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ASTM F1471-93(2001)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Air Cleaning Performance of a High-Efficiency Particulate Air- Filter System

Standard Test Method for Air Cleaning Performance of a High-Efficiency Particulate Air- Filter System

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method describes a procedure for determining the penetration of aerosols through a one- or twostage HEPA filter installation. Testing multiple filter stages as a single unit eliminates the need for: installation of auxiliary aerosol bypass ducts, installation of aerosol injection manifolds between filter stages, and entry of test personnel into contaminated areas. It provides for filter testing without interruption of plant processes and operation of ventilation systems.
The procedure is applicable for measuring penetrations requiring sensitivities to 0.1 μm.
A challenge concentration of 2.5 × 10 5 particles/cm3 (p/cm3), is required for evaluation of one-filter stage, and 2 × 106 p/cm 3, or about 30 μg/L (assuming unit density), is required to properly evaluate a two-stage HEPA filter system as one unit.
This test method can determine the penetration of HEPA filters in the particle-size range from 0.1 to 0.2 μm where the greatest penetration of particles is likely to occur.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure and equipment for measuring the penetration of test particles through high-efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter systems using a laser aerosol spectrometer (LAS). This test method provides the capability of evaluating the overall effectiveness of HEPA filter systems consisting of one or two filter stages.
1.2 The aerosols used for testing have a heterodisperse size distribution in the submicrometer diameter range from 0.1 to 1.0 µm.
1.3 The purpose for conducting in-place filter testing by this test method is in the ability to determine penetration of multi-stage installations, without individual stage tests. Particle penetration as low as 10-8 can be measured by this test method. Also, the LAS provides a measure of penetration for discrete particle sizes.
1.4 Maximum penetration for an installed HEPA filter system is 5 X 10-4 for one filter stage, and 2.5 X 10-7 for two stages in series is recommended.
Note 1--Acceptance penetration criteria must be specified in the program, or owners specifications. The penetration criteria suggested in this test method is referenced in Ref (1).
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.Specific precautionary statements are given in 9.6.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Dec-2000
ICS
13.040.40 - Stationary source emissions
Technical Committee
D22 - Air Quality
Drafting Committee
D22.05 - Indoor Air
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM F1471-93 - Standard Test Method for Air Cleaning Performance of a High-Efficiency Particulate Air- Filter System
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001
Replaced By
ASTM F1471-09 - Standard Test Method for Air Cleaning Performance of a High-Efficiency Particulate Air- Filter System (Withdrawn 2018)
Effective Date
01-Mar-2009
Referred By
ASTM F2299/F2299M-03(2017) - Standard Test Method for Determining the Initial Efficiency of Materials Used in Medical Face Masks to Penetration by Particulates Using Latex Spheres
Effective Date
01-Jan-2001

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ASTM F1471-93(2001) - Standard Test Method for Air Cleaning Performance of a High-Efficiency Particulate Air- Filter SystemASTM F1471-93(2001) - Standard Test Method for Air Cleaning Performance of a High-Efficiency Particulate Air- Filter System
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ASTM F1471-93(2001) - Standard Test Method for Air Cleaning Performance of a High-Efficiency Particulate Air- Filter System
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:F1471–93 (Reapproved 2001)
Standard Test Method for
Air Cleaning Performance of a High-Efficiency Particulate
1
Air Filter System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1471; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope F328 Practice for Calibration of an Airborne Particle
Counter Using Monodisperse Spherical Particles
1.1 This test method covers the procedure and equipment
2.2 Military Standard:
for measuring the penetration of test particles through high-
MIL-STD 282 Military Standard Filter Units, Protective
efficiency particulate air (HEPA) filter systems using a laser
Clothing, Gas Mask Components, and Related Products:
aerosol spectrometer (LAS). This test method provides the
4
Performance Test Method
capabilityofevaluatingtheoveralleffectivenessofHEPAfilter
systems consisting of one or two filter stages.
3. Terminology
1.2 The aerosols used for testing have a heterodisperse size
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
distribution in the submicrometer diameter range from 0.1 to
3.1.1 diluter—a device used to reduce the aerosol particle
1.0 µm.
concentration to eliminate coincidence counting is in the LAS.
1.3 Thepurposeforconductingin-placefiltertestingbythis
3.1.2 dilution ratio—the ratio of the undiluted aerosol
test method is in the ability to determine penetration of
particleconcentrationenteringthedilutertothedilutedportion
multi-stageinstallations,withoutindividualstagetests.Particle
−8 of the particle concentration. Because diluters have inherent
penetrationaslowas10 canbemeasuredbythistestmethod.
particle losses that may vary according to the particle size, the
Also, the LAS provides a measure of penetration for discrete
dilution ratio may not be constant with respect to size.
particle sizes.
3.1.3 laser aerosol spectrometer (LAS)—aprecisionparticle
1.4 Maximum penetration for an installed HEPA filter
−4 −7 detector that allows single particle counting and sizing by the
system is 5 310 for one filter stage, and 2.5 310 for two
amount of scattered light from individual particles, where the
stages in series is recommended.
signals can be grouped into categories corresponding to par-
NOTE 1—Acceptance penetration criteria must be specified in the
ticle size.
program, or owners specifications. The penetration criteria suggested in
3.1.4 penetration—the number of particles passing through
2
this test method is referenced in Ref (1).
the filter stage, to the number of particles challenging the
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
upstream side of the filter stage. The penetration, or the
standard.
challenge aerosol, may be associated for each particle size of
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
interest.
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Summary of Test Method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
4.1 A challenge aerosol produced by Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Se-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
bacate (DOS) or Di(2-Ethylhexyl) Phthalate (DOP) is injected
tionary statements are given in 9.6.
upstream of the filter system and allowed to mix with the
airstream. Using a LAS, samples of the aerosol are collected
2. Referenced Documents
from the airstream through probes, both upstream and down-
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
stream of the filter system. With this test method, the penetra-
tion of the filter system can be calculated either as a function
of particle size, or in a particular size of interest. Due to high
1 particle concentrations that may be required to evaluate the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D22 on Air
performance of HEPAfilter systems, it may become necessary
Quality and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D22.05 on Indoor Air.
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 1993. Published April 1993.
to dilute the upstream sample to avoid errors due to coinci-
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
dence counting by the LAS.
this standard.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on AvailablefromStandardizationDocumentsOrderDesk,Bldg.4SectionD,700
the ASTM website. Robbins Ave., Philadelphia, PA 19111-5094, Attn: NPODS.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, Unit
...

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1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
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1.5.2 Terms that are used only in individual ASTM standards in which they are defined adequately, whether formally or by the context in which they appear.  
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This practice presents the procedures and equipment that will permit, within certain limits, representative sampling of stationary source emissions for the automated determination of gas concentrations of effluent gas streams. This application is limited to the determination of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and total oxides of nitrogen (NOx). Although velocity measurements are required to determine the mass flow rates of gases, this is, however, not included in this practice. This practice describes representative sampling of gases in a duct, both by extractive and non-extractive methods. In extractive sampling, gases are conditioned to remove aerosols, particulate matter, and other interfering substances before being conveyed to the instruments. In non-extractive sampling, the measurements are made in-situ; therefore, no sample conditioning except filtering is required.
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1.1 This practice2 covers procedures and equipment that will permit representative sampling for the automated determination of gas concentrations of effluent gas streams with limitations as described below. The application is limited to the determination of oxygen (O2), carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and total oxides of nitrogen (NOx).  
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ASTM D7392-20(Practice)
Standard Practice for PM Detector and Bag Leak Detector Manufacturers to Certify Conformance with Design and Performance Specifications for Cement Plants

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 EPA regulations require Portland cement plants that burn hazardous waste to use BLDs or PMDs to provide either a relative or an absolute indication of PM concentration and to alert the plant operator of the need to inspect PM control equipment or initiate corrective action. EPA and others have not established for these applications specific design and performance specifications for these instruments. The design and performance specifications and test procedures contained in this practice will help ensure that measurement systems are capable of providing reliable monitoring data.  
5.2 This practice identifies relevant information and operational characteristics of BLD and PMD monitoring devices for Portland cement kiln systems. This practice will assist equipment suppliers and users in the evaluation and selection of appropriate monitoring equipment.  
5.3 This practice requires that tests be conducted to verify manufacturer’s published specifications for detection limit, linearity, thermal stability, insensitivity to supply voltage variations and other factors so that purchasers can rely on the manufacturer’s published specifications. Purchasers are also assured that the specific instrument has been tested at the point of manufacture and shown to meet selected design and performance specifications prior to shipment.  
5.4 This practice requires that the manufacturer develop and provide to the user written procedures for installation start-up, operation, maintenance, and quality assurance of the equipment. This practice requires that these same procedures are used for a field performance demonstration of the BLD or PMD monitoring equipment at a Portland cement plant.  
5.5 The applicable test procedures and specifications of this practice are selected to address the equipment and activities that are within the control of the manufacturer.  
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1.1 This practice covers the procedure for certifying particulate matter detectors (PMDs) and bag leak detectors (BLDs) that are used to monitor particulate matter (PM) emissions from kiln systems at Portland cement plants that burn hazardous waste. It includes design specifications, performance specifications, test procedures, and information requirements to ensure that these continuous monitors meet minimum requirements, necessary in part, to monitor reliably PM concentrations to indicate the need for inspection or corrective action of the types of air pollution control devices that are used at Portland cement plants that burn hazardous waste.  
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1.4 This practice applies to Portland cement kiln systems subject to PM emission standards contained in 40 CFR 63, Subpart EEE.
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4.1 Work practices, engineering controls, personal protective equipment and other precautions to minimize exposure to airborne asbestos fibers have been extensively documented in regulations, training manuals and other publications. The work described in these publications ranges from large-scale abatement projects to minor disturbances and clean-up. Practices E1368 and E2394 address these issues within the context of their subject matter.  
4.2 This practice applies to specific types of asbestos work where the same task is performed by various persons without substantial deviation from a documented procedure and with material containing the same type and similar content of asbestos fiber. The exposure from such operations can be expected to remain fairly consistent as long as these parameters do not vary substantially and the workers have received the required training to perform the task.  
4.3 Because of the variability in field conditions under which large-scale work such as asbestos abatement is performed, the opportunity to collect sufficient personal air samples under conditions similar enough to establish statistical confidence can be questioned. For this reason, this practice does not address the collection of such samples and their use for determining exposure data to apply on other projects. Users with such requirements are referred to the applicable regulations for guidance.  
4.4 There are many tasks, however, that are of short duration and amenable to testing under controlled conditions for assessing worker exposure. These tasks are performed by equipment installers and other tradesmen in the course of their ordinary duties in what this practice refers to as the current job. The following list of potential tasks where ACMs can be disturbed is by no means inclusive and the feasibility of conducting an Exposure Assessment is the responsibility of the user:  
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1.1 This practice establishes procedures for assessing the exposure of workers to airborne fibers who perform repetitive tasks of short duration where small quantities of asbestos-containing materials must be disturbed in order to perform maintenance and installation activities.  
1.2 This practice describes the facilities and equipment for performing the tasks under controlled conditions for the express purpose of collecting personal air samples to determine worker exposure. The tasks are performed on actual asbestos-containing materials during Exposure Assessment tests and precautions are taken for personal protection and avoiding contamination of adjacent spaces.  
1.3 This practice describes the air sample collection procedures, the analytical methods for the air samples, and the calculation of worker exposure including the use of statistical confidence limits. This practice differentiates between the test to obtain exposure data and the current job to which the data are applied, and describes the duties of the individuals who conduct these separate activities.  
1.4 The results are applied to the current job as defined herein for determining worker protection such as respiratory protection or for other purposes as determined by the competent person responsible for the current job. The results of the tests shall not be applied to current jobs that are expected to differ substantially from the test conditions in work practices, material properties or other factors that might affect the concentration of airborne asbestos fibers.  
1.5 This practice is not intended to be used for asbestos abatement work for which the objective is the removal of asbestos-containing materials. It is designed to assess exposures for short-term repetitive tasks. Compliance with regulatory requirements as to the purpose of the work and limits on the quantity of asbestos-containing materials disturbed is the responsibility of the user.  
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ASTM
ASTM D7296-18(Practice)
Standard Practice for Collection of Settled Dust Samples Using Dry Wipe Sampling Methods for Subsequent Determination of Beryllium and Compounds

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This practice is intended for the collection of settled dust samples for the subsequent measurement of beryllium and compounds. The practice is meant for use in the collection of settled dust samples that are of interest in clearance, hazard evaluation, risk assessment, and other purposes.  
5.2 This practice is intended solely for the collection of settled dust samples from hard, relatively smooth nonporous surfaces that may be compromised by water or other wetting agents and that are therefore not suitable for wet wipe sampling using Practice D6966 or micro-vacuum sampling using Practice D7144. Use of this practice for any purpose other than the intended purpose is discouraged due to the limited collection efficiency and high variability of dry wipe sampling as compared to wetted wipe or micro-vacuum sampling.3  
5.3 This practice is less effective for collecting settled dust samples from surfaces with substantial texture such as rough concrete, brickwork, textured ceilings, and soft fibrous surfaces such as upholstery and carpeting. Micro-vacuum sampling using Practice D7144 may be more suitable for these surfaces.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the collection of settled dust containing beryllium and beryllium compounds on surfaces using the dry wipe sampling method, or both. These samples are collected in a manner that will permit subsequent extraction and determination of beryllium and compounds in the wipes using laboratory analysis techniques such as atomic spectrometry or fluorescence detection.  
1.2 This practice is limited in its scope to applications where wetted wipe sampling (using Practice D6966) or vacuum sampling (using Practice D7144) is not physically feasible (for example, if the surface to be wiped would be compromised by use of wetted wipes).  
1.3 This practice does not address the sampling design criteria (that is, sampling plan which includes the number and location of samples) that are used for clearance, hazard evaluation, risk assessment, and other purposes. To provide for valid conclusions, sufficient numbers of samples should be obtained as directed by a sampling plan. Additional guidance is provided in Guide D7659.  
1.4 This practice contains notes that are explanatory and are not part of the mandatory requirements of this practice.  
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7295-18(Practice)
Standard Practice for Sampling Combustion Effluents and Other Stationary Sources for the Subsequent Determination of Hydrogen Cyanide

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Hydrogen cyanide is highly toxic. In relatively low quantities, hydrogen cyanide can cause asphyxia and death.  
5.2 The National Fire Protection Association has assigned a flammability rating of 4 (severe fire hazard) to hydrogen cyanide.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice is used to collect samples for the determination of gaseous hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from any combustion device or atmosphere where cyanide may be present. While primarily designed for the measurement of gas phase HCN, the sample collection described in this practice also includes cyanide ion (CN-) absorbed particles that may be present in the sampling atmosphere.  
1.1.1 Samples can be collected from a closed chamber such as the NBS smoke box described in Test Method E662 provided it is equipped with sampling ports.  
1.1.2 Open chambers such as industrial work areas or large scale fires can be monitored for HCN with this practice.  
1.1.3 The HCN emissions of a flow through system can be determined by sampling from its discharge stack. Examples of such systems include large scale manufacturing applications and the cone calorimeter described in Test Method E1354.  
1.2 This practice can be used to monitor HCN levels in lab scale fire smoke effluents in order to estimate toxicity of gases produced from burning materials. See Guide E800.  
1.3 The concentration range of hydrogen cyanide will be dependent on the volume of gas sampled, the volume of sodium hydroxide solution placed in the impinger during sampling, and the analytical method used to measure cyanide. For example, the lower limit of detection would be 0.002-mg/m3 when 0.1-m3 of combustion effluent is collected into 100-mL sodium hydroxide solution based on a detection limit of 0.002 mg/L cyanide in the impinger solution when using the flow injection analysis (FIA) system described in Test Method D6888.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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