ASTM D2434-22
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Coarse-Grained Soils
Standard Test Methods for Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Coarse-Grained Soils
ABSTRACT
This test method covers the determination of the coefficient of permeability by a constant-head method for the laminar flow of water through granular soils. The procedure is to establish representative values of the coefficient of permeability of granular soils that may occur in natural deposits as placed in embankments, or when used as base courses under pavements. The different apparatus used in determining the granular soil permeability are presented. The methods in preparing the test specimen are presented in details. The testing and calculation procedure for granular soil permeability determination are presented.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test methods are used to measure one-dimensional vertical flow of water through initially saturated coarse-grained, pervious (that is, free-draining) soils under an applied hydraulic gradient. Hydraulic conductivity of coarse-grained soils is used in various civil engineering applications. These test methods are suitable for determination of hydraulic conductivity for soils with k > 10–7 m/s.
Note 2: Clean coarse-grained soils that are classified using Practice D2487-17 as GP, GW, SP, and SW can be tested using these test methods. Depending on fraction and characteristics of fine-grained particles present in soils, these test methods may be suitable for testing other soil types with fines content greater than 5 % (for example, GP-GC, SP-SM).
5.2 Coarse-grained soils are to be tested at a void ratio representative of field conditions. For engineered fills, compaction specification can be used to provide target test conditions, whereas for natural soils, field testing of in-situ density can be used to provide target test conditions.
5.3 Use of a dual-ring permeameter is included in these test methods in addition to a single-ring permeameter for the rigid wall test apparatus. The dual-ring permeameter allows for reducing potential adverse effects of sidewall leakage on measured hydraulic conductivity of the test specimens. The use of a plate at the outflow end of the specimen that contains a ring with a diameter smaller than the diameter of the permeameter and the presence of two outflow ports (one from the inner ring, one from the annular space between the inner ring and the permeameter wall) allows for separating the flow from the central region of the test specimen from the flow near the sidewall of the permeameter.
Note 3: Sidewall leakage has been reported to have significant influence on flow conditions for coarse-grained soils due to presence of larger voids at the boundary and higher void ratio in this region of the specimen. Three modificat...
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover laboratory measurement of the hydraulic conductivity (also referred to as coefficient of permeability) of water-saturated coarse-grained soils (for example, sands and gravels) with k > 10–7 m/s. The test methods utilize low hydraulic gradient conditions.
1.2 This standard describes two methods (A and B) for determining hydraulic conductivity of coarse-grained soils. Method A incorporates use of a rigid wall permeameter and Method B incorporates the use of a flexible wall permeameter. A single- or dual-ring rigid wall permeameter may be used in Method A. A dual-ring permeameter may be preferred over a single-ring permeameter when adverse effects from short-circuiting of permeant water along the sidewalls of the permeameter (that is, prevent sidewall leakage) are suspected by the user of this standard.
1.3 The test methods are used under constant head conditions.
1.4 The test methods are used under saturated soil conditions.
1.5 Water is used to permeate the test specimen with these test methods.
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
Note 1: Hydraulic conductivity has traditionally been reported in cm/s in the US, even though the official SI unit for hydraul...
General Information
Buy Standard
Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2434 − 22
Standard Test Methods for
Measurement of Hydraulic Conductivity of Coarse-Grained
1
Soils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2434; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope* responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
1.1 Thesetestmethodscoverlaboratorymeasurementofthe
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
hydraulic conductivity (also referred to as coeffıcient of per-
1.9 This international standard was developed in accor-
meability) of water-saturated coarse-grained soils (for
–7 dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
example, sands and gravels) with k >10 m/s. The test
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
methods utilize low hydraulic gradient conditions.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
1.2 This standard describes two methods (A and B) for
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
determining hydraulic conductivity of coarse-grained soils.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Method A incorporates use of a rigid wall permeameter and
Method B incorporates the use of a flexible wall permeameter. 2. Referenced Documents
2
A single- or dual-ring rigid wall permeameter may be used in
2.1 ASTM Standards:
Method A. A dual-ring permeameter may be preferred over a
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
single-ring permeameter when adverse effects from short-
Fluids
circuiting of permeant water along the sidewalls of the per-
D2487Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
meameter (that is, prevent sidewall leakage) are suspected by
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
the user of this standard.
D3740Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
1.3 The test methods are used under constant head condi-
tions. Used in Engineering Design and Construction
D4753Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Bal-
1.4 The test methods are used under saturated soil condi-
ances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and
tions.
Construction Materials Testing
1.5 Water is used to permeate the test specimen with these
D5101Test Method for Measuring the Filtration Compat-
test methods.
ibility of Soil-Geotextile Systems
D5716/D5716MTest Method for Measuring the Rate of
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
Well Discharge by Circular Orifice Weir
asstandard.Nootherunitsofmeasurementareincludedinthis
D6026Practice for Using Significant Digits and Data Re-
standard.
cords in Geotechnical Data
NOTE1—Hydraulicconductivityhastraditionallybeenreportedincm/s
D6913/D6913MTest Methods for Particle-Size Distribution
in the US, even though the official SI unit for hydraulic conductivity is
(Gradation) of Soils Using Sieve Analysis
m/s.
1.7 Theobservedandcalculatedvaluesshallconformtothe
3. Terminology
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
3.1 Definitions:
Practice D6026.
3.1.1 For definitions of common technical terms in this
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
standard, refer to Terminology D653.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.2 hydraulic conductivity, k, n—(also referred to as coef-
ficient of permeability or permeability) the rate of discharge of
1
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic
2
Properties and Hydraulic Barriers. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved March 15, 2022. Published March 2022. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 2019 as D2434–19. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D2434-22. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2434 − 22
spreadingalayerofbentoniteandpetroleumjellymixturealongtheentire
water under laminar flow c
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2434 − 19 D2434 − 22
Standard Test MethodMethods for
Permeability of Granular Soils (Constant Head)Measurement
1
of Hydraulic Conductivity of Coarse-Grained Soils
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2434; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the coefficient of permeability by a constant-head method for the laminar flow
of water through granular soils. The procedure is to establish representativeThese test methods cover laboratory measurement of
the hydraulic conductivity (also referred to as values of the coeffıcient of permeability) of granular soils that may occur in natural
–7
depositswater-saturated coarse-grained soils (for example, sands and gravels) with ask placed in> 10 embankments, or when used
as base courses under pavements. In order to limit consolidation influences during testing, this procedure is limited to disturbed
granular soils containing not more than 10 % soil passing the 75-μm (No. 200) sieve.m/s. The test methods utilize low hydraulic
gradient conditions.
1.2 This standard describes two methods (A and B) for determining hydraulic conductivity of coarse-grained soils. Method A
incorporates use of a rigid wall permeameter and Method B incorporates the use of a flexible wall permeameter. A single- or
dual-ring rigid wall permeameter may be used in Method A. A dual-ring permeameter may be preferred over a single-ring
permeameter when adverse effects from short-circuiting of permeant water along the sidewalls of the permeameter (that is, prevent
sidewall leakage) are suspected by the user of this standard.
1.3 The test methods are used under constant head conditions.
1.4 The test methods are used under saturated soil conditions.
1.5 Water is used to permeate the test specimen with these test methods.
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses after SI units are provided
for information only and are not considered No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
NOTE 1—Hydraulic conductivity has traditionally been reported in cm/s in the US, even though the official SI unit for hydraulic conductivity is m/s.
1.7 The observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.04 on Hydrologic Properties
and Hydraulic Barriers.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2019March 15, 2022. Published October 2019March 2022. Originally approved in 1965. Last previous edition approved in 20062019
as D2434–68(2006)D2434, which was withdrawn January 2015 and reinstated in October 2019. DOI: 10.1520/D2434-19.–19. DOI: 10.1520/D2434-22.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
D2434 − 22
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as Used in
Engineering Design and Construction
D4753 Guide for Evaluating, Selecting, and Specifying Balances and Standard Masses for Use in Soil, Rock, and Co
...
Questions, Comments and Discussion
Ask us and Technical Secretary will try to provide an answer. You can facilitate discussion about the standard in here.