ASTM ISO/ASTM51538-17
(Practice)Standard Practice for Use of the Ethanol-Chlorobenzene Dosimetry System
Standard Practice for Use of the Ethanol-Chlorobenzene Dosimetry System
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The ECB dosimetry system provides a reliable means of measuring absorbed dose to water. It is based on a process of radiolytic formation of hydrochloric acid (HCl) in aqueous ethanolic solutions of chlorobenzene by ionizing radiation ((7, 8) , ICRU 80).
4.2 The dosimeters are partly deoxygenated solutions of chlorobenzene (CB) in 96 volume % ethanol in an appropriate container, such as a flame-sealed glass ampoule. Radiation chemical yields (G) for the formation of HCl in typical ECB solution formulations are given in Table 1. (A) The ratio of the photon mass energy-absorption coefficients for water and the dosimeter solution at 60Co gamma ray energy:
(B) Radiation chemical yield of HCl in the dose range from 100 Gy to 100 kGy.(C) Upper dose range 20 kGy.(D) Lower dose range 1 kGy. This formulation also contained 0.04 % acetone and 0.04 % benzene.
4.3 The irradiated solutions indicate absorbed dose by the amount of HCl formed. A number of analytical methods are available for measuring the amount of HCl in ethanol (10) .
4.4 The concentration of chlorobenzene in the solution can be varied so as to simulate a number of materials in terms of the photon mass energy-absorption coefficients (μen/ρ) for X- and gamma radiation, and electron mass collision stopping powers (S/ρ), over a broad energy range from 10−2 to 100 MeV (11-14).
4.5 The ECB dosimetry system may be used with other radiation types, such as neutrons (15) , and protons (16). Meaningful dosimetry of any radiation types and energies novel to the system's use requires that the respective radiation chemical responses applicable under the circumstances be established in advance.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the preparation, handling, testing, and procedure for using the ethanol-chlorobenzene (ECB) dosimetry system to measure absorbed dose to water when exposed to ionizing radiation. The system consists of a dosimeter and appropriate analytical instrumentation. For simplicity, the system will be referred to as the ECB system. The ECB dosimeter is classified as a type I dosimeter on the basis of the effect of influence quantities. The ECB dosimetry system may be used as a reference standard dosimetry system or as a routine dosimetry system.
1.2 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice 52628 for the ECB system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.
1.3 This practice describes the mercurimetric titration analysis as a standard readout procedure for the ECB dosimeter when used as a reference standard dosimetry system. Other readout methods (spectrophotometric, oscillometric) that are applicable when the ECB system is used as a routine dosimetry system are described in Annex A1 and Annex A2.
1.4 This practice applies only to gamma radiation, X-radiation/bremsstrahlung, and high energy electrons.
1.5 This practice applies provided the following conditions are satisfied:
1.5.1 The absorbed dose range is between 10 Gy and 2 MGy for gamma radiation and between 10 Gy and 200 kGy for high current electron accelerators (1, 2).2 (Warning—the boiling point of ethanol chlorobenzene solutions is approximately 80 °C. Ampoules may explode if the temperature during irradiation exceeds the boiling point. This boiling point may be exceeded if an absorbed dose greater than 200 kGy is given in a short period of time.)
1.5.2 The absorbed-dose rate is less than 106 Gy s−1(2).
1.5.3 For radionuclide gamma-ray sources, the initial photon energy is greater than 0.6 MeV. For bremsstrahlung photons, the energy of the electrons used to produce the bremsstrahlung photons is equal to or greater than 2 MeV. For electron beams, the initial electron energy is greater than 8 MeV (3).
Note 1: The same response r...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
ISO/ASTM 51538:2017(E)
Standard Practice for
1
Use of the Ethanol-Chlorobenzene Dosimetry System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51538; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
1. Scope point of ethanol chlorobenzene solutions is approximately
80 °C. Ampoules may explode if the temperature during
1.1 This practice covers the preparation, handling, testing,
irradiation exceeds the boiling point. This boiling point may be
and procedure for using the ethanol-chlorobenzene (ECB)
exceeded if an absorbed dose greater than 200 kGy is given in
dosimetry system to measure absorbed dose to water when
a short period of time.)
exposed to ionizing radiation. The system consists of a
6 −1
1.5.2 The absorbed-dose rate is less than 10 Gy s (2).
dosimeter and appropriate analytical instrumentation. For
1.5.3 For radionuclide gamma-ray sources, the initial pho-
simplicity, the system will be referred to as the ECB system.
ton energy is greater than 0.6 MeV. For bremsstrahlung
The ECB dosimeter is classified as a type I dosimeter on the
photons, the energy of the electrons used to produce the
basis of the effect of influence quantities. The ECB dosimetry
bremsstrahlung photons is equal to or greater than 2 MeV. For
system may be used as a reference standard dosimetry system
electron beams, the initial electron energy is greater than 8
or as a routine dosimetry system.
MeV (3).
1.2 This document is one of a set of standards that provides
60
NOTE 1—The same response relative to Co gamma radiation was
recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in
obtained in high-power bremsstrahlung irradiation produced bya5MeV
radiation processing, and describes a means of achieving
electron accelerator (4).
compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice
NOTE 2—The lower energy limits are appropriate for a cylindrical
52628 for the ECB system. It is intended to be read in dosimeter ampoule of 12-mm diameter. Corrections for dose gradients
across the ampoule may be required for electron beams. The ECB system
conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.
may be used at lower energies by employing thinner (in the beam
1.3 This practice describes the mercurimetric titration
direction) dosimeters (see ICRU Report 35). The ECB system may also be
used at X-ray energies as low as 120 kVp (5). However, in this range of
analysis as a standard readout procedure for the ECB dosimeter
photon energies the effect caused by the ampoule wall is considerable.
when used as a reference standard dosimetry system. Other
NOTE 3—The effects of size and shape of the dosimeter on the response
readout methods (spectrophotometric, oscillometric) that are
of the dosimeter can adequately be taken into account by performing the
applicable when the ECB system is used as a routine dosimetry
appropriate calculations using cavity theory (6).
system are described in Annex A1 and Annex A2.
1.5.4 The irradiation temperature of the dosimeter is within
1.4 This practice applies only to gamma radiation,
the range from −30 °C to 80 °C.
X-radiation/bremsstrahlung, and high energy electrons.
NOTE 4—The temperature dependence of dosimeter response is known
only in this range (see 5.2). For use outside this range, the dosimetry
1.5 This practice applies provided the following conditions
system should be calibrated for the required range of irradiation tempera-
are satisfied:
tures.
1.5.1 The absorbed dose range is between 10 Gy and 2 MGy
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
for gamma radiation and between 10 Gy and 200 kGy for high
2 safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
current electron accelerators (1, 2). (Warning—the boiling
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warnings
Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.02 on Dosimetry
are given in 1.5.1, 9.2 and 10.2.
Systems, and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3.
1.7 This international standard was developed in accor-
Current edition approved April 25, 2017. Published June 2017. Originally
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
published as ASTM E1538-93. Last previous ASTM edition E1538–99. ASTM
E1538–93 was adopted by ISO in 1998 with the intermediate designation ISO
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
15563:1998(E). The present International Stand
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
ISO/ASTM 51538:2009(E)
ISO/ASTM 51538 − 2017(E)
Standard Practice for
1
Use of the Ethanol-Chlorobenzene Dosimetry System
This standard is issued under the fixed designation ISO/ASTM 51538; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.
1. Scope
1.1 This practice covers the procedure for preparation, handling, testing, and use of procedure for using the ethanol-
chlorobenzene (ECB) dosimetry system to determinemeasure absorbed dose (in terms of absorbed dose to water) in materials
irradiated by photons (gamma radiation or X-radiation/bremsstrahlung) or high energy electrons. to water when exposed to
ionizing radiation. The system consists of a dosimeter and appropriate analytical instrumentation. For simplicity, the system will
be referred to as the ECB system. It The ECB dosimeter is classified as a reference-standard dosimetry system and is also type
I dosimeter on the basis of the effect of influence quantities. The ECB dosimetry system may be used as a routine reference
standard dosimetry system (see ISO/ASTM Guideor as a 51261). routine dosimetry system.
1.2 This document is one of a set of standards that provides recommendations for properly implementing dosimetry in radiation
processing, and describes a means of achieving compliance with the requirements of ISO/ASTM Practice 52628 for the ECB
system. It is intended to be read in conjunction with ISO/ASTM Practice 52628.
1.3 This practice describes the mercurimetric titration analysis as a standard readout procedure for the ECB dosimeter when
used as a reference standard dosimetry system. Other readout methods (spectrophotometric, oscillometric) that are applicable when
the ECB system is used as a routine dosimetry system are described in Annex A1 and Annex A2Annex A1 and Annex A2.
1.4 This practice applies only to gamma radiation, X-radiation/bremsstrahlung, and high energy electrons.
1.5 This practice applies provided the following conditions are satisfied:
1.5.1 The absorbed dose range is between 10 Gy and 2 MGy for gamma radiation and between 10 Gy and 200 kGy for high
2
current electron accelerators (1, 2). (Warning—the boiling point of ethanol chlorobenzene solutions is approximately
80°C.80 °C. Ampoules may explode if the temperature during irradiation exceeds the boiling point. This boiling point may be
exceeded if an absorbed dose greater than 200 kGy is given in a short period of time.)
6 −1
1.5.2 The absorbed-dose rate is less than 10 Gy s (2).
1.5.3 For radionuclide gamma-ray sources, the initial photon energy is greater than 0.6 MeV. For bremsstrahlung photons, the
energy of the electrons used to produce the bremsstrahlung photons is equal to or greater than 2 MeV. For electron beams, the initial
electron energy is equal to or greater than 48 MeV (3)). (see ICRU Reports 34 and 35).
60
NOTE 1—The same response relative to Co gamma radiation was obtained in high-power bremsstrahlung irradiation produced by a 5 MeV electron
accelerator (4).
60
NOTE 2—The same response relative to Co gamma radiation was obtained in high-power bremsstrahlung irradiation produced by a 5 MeV electron
accelerator (4). The lower limits of energy givenlimits are appropriate for a cylindrical dosimeter ampoule of 12-mm diameter. Corrections for dose
gradients across an ampoule of that diameter or less are not required. the ampoule may be required for electron beams. The ECB system may be used
at energies of incident electrons lower than 4 MeV lower energies by employing thinner (in the beam direction) dosimeters. dosimeters (see ICRU Report
35). The ECB system may also be used at X-ray energies as low as 120 kVp (5). However, in this range of photon energies the effect caused by the
ampoule wall is considerable.
NOTE 3—The effects of size and shape of the dosimeter on the response of the dosimeter can adequately be taken into account by performing the
appropriate calculations using cavity theory (6).
1.5.4 The irradiation temperature of the dosimeter is within the range from −40°C to 80°C.−30 °C to 80 °C.
NOTE 4—The temperature dependence of dosimeter response is known only in this range (see 4.35.2). For use outside this range, the dosimetry system
should be calibrated for the required range of irradiation temperatures.
1
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E61 on Radiation Processing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E61.02 on Dosimetry Systems,
and is also under the jurisdiction of ISO/TC 85/WG 3.
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