ASTM C1279-13
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Non-Destructive Photoelastic Measurement of Edge and Surface Stresses in Annealed, Heat-Strengthened, and Fully Tempered Flat Glass
Standard Test Method for Non-Destructive Photoelastic Measurement of Edge and Surface Stresses in Annealed, Heat-Strengthened, and Fully Tempered Flat Glass
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The strength and performance of heat-strengthened and fully-tempered glass is greatly affected by the surface and edge stress induced during the heat-treating process.
5.2 The edge and surface stress levels are specified in Specification C1048, in the Engineering Standards Manual3 of GANA Tempering Division and in foreign specifications.
5.3 This test method offers a direct and convenient way to non-destructively determine the residual state of stress on the surface and at the edge of annealed and heat-treated glass.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of edge stresses and surface stresses in annealed, heat-strengthened, and fully tempered flat glass products.
1.2 This test method is non-destructive.
1.3 This test method uses transmitted light and is, therefore, applicable to light-transmitting glasses.
1.4 The test method is not applicable to chemically-tempered glass.
1.5 Using the procedure described, surface stresses can be measured only on the “tin” side of float glass.
1.6 Surface-stress measuring instruments are designed for a specific range of surface index of refraction.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation: C1279 − 13
Standard Test Method for
Non-Destructive Photoelastic Measurement of Edge and
Surface Stresses in Annealed, Heat-Strengthened, and Fully
1
Tempered Flat Glass
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1279; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope C1048Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tem-
pered Flat Glass
1.1 This test method covers the determination of edge
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
stresses and surface stresses in annealed, heat-strengthened,
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
and fully tempered flat glass products.
2.2 Other Documents:
1.2 This test method is non-destructive. 3
Engineering Standards Manual
4
1.3 This test method uses transmitted light and is, therefore,
“Surface and Edge Stress in Tempered Glass”
applicable to light-transmitting glasses.
3. Terminology
1.4 The test method is not applicable to chemically-
3.1 Definitions:
tempered glass.
3.1.1 analyzer—a polarizing element, typically positioned
1.5 Using the procedure described, surface stresses can be
between the specimen being evaluated and the viewer.
measured only on the “tin” side of float glass.
3.1.2 polarizer—an optical assembly that transmits light
1.6 Surface-stress measuring instruments are designed for a
vibrating in a single planar direction, typically positioned
specific range of surface index of refraction.
between a light source and the specimen being evaluated.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.3 retardation compensator—an optical device, variants
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
of which are used to quantify the optical retardation produced
standard.
in transparent birefringent materials: typically positioned be-
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the tween the specimen being evaluated and the analyzer.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2 For definition of terms used in this test method, refer to
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Terminology C162.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 Two test methods are described in this standard:
2. Referenced Documents
4.1.1 Procedure A—describes a test method for measuring
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
surface stress using light propagating nearly parallel to the
C158Test Methods for Strength of Glass by Flexure (De-
surface.
termination of Modulus of Rupture)
4.1.2 Procedure B—describes a test method for measuring
C162Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
edge-stressusinglightpropagatinginthedirectionperpendicu-
C770Test Method for Measurement of Glass Stress—
lar to the surface.
Optical Coefficient
4.2 In both methods, the fundamental photoelastic concept
is used. As a result of stresses, the material becomes optically
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glass
anisotropic or birefringent. When polarized light propagates
and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.08 on Flat
throughsuchanisotropicmaterials,thedifferencesinthespeed
Glass.
of light rays vibrating along the maximum and minimum
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013. Published October 2013 Originally
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as C1279-09. DOI:
10.1520/C1279-13.
2 3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from GlassAssociation of NorthAmerica (GANA), 800 SWJackson
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Street, Ste 1500, Topeka, Kansas 66612–1200. http://www.glasswebsite.com
4
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Redner, A. S. and Voloshin, A. S., Proceedings of the Ninth International
the ASTM website. Conference on Experimental Mechanics, Denmark, 1990.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1279 − 13
principal stress introduce a relative retardation between these where:
rays. This relative retardation is proportional to the measured
R = is the relative retardation,
stresses,andcanbeaccuratelydeterminedusingcompensators.
C = stress-optical constant (see Note 2),
For additional background see “Surface and Edge Stress in S = surfacestressinthedirectionperpendiculartothepath,
4
Tempered Glass” .
t
t = path of light traveling between the entrance and exit
5.
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1279 − 09 C1279 − 13
Standard Test Method for
Non-Destructive Photoelastic Measurement of Edge and
Surface Stresses in Annealed, Heat-Strengthened, and Fully
1
Tempered Flat Glass
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1279; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the determination of edge stresses and surface stresses in annealed, heat-strengthened, and fully
tempered flat glass products.
1.2 This test method is non-destructive.
1.3 This test method uses transmitted light and is, therefore, applicable to light-transmitting glasses.
1.4 The test method is not applicable to chemically-tempered glass.
1.5 Using the procedure described, surface stresses can be measured only on the “tin” side of float glass.
1.6 Surface-stress measuring instruments are designed for a specific range of surface index of refraction.
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C158 Test Methods for Strength of Glass by Flexure (Determination of Modulus of Rupture)
C162 Terminology of Glass and Glass Products
C770 Test Method for Measurement of Glass Stress—Optical Coefficient
C1048 Specification for Heat-Strengthened and Fully Tempered Flat Glass
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
2.2 Other Documents:
3
Engineering Standards Manual
4
“Surface and Edge Stress in Tempered Glass”
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 analyzer—a polarizing element, typically positioned between the specimen being evaluated and the viewer.
3.1.2 polarizer—an optical assembly that transmits light vibrating in a single planar direction, typically positioned between a
light source and the specimen being evaluated.
3.1.3 retardation compensator—an optical device, variants of which are used to quantify the optical retardation produced in
transparent birefringent materials: typically positioned between the specimen being evaluated and the analyzer.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C14 on Glass and Glass Products and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C14.08 on Flat Glass.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2009Oct. 1, 2013. Published October 2009.October 2013 Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20052009 as
C1279-05.-09. DOI: 10.1520/C1279-09.10.1520/C1279-13.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
Available from Glass Association of North America (GANA), 2925800 SW Wanamaker Drive,Jackson Street, Ste A,1500, Topeka, Kansas 66614–5321.66612–1200.
http://www.glasswebsite.com
4
Redner, A. S. and Voloshin, A. S., Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Experimental Mechanics, Denmark, 1990.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1279 − 13
3.2 For definition of terms used in this test method, refer to Terminology C162.
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 Two test methods are described in this standard:
4.1.1 Procedure A—describes a test method for measuring surface stress using light propagating nearly parallel to the surface.
4.1.2 Procedure B—describes a test method for measuring edge-stress using light propagating in the direction perpendicular to
the surface.
4.2 In both methods, the fundamental photoelastic concept is used. As a result of stresses, the material becomes optically
anisotropic or birefringent. When polarized light propagates through such anisotropic materials, the differences in the speed of light
rays vibrating along the maximum and minimum principal stress introduce a relative retardation between these rays. This re
...
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