ASTM C1601-04
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Masonry Wall Surfaces
Standard Test Method for Field Determination of Water Penetration of Masonry Wall Surfaces
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the field determination of water penetration of a masonry wall surface under specific water flow rate and air pressure conditions. This test is intended for use on any masonry wall surface that can be properly instrumented and tested within the requirements of this standard.
1.2 This test method is not identical to and the results are not directly comparable with the laboratory standard Test Method E 514 "Test Method for Water Penetration and Leakage Through Masonry."
1.3 Surface penetration, as determined by this test method, is defined as the amount of water passing through the wall surface exposed to testing per unit time per unit area. This property is not directly comparable to water penetration and leakage, which are typically defined as the amount of water travelling completely through a masonry system.
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, operations, or equipment. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:C1601–04
Standard Test Method for
Field Determination of Water Penetration of Masonry Wall
Surfaces
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C 1601; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope ing, corrosion of embedded metal items, and water leakage.
This test is used to determine surface water penetration
1.1 This test method covers the field determination of water
quantitatively at any single location, and it may not accurately
penetrationofamasonrywallsurfaceunderspecificwaterflow
predict leakage quantities or locations.
rate and air pressure conditions.This test is intended for use on
3.2 This test may be used to evaluate masonry walls in-situ
any masonry wall surface that can be properly instrumented
or for field mock-up testing. Common applications of this
and tested within the requirements of this standard.
method have been comparison of water penetration rates of
1.2 This test method is not identical to and the results are
walls before and after repairs, and testing the efficacy of
not directly comparable with the laboratory standard Test
coatings. Alternative procedures are also provided to simulate
Method E 514 “Test Method for Water Penetration and Leak-
the effect of local climatology on water penetration of masonry
age Through Masonry.”
wall surfaces.
1.3 Surface penetration, as determined by this test method,
3.3 The outer surface of all masonry walls will experience
is defined as the amount of water passing through the wall
water penetration when subjected to wind-driven rain. The
surface exposed to testing per unit time per unit area. This
resistance to water penetration is dependent on materials,
property is not directly comparable to water penetration and
workmanship, design, and maintenance. Some wall types
leakage, which are typically defined as the amount of water
accommodate large volumes of water penetration, without
travelling completely through a masonry system.
deleterious effects, through the presence of properly designed
1.4 This standard may involve hazardous materials, opera-
and installed drainage systems including flashing and weep
tions, or equipment. This standard does not purport to address
holes. Use of this standard without consideration of the overall
all of the safety problems associated with its use. It is the
wall system may lead to incorrect conclusions regarding
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
performance.
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.4 It is the intent of this standard that a sheet of water be
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
developedandmaintainedonthewallsurfaceduringtesting.In
2. Referenced Documents
some cases, due to the surface texture of the masonry, the
application of a coating, or other factors, a sheet of water will
2.1 ASTM Standards:
not consistently form. In those cases, results of this test method
E 514 Test Method for Water Penetration and Leakage
will likely be inaccurate.
Through Masonry
3.5 This test method is similar to but distinct from the
3. Significance and Use
laboratory Test Method E 514. This field test method is
designed to test in-situ walls. E 514 laboratory test method is
3.1 This non-destructive test method contains procedures
designed to test laboratory wall specimens. This test method
andequipmentrequirementstodeterminethewaterpenetration
determines water penetration of the masonry at its surface.Test
of a masonry wall surface. In general, excessive water penetra-
Method E 514 measures the water that has penetrated into and
tion of masonry may degrade masonry wall performance with
through the masonry specimen and is collected. Direct com-
respect to thermal conductivity, durability, efflorescence, stain-
parison of results from this test method and Test Method E 514
are inappropriate.
This Test Method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on
Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
4. Apparatus
C15.04 on Research.
4.1 Test Chamber—Use a test chamber similar to that
Current edition approvedAugust 1, 2004. Published September 2004. Originally
approved in 2004. shown in Fig. 1. Provide a rectangular opening with a
2 2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
minimum area of 12 ft (1.08 m ) with a minimum dimension
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
of 24 in. (0.6 m) for each side of the opening (Note 1). Seal the
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
C1601–04
FIG. 1 Water Surface Penetration Test System
mately 4 to 8 inches (100 to 200 mm) in diameter by 5 ft. (1.5 m) or taller
contact surface between the frame of the chamber and the test
is common.
area to prevent loss of water and maintain air pressure. Cover
the face of the chamber with a tough, transparent material
4.3 Other equipment includes devices for handling and
capable of withstanding the test pressure (Note 2). Provide a
mounting the chamber and measuring time, water quantities,
⁄4-in. (19-mm) diameter, corrosion-resistant, water spray pipe
and ambient temperature.
with a single line of 0.04-in. (1.0-mm) diameter holes spaced 1
in. (25 mm) apart, starting within 1 in. (25 mm) of each end
5. Hazards
(Note 3). Position the water spray pipe within the chamber so
5.1 The use of this test method requires careful design of
that the water impinges the wall perpendicular to the wall not
both air chamber and support of the wall system to avoid
more than 1.5 in. (40 mm) below the interior top of the test
possible injury due to equipment or masonry failure. Assure
chamber.
that the chamber and its attachment to the wall are adequate for
the applied pressures during testing.
NOTE 1—A size of 36 in. (0.9 m) wide and 48 in. (1.2 m) high is
common.
5.2 Water penetration resulting from this test can cause
3 1
NOTE 2—Clear acrylic sheets ⁄16 to ⁄4 inch (5 to 6 mm) thick have been
saturation of adjacent materials and leakage into occupied
shown to perform well. Plexiglast and Lexant are two sources of clear
spaces of the buildings. Take into consideration the effects of
acrylic sheets.
potential water infiltration and leakage.
NOTE 3—Clean-outs at the end of the spray bar to facilitate cleaning the
spray bar are common.
6. Procedure
4.2 Fixtures and Appurtenances to Chamber—Fixtures and
6.1 Mounting Chamber—Attach the test chamber with me-
appurtenances to the chamber include an air line with manom-
chanical fasteners using sufficient pressure to form an air- and
eter or pressure gauge able to read air pressure to within 0.50
water-resistant seal (Note 5).
lb/ft (24 Pa), a water line with valves, a flow meter in the
water supply line able to read flow within 0.02 gpm (4.5 L/h),
NOTE 5—Use of a gasket or sealant at the contact surface is common.
and a water drain pipe at the bottom of the chamber. The water
6.2 Sealing—If needed, apply a perimeter sealant between
is stored in a calibrated reservoir with a minimum volume of 3
the chamber and wall surface to ensure that leakage does not
gal. (13 L), with graduations to allow readings within 0.015 gal
occur at the interface. Allow the sealant to cure sufficiently to
(0.055 L) (Note 4). Pump water from the reservoir to the spray
ensure adequate bond and water resistance.
bar. Return water which drains from the bottom of the chamber
6.3 Application of Air Pressure and Water Flow—Adjust
directly to the reservoir. 2 2
the water flow rate to 3.4 gal/ft /h (138 L/m /h) times the area
NOTE 4—Use of a cylindrical reservoir having dimensions of approxi- of the chamber opening. Simultaneously, increase the air
C1601–04
pressure within the chamber to 10 lb/ft (500 Pa). Check for which the water and air pressures are held constant.Atest may
leakage from the perimeter of the chamber. If leakage occurs, consist of one or more time periods.
stop the test, reseal, and re-start the procedure.
6.6.2.2 Calc
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