ASTM D5520-18
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Creep Properties of Frozen Soil Samples by Uniaxial Compression
Standard Test Method for Laboratory Determination of Creep Properties of Frozen Soil Samples by Uniaxial Compression
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Understanding the mechanical properties of frozen soils is of primary importance to permafrost engineering. Data from creep tests are necessary for the design of most foundation elements embedded in, or bearing on frozen ground. They make it possible to predict the time-dependent settlements of piles and shallow foundations under service loads, and to estimate their short- and long-term bearing capacity. Creep tests also provide quantitative parameters for the stability analysis of underground structures that are created for permanent use.
5.2 It must be recognized that the structure of frozen soil in situ and its behavior under load may differ significantly from that of an artificially prepared specimen in the laboratory. This is mainly due to the fact that natural permafrost ground may contain ice in many different forms and sizes, in addition to the pore ice contained in a small laboratory specimen. These large ground-ice inclusions (such as ice lenses, a dominant horizontal, lens-shaped body of ice of any dimension) will considerably affect the time-dependent behavior of full-scale engineering structures.
5.3 In order to obtain reliable results, high-quality intact representative permafrost samples are required for creep tests. The quality of the sample depends on the type of frozen soil sampled, the in situ thermal condition at the time of sampling, the sampling method, and the transportation and storage procedures prior to testing. The best testing program can be ruined by poor-quality samples. In addition, one must always keep in mind that the application of laboratory results to practical problems requires much caution and engineering judgment.
Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the creep behavior of cylindrical specimens of frozen soil, subjected to uniaxial compression. It specifies the apparatus, instrumentation, and procedures for determining the stress-strain-time, or strength versus strain rate relationships for frozen soils under deviatoric creep conditions.
1.2 Although this test method is one that is most commonly used, it is recognized that creep properties of frozen soil related to certain specific applications, can also be obtained by some alternative procedures, such as stress-relaxation tests, simple shear tests, and beam flexure tests. Creep testing under triaxial test conditions will be covered in another standard.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.4.1 For the purposes of comparing, a measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.
1.4.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis methods for engineering design.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associate...
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5520 − 18
Standard Test Method for
Laboratory Determination of Creep Properties of Frozen Soil
1
Samples by Uniaxial Compression
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5520; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Knowledge of the stress-strain-strength behavior of frozen soil is of great importance for civil
engineeringconstructioninpermafrostregions.Thebehavioroffrozensoilsunderloadisusuallyvery
different from that of unfrozen soils because of the presence of ice and unfrozen water films. In
particular, frozen soils are much more subject to creep and relaxation effects, and their behavior is
strongly affected by temperature change. In addition to creep, volumetric consolidation may also
develop in frozen soils having large unfrozen water or gas contents.
As with unfrozen soil, the deformation and strength behavior of frozen soils depends on
interparticle friction, particle interlocking, and cohesion. In frozen soil, however, bonding of particles
by ice may be the dominant strength factor. The strength of ice in frozen soil is dependent on many
factors,suchastemperature,pressure,strainrate,grainsize,crystalorientation,anddensity.Inice-rich
soils(thatis,soilswheretheratioofthemassoficecontainedintheporespacesoffrozensoilorrock
material, to the mass of solid particles in that material is high), frozen soil behavior under load is
similar to that of ice. In fact, for fine-grained soils, experimental data suggest that the ice matrix
dominates when mineral volume fraction is less than about 50%. At low ice contents, however,
(ice-poorsoils),wheninterparticleforcesbegintocontributetostrength,theunfrozenwaterfilmsplay
an important role, especially in fine-grained soils. Finally, for frozen sand, maximum strength is
2
attained at full ice saturation and maximum dry density (1).
1. Scope* 1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the creep
standard.
behavior of cylindrical specimens of frozen soil, subjected to
uniaxial compression. It specifies the apparatus, 1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
instrumentation, and procedures for determining the stress- guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
strain-time, or strength versus strain rate relationships for Practice D6026.
frozen soils under deviatoric creep conditions. 1.4.1 For the purposes of comparing, a measured or calcu-
lated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated
1.2 Although this test method is one that is most commonly
value(s) shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant
used,itisrecognizedthatcreeppropertiesoffrozensoilrelated
digits in the specified limits.
to certain specific applications, can also be obtained by some
1.4.2 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
alternative procedures, such as stress-relaxation tests, simple
recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the
shear tests, and beam flexure tests. Creep testing under triaxial
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
test conditions will be covered in another standard.
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.19 on Frozen Soils and
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
Rock.
Current edition approved Nov. 15, 2018. Published December 2018. Originally
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D5520–11. DOI:
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
10.1520/D5520-18.
2
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analysis
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
the text. methods for engineering design.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D5520 − 18
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the 4. Summary of Test Method
safety concerns, i
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D5520 − 11 D5520 − 18
Standard Test Method for
Laboratory Determination of Creep Properties of Frozen Soil
1
Samples by Uniaxial Compression
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5520; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Knowledge of the stress-strain-strength behavior of frozen soil is of great importance for civil
engineering construction in permafrost regions. The behavior of frozen soils under load is usually very
different from that of unfrozen soils because of the presence of ice and unfrozen water films. In
particular, frozen soils are much more subject to creep and relaxation effects, and their behavior is
strongly affected by temperature change. In addition to creep, volumetric consolidation may also
develop in frozen soils having large unfrozen water or gas contents.
As with unfrozen soil, the deformation and strength behavior of frozen soils depends on
interparticle friction, particle interlocking, and cohesion. In frozen soil, however, bonding of particles
by ice may be the dominant strength factor. The strength of ice in frozen soil is dependent on many
factors, such as temperature, pressure, strain rate, grain size, crystal orientation, and density. At very
high ice contents (ice-rich soils), frozen soil In ice-rich soils (that is, soils where the ratio of the mass
of ice contained in the pore spaces of frozen soil or rock material, to the mass of solid particles in that
material is high), frozen soil behavior under load is similar to that of ice. In fact, for fine-grained soils,
experimental data suggest that the ice matrix dominates when mineral volume fraction is less than
about 50 %. At low ice contents, however, (ice-poor soils), when interparticle forces begin to
contribute to strength, the unfrozen water films play an important role, especially in fine-grained soils.
Finally, for frozen sand, maximum strength is attained at full ice saturation and maximum dry density
2
(1).
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the creep behavior of cylindrical specimens of frozen soil, subjected to uniaxial
compression. It specifies the apparatus, instrumentation, and procedures for determining the stress-strain-time, or strength versus
strain rate relationships for frozen soils under deviatoric creep conditions.
1.2 Although this test method is one that is most commonly used, it is recognized that creep properties of frozen soil related
to certain specific applications, can also be obtained by some alternative procedures, such as stress-relaxation tests, simple shear
tests, and beam flexure tests. Creep testing under triaxial test conditions will be covered in another standard.
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.4.1 For the purposes of comparing, a measured or calculated value(s) with specified limits, the measured or calculated value(s)
shall be rounded to the nearest decimal or significant digits in the specified limits.
1.4.2 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.19 on Frozen Soils and Rock.
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2011Nov. 15, 2018. Published January 2012December 2018. Originally approved in 1994. Last previous edition approved in 20062011
ε1
as D5520–94(2006)D5520 .–11. DOI: 10.1520/D5520-11. 10.1520/D5520-18.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of the text.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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