ASTM C1528-09
(Guide)Standard Guide for Selection of Dimension Stone for Exterior Use
Standard Guide for Selection of Dimension Stone for Exterior Use
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Related Components—Natural stone is only one component of a building's construction. All related materials and assemblies need to be evaluated to ensure compatible interactive behavior with the stone product.
Applicable Codes—Every stone application shall comply with applicable building codes. EXTERIOR APPLICATIONS OF DIMENSION STONES Top
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, specifiers, contractors, and material suppliers who design, select, specify, install, purchase, fabricate, or supply natural stone products for construction applications.
1.2 Consensus Standard—This guide is an industry consensus standard drafted in a cooperative effort among engineers, architects, geologists, producers, and installers of natural stone.
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Designation:C1528–09
Standard Guide for
1
Selection of Dimension Stone for Exterior Use
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1528; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Natural stone, while being perhaps the oldest building material known to man, can also be one of
the most difficult of all building materials to properly evaluate, select, and specify. Every natural stone
product is unique, having its own physical properties and performance capabilities. Responsible stone
selection involves extensive and objective evaluation of both the stone material and the application in
which it is required to perform.
This guide presents a cursory review of the different stone types commonly used in construction,
common applications, available finishes, and factors affecting product costs. It is intended to be used
in combination with good judgment, responsible engineering analysis, local building codes, and any
other available resources. It is not a “how-to” or a “step-by-step” guide, and has been prepared with
the assumption that the user has some familiarity in the use of natural stone prior to utilizing this
guide.
Past performance is the best test of a dimension stone’s durability. Yet because the physical
properties of a natural stone can vary within a single deposit, even stones with a history of satisfactory
performance may need to be tested to ascertain the quality of the current production stock. Common
physical property tests include absorption, density, compressive strength, modulus of rupture, flexural
strength, abrasion resistance, and anchor strength.Additional tests may also be required depending on
the material and application.
In a high proportion of the cases, failure of a natural stone in service is a result of improper
application,ratherthantheinherentpropertiesofthestone.Placingstonesinunsuitableenvironments,
faulty fabrication, installation, or construction practices, and incompatible associated materials are
frequent causes of stone system failures (for example, high-porosity stones in subgrade applications,
inadequate anchorage or expansion space, mortars leaching alkalis, inappropriate strength mortars,
staining grouts, voids in setting beds, and pavement stones with inadequate resistance to abrasion).
Inselectionofnaturaldimensionstoneproducts,theapplicationaswellastheaestheticappealmust
be considered. While aesthetics are important to the design, the selection of the proper stone material,
thickness, anchorage, and related components is necessary to ensure meeting the performance and
durability requirements of the design.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
1.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engi- 2.1 ASTM Standards:
C97 TestMethodsforAbsorptionandBulkSpecificGravity
neers, specifiers, contractors, and material suppliers who de-
sign, select, specify, install, purchase, fabricate, or supply of Dimension Stone
natural stone products for construction applications. C99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension
1.2 Consensus Standard—This guide is an industry consen- Stone
sus standard drafted in a cooperative effort among engineers, C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone
architects,geologists,producers,andinstallersofnaturalstone. C120 Test Methods of Flexure Testing of Slate (Breaking
Load, Modulus of Rupture, Modulus of Elasticity)
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension
Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.08 on Selection of
2
Exterior Dimension Stone. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C1528–02. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/C1528-09_WIP_#852046. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1528–09
C121 Test Method for Water Absorption of Slate teristics that dictate the best use of the material and must be
C170 Test Method for Compressive Strength of Dimension considered during the process of stone selection.
Stone
6. Exterior Applications
C217 Test Method for Weather Resistance of Slate
C241 Test Method for Abrasion Resistance of Stone Sub- 6.1 This guide is limited to the discussion of exterior
applications of
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:C1528–08 Designation:C1528–09
Standard Guide for
1
Selection of Dimension Stone for Exterior Use
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1528; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
Natural stone, while being perhaps the oldest building material known to man, can also be one of
the most difficult of all building materials to properly evaluate, select, and specify. Every natural stone
product is unique, having its own physical properties and performance capabilities. Responsible stone
selection involves extensive and objective evaluation of both the stone material and the application in
which it is required to perform.
This guide presents a cursory review of the different stone types commonly used in construction,
common applications, available finishes, and factors affecting product costs. It is intended to be used
in combination with good judgment, responsible engineering analysis, local building codes, and any
other available resources. It is not a “how-to” or a “step-by-step” guide, and has been prepared with
the assumption that the user has some familiarity in the use of natural stone prior to utilizing this
guide.
Past performance is the best test of a dimension stone’s durability. Yet because the physical
properties of a natural stone can vary within a single deposit, even stones with a history of satisfactory
performance may need to be tested to ascertain the quality of the current production stock. Common
physical property tests include absorption, density, compressive strength, modulus of rupture, flexural
strength, abrasion resistance, and anchor strength.Additional tests may also be required depending on
the material and application.
In a high proportion of the cases, failure of a natural stone in service is a result of improper
application,ratherthantheinherentpropertiesofthestone.Placingstonesinunsuitableenvironments,
faulty fabrication, installation, or construction practices, and incompatible associated materials are
frequent causes of stone system failures (for example, high-porosity stones in subgrade applications,
inadequate anchorage or expansion space, mortars leaching alkalis, inappropriate strength mortars,
staining grouts, voids in setting beds, and pavement stones with inadequate resistance to abrasion).
Inselectionofnaturaldimensionstoneproducts,theapplicationaswellastheaestheticappealmust
be considered. While aesthetics are important to the design, the selection of the proper stone material,
thickness, anchorage, and related components is necessary to ensure meeting the performance and
durability requirements of the design.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide is intended to be used by architects, engineers, specifiers, contractors, and material suppliers who design, select,
specify, install, purchase, fabricate, or supply natural stone products for construction applications.
1.2 Consensus Standard—This guide is an industry consensus standard drafted in a cooperative effort among engineers,
architects, geologists, producers, and installers of natural stone.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C97 Test Methods for Absorption and Bulk Specific Gravity of Dimension Stone
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C18 on Dimension Stone and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C18.08 on Selection of Exterior
Dimension Stone.
Current edition approved May 15, 2008. Published July 2008. DOI: 10.1520/C1528-08.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2009. Published November 2009. Originally approved in 2002. Last previous edition approved in 2002 as C1528–02. DOI:
10.1520/C1528-09_WIP_#852046.
2
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1528–09
C99 Test Method for Modulus of Rupture of Dimension Stone
C119 Terminology Relating to Dimension Stone
C120 Test Methods of Flexure Testing of Slate (Breaking Load, Modulus of Rupture, Modulus of Elasticity)
C121 Test Method for Water Absorption
...
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