ASTM C1400-23
(Guide)Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls
Standard Guide for Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides information that, if implemented, will reduce efflorescence potential in new masonry walls. However, implementation of this guide will not always completely prevent efflorescence.
4.2 This guide may be augmented by related information contained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the additional material listed at the end of this specification, and other publications.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence potential in new masonry walls.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: C1400 − 23
Standard Guide for
1
Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1400; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 3.1.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C43, C1180,
C1209, and C1232 apply in this guide.
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence
potential in new masonry walls. 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cryptoflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit of water-
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
soluble compounds in the pores of masonry
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only
3.2.2 efflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit, usually white,
and are not considered standard.
of water-soluble compounds on the surface of masonry.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.2.2.1 Discussion—The color of stains produced by acid-
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the soluble vanadium compounds in clay masonry is usually
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro- yellow or green. The color of stains produced by acid-soluble
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter- manganese compounds is usually brown or gray.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor- 4. Significance and Use
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
4.1 This guide provides information that, if implemented,
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
will reduce efflorescence potential in new masonry walls.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
However, implementation of this guide will not always com-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
pletely prevent efflorescence.
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
4.2 This guide may be augmented by related information
2. Referenced Documents
contained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the addi-
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
tional material listed at the end of this specification, and other
C43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products (Withdrawn publications.
3
2009)
C67/C67M Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick
5. Principles of Efflorescence
and Structural Clay Tile
5.1 Efflorescence is directly related to the quantity of
C270 Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
water-soluble compounds within, or exposed to, the wall; and
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
to the quantity of water exposed to these compounds. Since
C1209 Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and Related
neither water nor water-soluble compounds can be completely
3
Units (Withdrawn 2009)
eliminated from an exterior masonry wall, the potential for
C1232 Terminology for Masonry
efflorescence is reduced by reducing water-soluble compounds
3. Terminology and water within the wall.
3.1 Definitions:
5.2 While water penetration is reduced through proper
design and construction, water can penetrate into masonry
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured
walls through cracks and separations in the surface and the top
Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.05 on Masonry
of the wall. Water can penetrate voids in the mortar joints or the
Assemblies.
interface between the unit and mortar, and, to a lesser degree
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2023. Published December 2023. Originally
approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2017 as C1400 – 11(2017). through the masonry units and the hardened mortar.
DOI: 10.1520/C1400-23.
2
5.3 If a significant amount of water penetrates the wall, the
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
water will dissolve water-soluble compounds that may exist in
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the masonry units, mortar components, grout, admixtures or
the ASTM website.
3 other secondary sources, and may deposit them on the exterior
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. surface of the masonry when it migrates to the wall surface
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright ©
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1400 − 11 (Reapproved 2017) C1400 − 23
Standard Guide for
1
Reduction of Efflorescence Potential in New Masonry Walls
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1400; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope Scope*
1.1 This guide covers methods for reducing efflorescence potential in new masonry walls.
1.2 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical
conversions to SI units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and healthsafety, health, and environmental practices and determine
the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3
C43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products (Withdrawn 2009)
C67C67/C67M Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and Structural Clay Tile
C270 Specification for Mortar for Unit Masonry
C1180 Terminology of Mortar and Grout for Unit Masonry
3
C1209 Terminology of Concrete Masonry Units and Related Units (Withdrawn 2009)
C1232 Terminology for Masonry
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 Terminology defined in Terminologies C43, C1180, C1209, and C1232 shall apply in this guide.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.2.1 cryptoflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit of water-soluble compounds in the pores of masonry
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C15.05 on Masonry
Assemblies.
Current edition approved June 1, 2017Dec. 1, 2023. Published July 2017December 2023. Originally approved in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 20112017 as
C1400 – 11.C1400 – 11(2017). DOI: 10.1520/C1400-11R17.10.1520/C1400-23.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
3
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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C1400 − 23
3.2.2 efflorescence, n—a crystalline deposit, usually white, of water-soluble compounds on the surface of masonry.
3.2.2.1 Discussion—
The color of stains produced by acid-soluble vanadium compounds in clay masonry is usually yellow or green. The color of stains
produced by acid-soluble manganese compounds is usually brown or gray.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 This guide provides information that, if implemented, will reduce efflorescence potential in new masonry walls. However, its
implementation implementation of this guide will not always completely prevent efflorescence.
4.2 This guide may be augmented by related information contained in the appendixes of Specification C270, the additional
material listed at the end of this specification, and other publications.
5. Principles of Efflorescence
5.1 Efflorescence is directly related to the quantity of water-soluble compounds within, or exposed to, the wall; and to the quantity
of water exposed to these compounds. Since neither water nor water-soluble compounds can be completely eliminated from an
exterior masonry wall, the potential for efflorescence is reduced by reducing water-soluble compounds and water within the wall.
5.2 While water penetration is reduced through proper design and construction, water can penetrate into masonry walls through
cracks and separations in the surface and the top of the wall. ItWater can penetrate voids in the mortar joints or t
...
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