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ASTM D4054-93(2003)

(Practice)

Standard Practice for Evaluating the Compatibility of Additives with Aviation-Turbine Fuels and Aircraft Fuel System Materials

Standard Practice for Evaluating the Compatibility of Additives with Aviation-Turbine Fuels and Aircraft Fuel System Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Additives are generally used to enhance a fuel property such as oxidation stability or to improve fuel performance by providing corrosion inhibition, protection against icing, metal deactivation, and so forth. However, their use can adversely affect other fuel properties or the ground-handling systems for fuels. Application of the procedures of this practice is intended to disclose these adverse effects.
Combinations of additives may exhibit antagonistic effects on fuel properties or performance. Compatibility testing with previously approved additives is intended to disclose such antagonistic effects of incompatibilities.
Fuel system components such as sealants, coatings, and elastomers are normally selected because of their resistance to a Reference Test Fluid, which is designed to be more severe to components than standard fuels. Application of the procedures of this practice is intended to disclose adverse effects of additives beyond the effects of the Reference Test Fluids.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers procedures required to determine the compatibility of additives proposed for aviation turbine fuels with both standardized fuels and the materials commonly used in commercial aircraft fuel system construction.
1.2 Satisfactory evidence of compatibility using this practice is required by the ASTM Guidelines for Additive Approval (Research Report D02-1125) for additives specified in Specification D 1655 and also by individual aircraft and engine manufacturers as well as government agencies.
1.3 Compatibility data resulting from these procedures represent only part of the performance information required for additive approval.
1.4 The actual level of acceptance is established by the individual approving groups.
1.5 While efforts are made to maintain the list of fuel system materials to be tested and to keep it current, users of this practice must recognize that these lists are subject to continuing revision to meet the needs of equipment manufacturers.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Jun-2003
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.J0.04 - Additives and Electrical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D4054-93(1998) - Standard Practice for Evaluating the Compatibility of Additives with Aviation-Turbine Fuels and Aircraft Fuel System Materials
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM D1655-23 - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003
Referred By
ASTM D7566-22a - Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons
Effective Date
10-Jun-2003

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ASTM D4054-93(2003) - Standard Practice for Evaluating the Compatibility of Additives with Aviation-Turbine Fuels and Aircraft Fuel System MaterialsASTM D4054-93(2003) - Standard Practice for Evaluating the Compatibility of Additives with Aviation-Turbine Fuels and Aircraft Fuel System Materials
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ASTM D4054-93(2003) - Standard Practice for Evaluating the Compatibility of Additives with Aviation-Turbine Fuels and Aircraft Fuel System Materials
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
An American National Standard
Designation:D4054–93 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Practice for
Evaluating the Compatibility of Additives with Aviation-
Turbine Fuels and Aircraft Fuel System Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4054; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope and Distillate Fuels
D3227 Test Method for (Thiol Mercaptan) Sulfur in Gaso-
1.1 This practice covers procedures required to determine
line, Kerosine, Aviation Turbine, and Distillate Fuels
the compatibility of additives proposed for aviation turbine
(Potentiometric Method)
fuels with both standardized fuels and the materials commonly
D3602 Field Test Method for Water Separation Character-
used in commercial aircraft fuel system construction.
4 5
istics of Aviation Turbine Fuels
1.2 Satisfactory evidence of compatibility using this prac-
D3948 Test Method for Determining Water Separation
ticeisrequiredbytheASTMGuidelinesforAdditiveApproval
2 Characteristics of Aviation Turbine Fuels by Portable
(Research Report D02-1125) for additives specified in Speci-
Separometer
fication D1655 and also by individual aircraft and engine
D4308 Test Method for Electrical Conductivity of Liquid
manufacturers as well as government agencies.
Hydrocarbons by Precision Meter
1.3 Compatibility data resulting from these procedures rep-
D4952 Test Method for Qualitative Analysis for Active
resent only part of the performance information required for
Sulfur Species in Fuels and Solvents (Doctor Test)
additive approval.
1.4 The actual level of acceptance is established by the
3. Summary of Practice
individual approving groups.
3.1 These procedures are laboratory techniques for estab-
1.5 Whileeffortsaremadetomaintainthelistoffuelsystem
lishingadditivecompatibilitywithcommercialaviationturbine
materials to be tested and to keep it current, users of this
fuels, with additives previously approved in standard fuels and
practice must recognize that these lists are subject to continu-
with the fuel system components used in commercial aircraft,
ing revision to meet the needs of equipment manufacturers.
including tank coatings, sealants, and elastomers. Tests are
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
conducted with Jet A/A-1 fuel at four times the maximum
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
additive concentration as recommended by the additive sup-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
plier. Immersion tests, with fuel system components only, are
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
conductedinthemoresevereReferenceTestFluids,TT-S-735,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
TypesIIIandVII.Thetimeandtemperatureofimmersiontests
2. Referenced Documents are representative of aircraft use conditions and immersed
components are evaluated after exposure, using industry stan-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
dard methods. Comparisons are made with representative
D156 TestMethodforSayboltColorofPetroleumProducts
components exposed to the base fluid with and without
(Saybolt Chromometer Method)
additive.
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products
(Lamp Method)
NOTE 1—Data obtained with JetA/A-1 fuels can be applicable to Jet B
D1655 Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels
fuel or to aviation fuels specified by other organizations, with the
agreement of the approving air frame/engine manufacturer.
D2624 TestMethodsforElectricalConductivityofAviation
4. Significance and Use
This practice is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum
4.1 Additives are generally used to enhance a fuel property
ProductsandLubricantsandisthedirectresponsibilityofSubcommitteeD02.J0on
such as oxidation stability or to improve fuel performance by
Aviation Fuels.
providing corrosion inhibition, protection against icing, metal
Current edition approved June 10, 2003. Published August 2003. Originally
approved in 1981. Last previous edition approved in 1998 as D4054–93 (1998). deactivation, and so forth. However, their use can adversely
DOI: 10.1520/D4054-93R03.
Supporting data have been filed atASTM International Headquarters and may
be obtained by requesting Research Reports D02-1125 and D02-1137. Discontinued. See 1994 Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
3 5
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.01. Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 05.02.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D4054–93 (2003)
affect other fuel properties or the ground-handling systems for 6.3 Warmthesamplesinspectedfromcoldstorage,shaketo
fuels.Application of the procedures of this practice is intended remixanyseparatedcomponents,andholdat38°C(100°F)for
to disclose these adverse effects. 24 h. Inspect them again for visual evidence of incompatibility
4.2 Combinations of additives may exhibit antagonistic immediately after cooling to room temperature. Keep fuel
effectsonfuelpropertiesorperformance.Compatibilitytesting samples in dark storage during conditioning and between
withpreviouslyapprovedadditivesisintendedtodisclosesuch inspections.
antagonistic effects of incompatibilities.
NOTE 4—Photographs are a useful record of results of compatibility
4.3 Fuel system components such as sealants, coatings, and
testing.
elastomers are normally selected because of their resistance to
7. Procedure C—Additive Compatibility with Fuel
a ReferenceTest Fluid, which is designed to be more severe to
components than standard fuels.Application of the procedures System Components
of this practice is intended to disclose adverse effects of
7.1 Formulate the jet reference liquid required for conduct-
additives beyond the effects of the Reference Test Fluids.
ing fluid immersion tests as follows:
Jet Reference Fluid, TT-S-735, Type III
5. Procedure A—Additive Effects on Fuel
Toluene (TT-T-548) 30 Volumes
Isooctane (TT-S-735, Type I or ASTM 70 Volumes
5.1 Base Fuel required for Procedures A and B must meet
Reference Grade)
theJetAorJetA-1requirementsofSpecificationD1655andbe
Jet Reference Fluid, TT-S 735, Type VII
Toluene (TT-T-548) 30
...

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1.2 The octane number scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number, but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120 octane number. Typical commercial fuels produced for automotive spark-ignition engines rate in the 80 to 90 Motor octane number range. Typical commercial fuels produced for aviation spark-ignition engines rate in the 98 to 102 Motor octane number range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Motor octane number range.  
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ASTM D2699-24a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Research O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under mild conditions of operation.  
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5.2.1 Empirical correlations that permit calculation of automotive antiknock performance are based on the general equation:
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SCOPE
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5.1 Since the information provided by this test method is largely qualitative in nature, specific limits covering the following characteristics are required in referring to this test method in specifications for kerosene:  
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5.1.2 Permissible change in flame shape and dimensions during the test;  
5.1.3 Description of the acceptable appearance of the chimney deposit.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the qualitative determination of the burning properties of kerosene to be used for illuminating purposes. (Warning—Combustible. Vapor harmful.)
Note 1: The corresponding Energy Institute (IP) test method is IP 10 which features a quantitative evaluation of the wick-char-forming tendencies of the kerosene, whereas Test Method D187 features a qualitative performance evaluation of the kerosene. Both test methods subject the kerosene to somewhat more severe operating conditions than would be experienced in typical designated applications.  
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This specification covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades include the following: Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 for use in domestic and small industrial burners; Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500 adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel; Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 (Heavy) for use in commercial/industrial burners; and Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 for use in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. The grades of fuel oil shall be homogeneous hydrocarbon oils, free from inorganic acid, and free from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter. Grades containing residual components shall remain uniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade. The grades of fuel oil shall conform to the limiting requirements prescribed for: (1) flash point, (2) water and sediment, (3) physical distillation or simulated distillation, (4) kinematic viscosity, (5) Ramsbottom carbon residue, (6) ash, (7) sulfur, (8) copper strip corrosion, (9) density, and (10) pour point. The test methods for determining conformance to the specified properties are given.
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1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:  
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1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in the industry.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
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Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Aromatic, Monoaromatic and Diaromatic Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-VUV)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of class group composition of aviation turbine fuels is useful for evaluating quality and expected performance, as well as compliance with various industry specifications and governmental regulations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a standard procedure for the determination of total aromatic, monoaromatic and diaromatic content in aviation turbine fuels using gas chromatography and vacuum ultraviolet detection (GC-VUV).  
1.2 Concentrations of compound classes and certain individual compounds are determined by percent mass or percent volume.  
1.2.1 This test method is developed for testing aviation turbine engine fuels having concentration test results ranging from 0.487 % to 27.876 % by volume total aromatic compounds, 0.49 % to 27.537 % by volume monoaromatics and 0.027 % to 2.523 % by volume diaromatics.
Note 1: Samples with a final boiling point greater than 300 °C that contain triaromatics and higher polyaromatic compounds are not determined by this test method.  
1.3 Individual hydrocarbon components are not reported by this test method, however, any individual component determinations are included in the appropriate summation of the total aromatic, monoaromatic or diaromatic groups.  
1.3.1 Individual compound peaks are typically not baseline-separated by the procedure described in this test method, that is, some components will coelute. The coelutions are resolved at the detector using VUV absorbance spectra and deconvolution algorithms.  
1.4 This test method has been tested for aviation turbine engine fuels including synthetic alternative jet fuels. This test method may apply to other hydrocarbon streams boiling between hexane (68 °C) and heneicosane (356 °C), but has not been extensively tested for such applications.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D8276-19(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates, including Biodiesel Blends by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of the middle distillates, including the biodiesel blends is useful in following the effect of changes in process variables, diagnosing the source of plant upsets, and in evaluating the effect of changes in composition on product performance properties. The total aromatics content and polycyclic aromatics content are also important to evaluate the quality of diesel fuels/biodiesel blends. It requires an appropriate analytical method to make such determinations for diesel fuel/biodiesel blends production process and quality control.  
5.2 This test method provides a comprehensive analytical strategy for the determination of the total aromatics contents, polycyclic aromatics contents and the detail hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel/biodiesel blends to ensure compliance with certain specifications or regulations.  
5.3 Test Method D2425 is applicable to the determination of the detailed hydrocarbon composition in middle distillates, however, the pre-separation procedure of elution chromatography is time-consuming and not eco-friendly. By combining with the separation procedures described in Test Method D8144, the dual column GC-MS system proposed in this method can determine the total aromatic hydrocarbon contents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents and detailed hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel/biodiesel blends simultaneously. The content of FAME in biodiesel blends can also be determined by GC. It is demonstrated to be time-saving and eco-friendly for the quality control of diesel fuel and biodiesel blends.
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1.2 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D7566-24a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture of aviation turbine fuel that consists of conventional and synthetic blending components.  
1.2 See Appendix X2 for an expanded description of the procedure for the production and blending of synthetic blend components.  
1.3 This specification applies only at the point of batch origination, as follows:  
1.3.1 Aviation turbine fuel manufactured, certified, and released to all the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566), meets the requirements of Specification D1655 and shall be regarded as Specification D1655 turbine fuel. Duplicate testing is not necessary; the same data may be used for both D7566 and D1655 compliance. Once the fuel is released to this specification (D7566) the unique requirements of this specification are no longer applicable: any recertification shall be done in accordance with Table 1 of Specification D1655.  
1.3.2 Any location at which blending of synthetic blending components specified in Annex A1 (FT SPK), Annex A2 (HEFA SPK), Annex A3 (SIP), Annex A4 synthesized paraffinic kerosine plus aromatics (SPK/A), Annex A5 (ATJ), Annex A6 catalytic hydrothermolysis jet (CHJ), Annex A7 (HC-HEFA SPK), or Annex A8 (ATJ-SKA) with D1655 fuel (which may on the whole or in part have originated as D7566 fuel) or with conventional blending components takes place shall be considered batch origination in which case all of the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566) apply and shall be evaluated. Short form conformance test programs commonly used to ensure transportation quality are not sufficient. The fuel shall be regarded as D1655 turbine fuel after certification and release as described in 1.3.1.  
1.3.3 Once a fuel is redesignated as D1655 aviation turbine fuel, it can be handled in the same fashion as the equivalent refined D1655 aviation turbine fuel.  
1.4 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for aviation turbine fuel that contain synthesized hydrocarbons and lists acceptable additives for use in civil operated engines and aircrafts. Specification D7566 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103, and IATA Guidance Material for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Management.  
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.7 While aviation turbine fuels defined by Table 1 of this specification can be used in applications other than aviation turbine engines, requirements for such other applications have not been considered in the development of this specification.  
1.8 Synthetic blending components and blends of synthetic blending components with conventional petroleum-derived fuels in this specification have been evaluated and approved in accordance with the principles established in Practice D4054.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This internati...

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ASTM
ASTM D5623-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Sulfur Compounds in Light Petroleum Liquids by Gas Chromatography and Sulfur Selective Detection

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Gas chromatography with sulfur selective detection provides a rapid means to identify and quantify sulfur compounds in various petroleum feeds and products. Often these materials contain varying amounts and types of sulfur compounds. Many sulfur compounds are odorous, corrosive to equipment, and inhibit or destroy catalysts employed in downstream processing. The ability to speciate sulfur compounds in various petroleum liquids is useful in controlling sulfur compounds in finished products and is frequently more important than knowledge of the total sulfur content alone.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of volatile sulfur-containing compounds in light petroleum liquids. This test method is applicable to distillates, gasoline motor fuels (including those containing oxygenates) and other petroleum liquids with a final boiling point of approximately 230 °C (450 °F) or lower at atmospheric pressure. The applicable concentration range will vary to some extent depending on the nature of the sample and the instrumentation used; however, in most cases, the test method is applicable to the determination of individual sulfur species at levels of 0.1 mg/kg to 100 mg/kg.  
1.2 The test method does not purport to identify all individual sulfur components. Detector response to sulfur is linear and essentially equimolar for all sulfur compounds within the scope (1.1) of this test method; thus both unidentified and known individual compounds are determined. However, many sulfur compounds, for example, hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans, are reactive and their concentration in samples may change during sampling and analysis. Coincidently, the total sulfur content of samples is estimated from the sum of the individual compounds determined; however, this test method is not the preferred method for determination of total sulfur.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D910-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines

ABSTRACT
This specification covers purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all gasoline satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation gasoline for civil use: Grade 80; Grade 91; Grade 100; and Grade 100LL. The gasoline shall adhere to octane rating requirements specified for individual grades, as follows: lean mixture knock value (motor octane number and aviation lean rating); rich mixture knock value (octane and performance number); tetraethyl lead content; color; and dye content (blue, yellow, red, and orange). Conversely, the gasoline shall meet the following requirements specified for all grades: density; distillation (initial and final boiling points, fuel evaporated, evaporated temperatures); recovery, residue, and loss volume; vapor pressure; freezing point; sulfur content; net heat of combustion; copper strip corrosion; oxidation stability (potential gum and lead precipitate); volume change during water reaction; and electrical conductivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of aviation gasoline under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies.  
1.2 This specification defines specific types of aviation gasolines for civil use. It does not include all gasolines satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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