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ASTM F2824-10(2020)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl Containers with Flexible Peelable Lids

Standard Test Method for Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl Containers with Flexible Peelable Lids

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Test Method F88 has been the standard for the mechanical peel strength testing of peelable seals since the 1960s. Normally the testing is run on a portion of the seal. The result is an actual seal strength picture of that portion of the seal. This test method is different in that the entire package seal is peeled open and data collected for the entire sealed area.  
5.2 This test method is a tool for quality assurance use as well as performance evaluation of a seal during separation.  
5.3 With appropriate software, data is collected depicting the seal strength of the entire length of the seal. As a result, it is possible to see seal strength variations, as the seal is peeled apart, thereby evaluating the consistency and uniformity of the seal (see Fig. 1).
SCOPE
1.1 This test method describes a method for the measurement of mechanical seal strength while separating the entire lid (cover/membrane) from a rigid or semi-rigid round container.  
1.2 This test method differs from Test Method F88. Test Method F88 tests a portion of the seal where as this test method tests the force required to separate the entire lid (cover/membrane) from the container.  
1.3 This test method is used to determine the continuous and maximum forces required to separate the lid (cover/membrane) from the container.  
1.4 This test method uses an angle of pull of 45°, however other angles of pull may be used provided results are documented noting the used angle of pull and said procedure is validated.  
1.5 Typical examples of container shapes that could be tested using this or a similar method include oval, rectangular, and circular with single or multiple cavities having a sealed lid (cover/membrane). Examples of products packaged in these types of containers are: ready meals, creamers, coffee, yogurts, household fresheners, chemical and pharmaceutical products, and numerous others not mentioned. However, this test method, described within, is specifically for round containers.  
1.6 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Apr-2020
ICS
55.040 - Packaging materials and accessories
Technical Committee
F02 - Primary Barrier Packaging
Drafting Committee
F02.20 - Physical Properties
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM F17-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Primary Barrier Packaging
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Referred By
ASTM F2097-20 - Standard Guide for Design and Evaluation of Primary Flexible Packaging for Medical Products
Effective Date
01-May-2020
Referred By
ASTM F88/F88M-23 - Standard Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible Barrier Materials
Effective Date
01-May-2020

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ASTM F2824-10(2020) - Standard Test Method for Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl Containers with Flexible Peelable LidsASTM F2824-10(2020) - Standard Test Method for Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl Containers with Flexible Peelable Lids
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ASTM F2824-10(2020) - Standard Test Method for Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl Containers with Flexible Peelable Lids
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F2824 − 10 (Reapproved 2020)
Standard Test Method for
Mechanical Seal Strength Testing for Round Cups and Bowl
1
Containers with Flexible Peelable Lids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F2824; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.1 This test method describes a method for the measure-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
mentofmechanicalsealstrengthwhileseparatingtheentirelid
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
(cover/membrane) from a rigid or semi-rigid round container.
1.2 This test method differs from Test Method F88. Test
2. Referenced Documents
MethodF88testsaportionofthesealwhereasthistestmethod
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tests the force required to separate the entire lid (cover/
D4332Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
membrane) from the container.
Packaging Components for Testing
1.3 Thistestmethodisusedtodeterminethecontinuousand
E177Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
maximumforcesrequiredtoseparatethelid(cover/membrane)
ASTM Test Methods
from the container.
E691Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
1.4 This test method uses an angle of pull of 45°, however Determine the Precision of a Test Method
other angles of pull may be used provided results are docu- F17Terminology Relating to Primary Barrier Packaging
mented noting the used angle of pull and said procedure is F88Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible Barrier
validated. Materials
1.5 Typical examples of container shapes that could be 2.2 Other Standard:
ANSI/AAMI/ISO 11607–1Packaging for Terminally Steril-
tested using this or a similar method include oval, rectangular,
andcircularwithsingleormultiplecavitieshavingasealedlid ized Medical Devices—Part 1: Requirements for
Materials, Sterile Barrier Systems, and Packaging Sys-
(cover/membrane). Examples of products packaged in these
3
typesofcontainersare:readymeals,creamers,coffee,yogurts, tems
household fresheners, chemical and pharmaceutical products,
and numerous others not mentioned. However, this test 3. Terminology
method, described within, is specifically for round containers.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
1.6 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded 3.1.1 average seal strength—the sum of the individual
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
forces recorded divided by the total number of those measure-
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only ments. The calculation can be expressed as the average
and are not considered standard.
between the peaks or within the peaks (see Fig. 1).
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.1.2 flexible—See Terminology F17.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.3 grip separation rate—a function of the test equipment
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
design and angle of peel to achieve the correct peel rate. It is
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
the actual peel rate of separating the lid (cover/membrane)
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
from the container. For this test method, the actual separation
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
rate is 12 in./min (300 mm/min).
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
1 2
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeF02onPrimary For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Barrier Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F02.20 on contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Physical Properties. Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
CurrenteditionapprovedMay1,2020.PublishedJuly2020.Originallyapproved the ASTM website.
3
in 2010. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as F2824–10 (2015). DOI: Available fromAmerican National Standards Institute (ANSI), 25 W. 43rd St.,
10.1520/F2824–10R20. 4th Floor, New York, NY 10036, http://www.ansi.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
F2824 − 10 (2020)
FIG. 1 Average Seal Strength
3.1.4 maximum
...

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ASTM F88/F88M-23(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Seal Strength of Flexible Barrier Materials

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Seal strength is a quantitative measure for use in process validation, capability, and control. Seal strength is not only relevant to opening force and package integrity, but to measuring the packaging processes’ ability to produce consistent seals. Seal strength at some minimum level is a necessary package requirement, and at times it is also desirable to have an upper limit to the strength of the seal to facilitate opening.
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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the strength of seals in flexible barrier materials.  
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4.1 This test method is valuable in the development and selection of flexible barrier materials suited for use as grease barriers.  
4.2 The test is rapid in comparison with other methods because of the extremely small quantity of oil required for detection (about 6 μg). The actual time to failure is a multiple of the values obtained by this test method. When permeation is through an absorbent structure such as kraft paper coated with polyethylene, the failure times will be longer and variable, depending on the variation in porosity and thickness of the structure.
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1.1 This test method provides standard conditions for determining the rate of grease penetration of flexible barrier materials. Pinholes, which can be measured by a separate test, will increase the rate of grease penetration as determined by this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM F2391-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Package and Seal Integrity Using Helium as the Tracer Gas

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The vacuum, bubble test method, as described in Test Method D3078, and various other leak detection methods described elsewhere (Test Method D4991, Guide E432, Test Method E493, Test Method E498, Test Method E499, and Test Method E1603) have been successfully used widely in various industries and applications to determine that a given package is or is not a “leaker.” The sensitivity of any selected leak test method has to be considered to determine its applicability to a specific situation.  
5.2 The procedures presented in this test method allow the user to carry out package and seal integrity testing with sufficient sensitivity to quantify seals in the previously defined moderate to fine seal ranges.  
5.3 By employing seal-isolating leak testing fixtures, packages constructed of various materials can be tested in the full range of seal performance requirements. Design of these fixtures is beyond the scope of this method.  
5.4 These seal/package integrity test procedures can be utilized as:  
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5.4.6 Research and development.
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1.1 This test method includes several procedures that can be used for the measurement of overall package and seal barrier performance of a variety of package types and package forms, as well as seal/closure types. The basic elements of this method include:  
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1.2 Two procedures are described; however the supporting data in Section 14 only reflects Procedure B (Vacuum Mode). The alternative, Sniffer Mode, has proven to be a valuable procedure for many applications, but may have more variability due to exactly the manner that the operator conducts the test such as whether the package is squeezed, effect of multiple small leaks compared to fewer large leaks, background helium concentration, package permeability and speed at which the scan is conducted. Further testing to quantify this procedure’s variability is anticipated, but not included in this version.  
1.2.1 Procedure A: Sniffer Mode—the package is scanned externally for helium escaping into the atmosphere or fixture.  
1.2.2 Procedure B: Vacuum Mode—the helium containing package is placed in a closed fixture. After drawing a vacuum, helium escaping into the closed fixture (capture volume) is detected. Typically, the fixtures are custom made for the specific package under test.  
1.3 The sensitivity of the method can range from the detection of:  
1.3.1 Large leaks—10-2 Pa·m 3/s to 10-5 Pa·m3/s (10–1 cc/sec/atm to 10-4 cc/sec/atm).  
1.3.2 Moderate leaks—10-5 Pa·m 3/s to 10-7 Pa·m3/s (10-4 cc/sec/atm to 10-6 cc/sec/atm).  
1.3.3 Fine leaks—10-7 Pa·m 3/s to 10-9 Pa·m3/s (10-6 cc/sec/atm to 10-8 cc/sec/atm).  
1.3.4 Ultra-Fine leak—10-9 Pa·m 3/s to 10-11 Pa·m3/s (10-8 cc/sec/atm to 10-10 cc/sec/atm).
Note 1: Conversion from cc/sec/atm to Pa·m3/s is achieved by multiplying by 0.1.  
1.4 The terms large, moderate, fine and ultra-fine are relative terms only and do not imply the acceptability of any leak rate. The individual application dictates the level of integrity needed. For many packaging applications, only “large leaks” are considered unacceptable and the ability to detect smaller leaks is immaterial. All leak rates referred...

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ASTM
ASTM F2638-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Using Aerosol Filtration for Measuring the Performance of Porous Packaging Materials as a Surrogate Microbial Barrier

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This test method has been developed as a result of research performed by Air Dispersion Limited (Manchester, UK) and funded by the Barrier Test Consortium Limited. The results of this research have been published in a peer-reviewed journal.4 This research demonstrated that testing the barrier performance of porous packaging materials using microorganisms correlates with measuring the filtration efficiency of the materials.  
6.2 This test method does not require the use of microbiological method; in addition, the test method can be conducted in a rapid and timely manner.  
6.3 When measuring the filtration efficiency of porous packaging materials a typical filtration efficiency curve is determined (see Fig. 1). Since the arc of these curves is dependent upon the characteristics of each individual material, the appropriate way to make comparison among materials is using the parameter that measures maximum penetration through the material.
FIG. 1 A Typical Curve Showing Penetration as a Function of Flow Rate
Note 1: The point of maximum penetration is indicated by the upward pointing triangle.  
6.4 The particle filtration method is a quantitative procedure for determining the microbial barrier properties of materials using a challenge of 1.0 µm particles over range of pressure differentials from near zero to approximately 30 cm water column (WC) (2942 Pa). This test method is based upon the research of Tallentire and Sinclair4 and uses physical test methodology to allow for a rapid determination of microbial barrier performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the aerosol filtration performance of porous packaging materials by creating a defined aerosol of 1.0 μm particles and assessing the filtration efficiency of the material using either single or dual particle counters.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to porous materials used to package terminally sterilized medical devices.  
1.3 The intent of this test apparatus is to determine the flow rate through a material at which maximum penetration occurs.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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