ASTM D7100-11(2020)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions
Standard Test Method for Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with Aqueous Solutions
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method is used to measure one-dimensional flow of aqueous solutions (for example, landfill leachates, liquid wastes and byproducts, single and mixed chemicals, etc., from hereon referred to as the permeant liquid) through initially saturated soils under an applied hydraulic gradient and effective stress. Interactions between some permeant liquids and some clayey soils have resulted in significant increases in the hydraulic conductivity of the soils relative to the hydraulic conductivity of the same soils permeated with water (1).4 This test method is used to evaluate the presence and effect of potential interactions between the soil specimen being permeated and the permeant liquid on the hydraulic conductivity of the soil specimen. Test programs may include comparisons between the hydraulic conductivity of soils permeated with water relative to the hydraulic conductivity of the same soils permeated with aqueous solutions to determine variations in the hydraulic conductivity of the soils due to the aqueous solutions.
4.2 Flexible-wall hydraulic conductivity testing is used to determine flow characteristics of aqueous solutions through soils. Hydraulic conductivity testing using flexible-wall cells is usually preferred over rigid-wall cells for testing with aqueous solutions due to the potential for sidewall leakage problems with rigid-wall cells. Excessive sidewall leakage may occur, for example, when a test soil shrinks during permeation with the permeant liquid due to interactions between the soil and the permeant liquid in a rigid-wall cell. In addition, the use of a rigid-wall cell does not allow for control of the effective stresses that exist in the test specimen.
4.3 Darcy’s law describes laminar flow through a test soil. Laminar flow conditions and, therefore, Darcy’s law may not be valid under certain test conditions. For example, interactions between a permeating liquid and a soil may cause severe channeling/cracking of the soil such tha...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers hydraulic conductivity compatibility testing of saturated soils in the laboratory with aqueous solutions that may alter hydraulic conductivity (for example, waste related liquids) using a flexible-wall permeameter. A hydraulic conductivity test is conducted until both hydraulic and chemical equilibrium are achieved such that potential interactions between the soil specimen being permeated and the aqueous solution are taken into consideration with respect to the measured hydraulic conductivity.
1.2 This test method is applicable to soils with hydraulic conductivities less than approximately 1 × 10–8 m/s.
1.3 In addition to hydraulic conductivity, intrinsic permeability can be determined for a soil if the density and viscosity of the aqueous solution are known or can be determined.
1.4 This test method can be used for all specimen types, including undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted, etc. specimens.
1.5 A specimen may be saturated and permeated using three methods. Method 1 is for saturation with water and permeation with aqueous solution. Method 2 is for saturation and permeation with aqueous solution. Method 3 is for saturation with water, initial permeation with water, and subsequent permeation with aqueous solution.
1.6 The amount of flow through a specimen in response to a hydraulic gradient generated across the specimen is measured with respect to time. The amount and properties of influent and effluent liquids are monitored during the test.
1.7 The hydraulic conductivity with an aqueous solution is determined using procedures similar to determination of hydraulic conductivity of saturated soils with water as described in Test Methods D5084. Several test procedures can be used, including the falling headwater-rising tailwater, the constant-head, the falling headwater-constant tailwater, or the constant rate-of-flow test procedures.
1.8 Units—The values stat...
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D7100 − 11 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Method for
Hydraulic Conductivity Compatibility Testing of Soils with
Aqueous Solutions
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7100; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope head, the falling headwater-constant tailwater, or the constant
rate-of-flow test procedures.
1.1 This test method covers hydraulic conductivity compat-
ibility testing of saturated soils in the laboratory with aqueous 1.8 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
as standard. The values given in parentheses are provided for
solutions that may alter hydraulic conductivity (for example,
waste related liquids) using a flexible-wall permeameter. A information only and are not considered standard.
1.8.1 Hydraulic conductivity has traditionally been ex-
hydraulic conductivity test is conducted until both hydraulic
and chemical equilibrium are achieved such that potential pressed in cm/s in the U.S., even though the official SI unit for
hydraulic conductivity is m/s.
interactions between the soil specimen being permeated and
the aqueous solution are taken into consideration with respect 1.8.2 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound
to the measured hydraulic conductivity.
(lbf)representsaunitofforce(weight),whiletheunitformass
1.2 This test method is applicable to soils with hydraulic
is slugs.
–8
conductivities less than approximately1×10 m/s.
1.8.3 The slug unit of mass is almost never used in
1.3 In addition to hydraulic conductivity, intrinsic perme-
commercial practice; i.e., density, balances, etc. Therefore, the
ability can be determined for a soil if the density and viscosity
standard unit for mass in this standard is either kilogram (kg)
of the aqueous solution are known or can be determined.
or gram (g), or both. Also, the equivalent inch-pound unit
(slug) is not given/presented in parentheses. However, the use
1.4 This test method can be used for all specimen types,
of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm) or
including undisturbed, reconstituted, remolded, compacted,
recording density in lbm/ft shall not be regarded as noncon-
etc. specimens.
formance with this standard.
1.5 Aspecimenmaybesaturatedandpermeatedusingthree
1.9 ThisstandardcontainsaHazardssectionrelatedtousing
methods.Method1isforsaturationwithwaterandpermeation
hazardous liquids (Section 7).
with aqueous solution. Method 2 is for saturation and perme-
ation with aqueous solution. Method 3 is for saturation with
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the
water, initial permeation with water, and subsequent perme-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ation with aqueous solution.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.6 The amount of flow through a specimen in response to
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
ahydraulicgradientgeneratedacrossthespecimenismeasured
1.11 This international standard was developed in accor-
withrespecttotime.Theamountandpropertiesofinfluentand
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
effluent liquids are monitored during the test.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.7 The hydraulic conductivity with an aqueous solution is
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
determined using procedures similar to determination of hy-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
draulic conductivity of saturated soils with water as described
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
in Test Methods D5084. Several test procedures can be used,
including the falling headwater-rising tailwater, the constant-
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic
Properties and Hydraulic Barriers. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Feb. 15, 2020. Published March 2020. Orginally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2004. Last previous edition approved in 2011 as D7100–11. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D7100-11R20. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7100 − 11 (2020)
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Coupled Plasma—Mass Spectrometry
Fluids D5790Test Method for Measurement of Purgeable Organic
D698Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character- Compounds in Water by Capillary Column Gas
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12,400 ft-lbf/ft (600 Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry
kN-m/m ))
D6001Guide for Direct-Push Groundwater Sampling for
D854Test Methods for Specific Gravity of Soil Solids by Environmental Site Characterization
Water Pycnometer
D6026Practice for Using Significant Digits in Geotechnical
D888Test Methods for Dissolved Oxygen in Water Data
D1125Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity and Resis-
D6151PracticeforUsingHollow-StemAugersforGeotech-
tivity of Water nical Exploration and Soil Sampling
D1293Test Methods for pH of Water
D6286Guide for Selection of Drilling and Direct Push
D1429TestMethodsforSpecificGravityofWaterandBrine
Methods for Geotechnical and Environmental Subsurface
D1498Test Method for Oxidation-Reduction Potential of
Site Characterization
Water
D6517Guide for Field Preservation of Ground Water
D1557Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
Samples
istics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/ft
D6519Practice for Sampling of Soil Using the Hydrauli-
(2,700 kN-m/m ))
cally Operated Stationary Piston Sampler
D1587Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Fine-
D6919Test Method for Determination of Dissolved Alkali
Grained Soils for Geotechnical Purposes
andAlkaline Earth Cations andAmmonium in Water and
D1889Test Method for Turbidity of Water (Withdrawn
Wastewater by Ion Chromatography
2007)
E70Test Method for pH of Aqueous Solutions With the
D2216TestMethodsforLaboratoryDeterminationofWater
Glass Electrode
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
D2435Test Methods for One-Dimensional Consolidation
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
Properties of Soils Using Incremental Loading
D3550Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,
3. Terminology
Drive Sampling of Soils
3.1 Definitions:
D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
3.1.1 hydraulic conductivity, k—(also referred to as coeffi-
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
cient of permeability or permeability) the rate of discharge of
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
apermeantliquidunderlaminarflowconditionsthroughaunit
D3977Test Methods for Determining Sediment Concentra-
cross-sectional area of porous medium under a unit hydraulic
tion in Water Samples
gradient and at standard temperature (20°C).
D4128Guide for Identification and Quantitation of Organic
Compounds in Water by Combined Gas Chromatography
3.1.2 permeameter—the apparatus (cell) containing the test
and Electron Impact Mass Spectrometry
specimen in a hydraulic conductivity test.
D4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil
3.1.2.1 Discussion—Theapparatusforthisteststandardisa
Samples
flexible-wall cell that includes top and bottom specimen caps,
D4327Test Method forAnions in Water by Suppressed Ion
including porous stones and filter paper, a flexible membrane,
Chromatography
an annulus chamber containing water, top and bottom plates,
D4448GuideforSamplingGround-WaterMonitoringWells
valves, and fittings.
D4691Practice for Measuring Elements in Water by Flame
3.1.3 head loss, h—the change in total head of liquid across
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry
D4696Guide for Pore-Liquid Sampling from the Vadose a given distance.
Zone
3.1.3.1 Discussion—The change in total head typically is
D4700Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
measured using heads acting at influent and effluent ends of a
D4753Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-
specimen, and the given distance typically is the length of the
ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
test specimen.
Construction Materials Testing
3.1.4 pore volume of flow—the cumulative quantity of flow
D4767Test Method for Consolidated Undrained Triaxial
throughatestspecimendividedbythetotalvolumeofvoidsin
Compression Test for Cohesive Soils
the specimen.
D4972Test Methods for pH of Soils
3.1.4.1 Discussion—Thevolumeofvoidsinaspecimenthat
D5084Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Con-
is effective in conducting flow may be lower than the total
ductivity of Saturated Porous Materials Using a Flexible
volume of voids. The voids that conduct flow are represented
Wall Permeameter
byan effective porosity.Theeffectiveporosityislowerthanthe
D5673Test Method for Elements in Water by Inductively
total porosity. This difference affects the accuracy for deter-
mining the actual pore volumes of flow associated with a test.
However, the presence and magnitude of effective porosity in
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. a soil specimen is usually not known a priori. Therefore, for
D7100 − 11 (2020)
the purposes of this standard, the determination of the pore 4.5 Specimens of initially water-saturated soils (for
volumes of flow will be based on the total porosity of the example,undisturbednaturalsoils)maybepermeatedwiththe
specimen. permeant liquid. Specimens of water unsaturated soils (for
example,compactedsoils)maybefullysaturatedwithwateror
3.1.5 back pressure—a pressure applied to the specimen
the permeant liquid and then permeated with the permeant
poreliquidtoforceanyairpresentinthespecimentocompress
liquid.Specimensofsoilsinitiallypartlyorfullysaturatedwith
and to therefore pass into the pore liquid resulting in an
a particular liquid (for example, specimens collected from a
increase of the degree of saturation of the specimen.
containment facility subsequent to a period of use) may be
3.2 Refer to Terminology D653 for definitions of other
fully saturated and then permeated with the same or another
terms in this standard.
liquid. The use of different saturating and permeating liquids
can have significant effects both on the results and the
4. Significance and Use
interpretation of the results of a test (1). Selection of type and
4.1 This test method is used to measure one-dimensional
sequence of liquids for saturation and permeation of test
flow of aqueous solutions (for example, landfill leachates,
specimens is based on the characteristics of the test specimens
liquidwastesandbyproducts,singleandmixedchemicals,etc.,
and the requirements of the specific application for which the
from hereon referred to as the permeant liquid) through
hydraulic conductivity testing is being conducted in a test
initiallysaturatedsoilsunderanappliedhydraulicgradientand
program. The user of this standard is responsible for selecting
effective stress. Interactions between some permeant liquids
and specifying the saturation and permeation conditions that
and some clayey soils have resulted in significant increases in
best represent the intended application.
the hydraulic conductivity of the soils relative to the hydraulic
4.6 Hydraulicconductivityofasoilwithwaterandaqueous
conductivity of the same soils permeated with water (1). This
solution can be determined using two approaches in a test
test method is used to evaluate the presence and effect of
program for comparisons between the hydraulic conductivity
potential interactions between the soil specimen being perme-
basedonpermeationwithwaterandthehydraulicconductivity
ated and the permeant liquid on the hydraulic conductivity of
based on permeation with aqueous solution. In the first
the soil specimen. Test programs may include comparisons
approach, specimens are initially saturated (if needed) and
between the hydraulic conductivity of soils permeated with
permeated with water and then the permeating liquid is
water relative to the hydraulic conductivity of the same soils
switched to the aqueous solution.This testing sequence allows
permeated with aqueous solutions to determine variations in
fordeterminationofbothwaterandaqueoussolutionhydraulic
the hydraulic conductivity of the soils due to the aqueous
conductivities on the same specimen. Obtaining water and
solutions.
aqueous solution values on the same specimen reduces the
4.2 Flexible-wall hydraulic conductivity testing is used to
uncertainties associated with specimen preparation, handling,
determine flow characteristics of aqueous solutions through
and variations in test conditions. However, such testing se-
soils.Hydraulicconductivitytestingusingflexible-wallcellsis
quences may not represent actual field conditions and may
usually preferred over rigid-wall cells for testing with aqueous
affect the results of a test. In the second approach, two
solutions due to the potential for sidewall leakage problems
specimens of the same soil are permeated, with one specimen
with rigid-wall cells. Excessive sidewall leakage may occur,
being permeated with water and the other specimen being
for example, when a test soil shrinks during permeation with
permeated with the aqueous solution. The specimens are
thepermeantliquidduetointeractionsbetweenthesoilandthe
prepared using the same sample preparation and handling
permeant liquid in a rigid-wall cell. In addition, the use of a
methods and tested under the same testing conditions. This
rigid-wall cell does not allow for control of the effective
approach may represent actual field conditions better than the
stresses that exist in the test specimen.
first approach, however, uncertainties may arise due to the use
4.3 Darcy’s law describes laminar flow through a test soil.
ofseparatespecimensfordetermininghydraulicconductivities
Laminar flow conditions and, therefore, Darcy’s law may not
based on permeation with water and the aqueous solution.
bevalidundercertaintestconditions.Forexample,int
...
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