufacturer it indicates that, in
ultimate strength development, and its aesthetic qualities.
general, the sealant has been found to adhere to and is suitable
for use with that substrate type. This is not necessarily a
5.4.1 Compatibility Testing—Materials or components that
guarantee of adhesion. Samples of the actual substrate should
are nearby or touch the sealant should be tested for compat-
always be tested for adhesion before use, since materials and
ibility using Test Method C1087. This test is performed in the
finishes can be variable or products can change with time and
laboratory with prepared samples of substrate finishes, gaskets,
formulation from that as previously tested. Consideration
and various accessory materials, among others. Any color
should also be given to identifying a sealant which, without the
change of the sealant after testing, is sufficient evidence to
use of primers if possible, will provide adequate adhesion.
cause additional evaluation for use of the candidate material or
5.3.1 Adhesion Testing—Adhesion of a sealant to a substrate finish. This test is usually performed to prequalify a material or
surface or another material or component is determined using component for use. In general, for most materials, sealant
laboratory Test Methods C794 and C719. Adhesion testing by manufacturers have extensive previous compatibility testing
C1193 − 16 (2023)
experience and can usually indicate if their sealant is compat- specific substrate material with a particular sealant. It should be
ible with a particular material. Therefore, pre-qualification realized that the tests are meant to be predictive based on
testing, prior to specifying, is usually not necessary unless the accelerated laboratory procedures that attempt to duplicate the
manufacturer does not have relevant data for a particular natural environment. They are not always successful in dupli-
material. An important aspect concerning compatibility is that
cating the natural environment and in identifying a potential
often a sealant or joint accessory is substituted at the last staining combination of sealant and substrate. Environmental
minute as an “or equal” product. Products are not equal in
testing for staining can also be performed using a mock-up of
compatibility unless they are equally tested for compatibility. the particular sealant and substrate exposed to the same
Therefore, if a sealant or an accessory material is substituted,
conditions as the end use. This procedure is usually lengthy,
the new combination should also be tested for compatibility.
sometimes taking years before a judgement can be made as to
staining potential. The sealant manufacturer should be con-
5.5 Staining—There are many causes and manifestations of
sulted for advice since they have a history of their products and
staining that can occur on or within a building’s materials and
staining potential with particular substrate materials. Test data
systems. Some staining mechanisms are related to a sealant
from a method such as C1248 should be evaluated along with
while others are not. For example, chemical staining caused by
the sealant manufacturer’s recommendation and exposure data
corrosion of ferrous or other metals, chalking of organic
from older installations.
finishes and certain forms of efflorescence are not caused by a
sealant. Also, natural staining of a building’s surfaces can be a
5.7 Sealant Color Change—A sealant, in use, can change
result of normal environmental effects such as rain and snow
color. A joint designer should be aware that developing a
melt rundown, accumulation of atmospheric pollutants, and
special color for a particular application might be inappropriate
other naturally occurring effects. These types of stains usually
and additionally become a “throw away” cost. The surface
manifest themselves as rundown on a building’s surfaces.
color of some sealants can change in as little as a few years
Some sealants can contribute to staining by blooming, fluid
depending on local environmental conditions. Color change
migration and resultant rundown of various sealant compo-
can be caused by blooming, ultraviolet and visible radiation
nents on a building’s surfaces. Some inadvertent staining may
absorption, chalking, pollutants in the atmosphere, dirt pick-up,
be caused by applicator error wherein sealant is misapplied on
cleaning solutions, and adjacent materials, among others (7-9).
surfaces not intended to receive sealant. The resultant staining,
Blooming is the movement of components in a sealant to its
whether or not caused by the sealant, can manifest itself as a
surface where they attract dirt and atmospheric contaminants to
surface stain on both nonporous and porous materials or as a
the surface of the sealant, changing its apparent color. Ultra-
penetrated stain within porous materials.
violet and visible radiation absorption from the sun can
5.6 Substrate Staining—A sealant, depending on formula- permanently alter a sealant, depending on the type and quality
tion and the quality of its components, can cause staining of of pigment and stabilizer ingredients. Colors that seem to be
adjacent substrate surfaces. Staining by a sealant is usually due most affected by ultraviolet and visible radiation absorption are
to fluid migration or rundown (7-11). Both porous and non- generally those created using organic coloring agents. Better
porous substrates are susceptible to this staining mechanism. color stability is achieved using inorganic colorants. The
Fluid from a sealant can migrate into the pores of a porous degree of color change due to this effect is variable depending
substrate and then migrate to its exposed surface adjacent to the on the exposure of the sealant (e.g. northerly versus southerly
sealant. The fluid can then discolor the substrate surface or facing) and the environment (southern versus northern latitudes
become an attractant for environmental pollution or dirt
in the same hemisphere). The formation of chalk (a powder) on
pick-up. This staining has been colloquially referred to as
a sealant surface due to chalking can impart an apparent color
“clouding” due to its visual appearance. Fluid can also migrate change to the sealant’s surface by hiding the color of the
through the exposed surface of the sealant and then run down
sealant. Most powders tend to be whitish in color, although a
onto adjacent porous or non-porous surfaces and become an color other than white can develop. Organic polymer based
attractant for environmental pollution or dirt pick-up. Staining
sealants, as they weather, can be self-cleaning as rain-water can
of porous substrates has proven to be difficult if not impossible wash away the surface chalk. A sealant can discolor due to the
to completely remove. Removal has usually been most suc-
accumulation of atmospheric contaminants or dirt pick-up as
cessfully achieved using an appropriate poultice; however, the period of environmental exposure increases. Dirt pick-up
complete and lasting removal of the stain is rarely achieved.
resistance of a sealant refers to the inability of a cured sealant
Staining of non-porous surfaces can also be difficult to remove. to resist the accumulation of dirt particles on its exposed
Depending on the material, the type of fluid, and the type of
surface that would affect its appearance by changing it (that is,
environmental pollution or dirt pick-up, the staining may be light-colored dirt on a dark sealant, or dark-colored dirt on a
easily removed or can not be removed resulting in a permanent
light sealant). There is currently no ASTM test method to
stain to the surface. Development of cleaning materials and evaluate this property for sealants. Color change caused by
methods must be a collaborative effort of the sealant manufac-
blooming, chalking, and the accumulation of atmospheric
turer and the stained material manufacturer. contaminants or dirt pick-up, can usually be cleaned from the
5.6.1 Stain Testing—Laboratory testing for potential stain- surface of the sealant using cleaning solutions and procedures
ing of a porous substrate by a sealant can be performed using recommended by the sealant manufacturer. Building facades
either Test Method D2203, C510, or C1248. These test are normally cleaned on a periodic basis. Cleaning solutions
methods are typically used prior to sealant installation to test a used for other facade materials may have a deleterious affect on
C1193 − 16 (2023)
the color and other properties of a sealant and should be sides or similar design to cause hydrostatic pressure to assist in
verified as having no affect by a mock-up test program prior to forming a compression seal, by pushing a sealant against the
application. Occasionally, a substrate material that a sealant is substrate.
adhered to, or another material that it is in incidental contact
5.8.1 Liquid Immersion Resistance Testing—Test Method
with, can cause a color change in the sealant through migration
C1247 can be used to assess adhesion of a submerged sealant
of substrate or material components into the body of the
to a substrate. Water or other liquids can be used with this
sealant. method to determine sealant performance. However, this
method does not test the added influences of a constant stress
5.7.1 Color Change Testing—Test Method C1087 can be
from hydrostatic pressure or an induced sealant stress from
used to determine if sealant contact with a material will cause
joint movement. For a particular application, this test may not
the sealant to discolor or lose adhesion. Test Method C510 can
be an accelerated test depending on the temperature of the test
also be used; however, its value is limited due to the relatively
liquid used in the application. The C1247 test temperature is
short time period for the test. Further, it would primarily be
50 °C (122 °F) and if that is also the application liquid
useful for porous substrates that may be discolored by compo-
temperature, then the method may not be an accelerated test.
nents of the sealant that migrate into it. Test Method C792 can
Also, most available immersion test data is based on clean
be used to assess the chalking potential of a sealant; however,
water as the liquid. If a particular application has other than
this test also has a relatively short time period for the test. It
clean water as the liquid, the user should have the test
should be realized that the tests are meant to be predictive
performed with the liquid in which the sealant will be
based on accelerated laboratory procedures that attempt to
immersed.
duplicate the natural environment. They are not always suc-
5.8.2 Freeze-Thaw and Heat Stability—The extrudability of
cessful in duplicating the natural environment and in identify-
sealants after freeze-thaw and heat cycling measured by Test
ing a potential color change combination of sealant and
Method C731. Laboratory test results of this test method serve
substrate. Accelerated laboratory tests that use a full spectrum
to indicate the ease of application and do not predict the
of radiation, such as a xenon lamp, are most useful in
performance capability of the sealant after installation. Results
predicting color change. Environmental testing for color
also measure the freeze-thaw and heat stability of such
change can also be performed using a mock-up of the particular
sealants.
sealant and substrate exposed to the same conditions as the end
use. This procedure is usually lengthy, sometimes taking years 5.9 Environmental Influences:
before a judgement can be made as to a color change potential.
5.9.1 Low Temperature—A low substrate temperature dur-
The sealant manufacturer should be consulted for advice since
ing installation generally decreases adhesion since the sealant
they have a history of their products and color change potential
surface wetting characteristic is reduced. Also, a low ambient
with particular substrate and incidental contact materials. The
air temperature, depending on the sealant formulation and
specifier or user can also confirm performance by observing
polymer backbone, can reduce the extrudability of a sealant
older installations.
and restrict its ability to flow into joint openings, thereby
forming voids in the sealant. Frost, both visible and non-
5.8 Liquid Immersion—Some sealant applications, for in-
visible, or ice may be present on a cold substrate surface
stance a water retention structure or a waste water treatment
inhibiting adhesion. For these reasons, a sealant is more
facility, require a sealant that can tolerate extended periods of
appropriately applied at an ambient air temperature above 4 °C
continuous immersion in water or other liquids (12, 13). Also,
(40 °F). If application is necessary when there is visible frost or
certain building joint applications, such as for plazas and other
ice on a substrate surface, the frost or ice must be removed by
horizontal surfaces, can subject a sealant to intermittent short
solvent wiping, evaporation of the solvent, and finally a dry
or long term immersion in rain water or snow melt. Water
wipe. There is a risk of non-visible frost forming when
immersion of a sealant is often associated with an accelerating
evaporative cooling of a solvent, used to remove visible frost,
influence on loss of adhesion of the sealant to a substrate and
causes the substrate temperature to fall below the dew point. A
degradation of properties including sealant reversion. For other
simple test, to determine the presence of non-visible frost on a
than continuous water immersion situations, it is prudent to
metal surface is to place a hand on the surface. Heat from ones
design joints that are not exposed to prolonged water immer-
hand will melt the frost, if it exists, and wet the surface. Also,
sion. These joints typically are under some stress from move-
for adhesion, the manufacturer of the sealant should be
ment or other effects that, in combination with immersion, can
consulted regarding the extrudability and surface-wetting char-
result in a premature loss of adhesion. An important consider-
acteristics of the sealant as applicable to a particular substrate
ation in immersion situations is the development of a constant
material. A low temperature can be quite detrimental to a cured
dead load due to hydrostatic pressure on the sealant and its
sealant’s performance. A low temperature can retard cure of the
adhesion to a substrate. For such applications, an adhesion test
sealant. Some sealants become stiff at a low temperature. If
should include the effect of hydrostatic pressure on the sealant
there is joint movement at a low temperature, a failure can
and its adhesion to a substrate, as well as prolonged water
result due to the reduced movement capability of the sealant
exposure described in 5.8.1. An appropriate practice for a
and the increased stress generated at the sealant adhesion
sealant joint subject to immersion is to design the joint profile surface. If a low temperature will be a factor, then knowledge
as a continuous “bath tub plug.” This is a joint with tapered of sealant performance at low temperature is fundamental as
C1193 − 16 (2023)
well as knowledge of its brittle point (glass transition tempera- within the scope of its particular application. When available,
ture). It should be realized that the low temperature used in Test Environmental Product Declarations (EPDs) or Life-Cycle
Method C719 is –26 °C (–15 °F) and may need to be lowered Assessments (LCA) can provide details about the potential
depending on the particular low temperature application. Sol- environmental impact of a sealant product. While EPDs
vent release sealants and latex sealants that conform to provide useful information, they are not intended to be directly
Specification C834 are not required to pass the rigors of C719. comparable unless a set of requirements are recognized by the
For these specific products, low temperature flexibility can be user of the EPD.
assessed by using Test Methods C711 and C734.
6. Substrate
5.9.2 High Temperature—The sealant applicator should be
aware that a sealant that is marginal with respect to hot weather
6.1 General—Sealants have been developed to seal joints
sag resistance may present a problem when working on an
between numerous substrate materials, the more common of
application that has a solar exposure. A substrate surface,
which are brick and concrete masonry, concrete, various
depending on color and thermal mass, can develop a high
metals, stone, and glass. Substrates are generally classified as
surface temperature, which can exceed a sealant’s high tem-
either porous or non-porous. Some substrates are generally
perature stability level. Such high temperatures can occur on
more difficult to adhere sealant to than others. Surface charac-
some dark colored surfaces in the summer. Knowledge of a
teristics vary considerably, and some substrates may not be
sealant’s sustained high temperature stability and the expected
suitable for achieving a joint seal unless treated either mechani-
in-use substrate surface temperature is fundamental to devel-
cally or chemically, or both. The substrate must be properly
oping a durable sealant joint. Many organic sealants will start
prepared in all cases of use. The substrate must be clean, dry,
to deteriorate at 70 °C to 80 °C (158 °F to 176 °F). A sealant
sound, and free of loose particles, contaminants, foreign
that meets Specification C920 is tested by method C639 for its
matter, water-soluble material and frost and ice.
flow (rheological or sag) properties at a temperature of 50 °C
6.2 Types:
6 2 °C (122 °F 6 3.6 °F). Depending on a particular sealant
6.2.1 Porous—Materials representative of this type are brick
and application this may not be adequate. Hot weather may
and concrete masonry, concrete, unpainted wood, some build-
also accelerate sealant cure time, resulting in a shortened
ing stones, and most cement-based materials. The classification
working life and tooling time, while tack-free time will be
of a material as porous is generally related to its having a pore
reduced and rain resistance accelerated. This is particularly
structure in the body of the material. A water-repellent treat-
helpful for a water-based sealant, which is usually more
ment or coating on a porous substrate may inhibit sealant
susceptible to rain damage within the first few hours after
adhesion. Since these coatings are not always visually
application. A high substrate temperature can increase bubble
apparent, their existence is sometimes unknown until an
formation in a sealant from outgassing of a sealant backing and
adhesion failure occurs or testing is performed before installa-
thus must be avoided (see 9.3).
tion. These conditions require special consideration and con-
5.9.3 Moisture—Sealant installation, in unprotected exterior
sultation with both the substrate and sealant manufacturers to
locations, cannot be performed during or immediately after a
determine suitable substrate preparation methods and which
rain and should not be performed when there is a threat or
primer(s), if required, should be used before a sealant is
knowledge of imminent rainfall. However, rainfall after appli-
applied. Often, reliability of a selected cleaning and priming
cation usually has no serious effect on most sealants if the
method can be predicted only by adhesion testing of a trial
sealant has clearly formed a surface skin. Even a sealant with
application at the project site on project materials. Other
a skin can be affected if there is forceful impingement of water,
problematic conditions are sealant incompatibility with other
prolonged flowing of water, or prolonged immersion of a
chemical products on a porous material, such as concrete
sealant joint. The sealant manufacturer should be consulted for
surface laitance, which provides a weak substrate, and an
a specific recommendation when confronted with these or
adhesion-inhibiting form-release agent on a concrete surface. It
similar situations. The moisture level in a porous substrate can
is therefore essential that these materials be removed from a
also affect sealant adhesion, especially for joints that occur in
porous substrate surface. Substrate porosity can also accelerate
horizontal surfaces such as plazas.
sealant adhesion loss when the substrate is wetted or immersed.
5.10 Sustainability—The relative sustainability of sealant A primer or surface conditioner (see Section 8) may improve
products depends on a number of factors including the service sealant adhesion durability, even if not required for adequate
life of the product, the environmental impact of producing it, initial adhesion.
the renewable resource(s) (as defined in Terminology E2114) 6.2.2 Non-Porous—Stainless steel, lead-coated copper, and
and raw materials expended during the production of the anodized aluminum, factory-applied organic coatings, paints,
product, the performance it provides, its potential recyclability and glass are examples of materials that are considered
or reusability at the end of its service life, the environmental non-porous. These materials are non-absorptive. A proprietary
impact of disposal, the total costs involved to replace it, and treatment or protective coating on a metal surface may inhibit
other factors that may, or may not yet, be defined. Environ- sealant adhesion and should be removed completely. Where a
mental impact can be measured by
...
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