ASTM D4828-94(2016)
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Practical Washability of Organic Coatings
Standard Test Methods for Practical Washability of Organic Coatings
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Interior architectural paints are subjected in use to soiling by dirt or other stains. This test method provides a way to assess relative ease of soil or stain removal from a paint film using materials common to households. This test method includes a way to evaluate the film for washability properties and changes in appearance. Thus, a formulator may evaluate the effects of composition on the washability properties of a paint. Users may also compare the ease of soil removal from different paints that are tested, preferably at the same time.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the relative ease of removal of common soil and stains from interior coatings by manual or mechanical washing with a sponge and a liquid or powder cleanser.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Designation: D4828 − 94 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Methods for
Practical Washability of Organic Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4828; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 4. Significance and Use
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
4.1 Interior architectural paints are subjected in use to
relative ease of removal of common soil and stains from
soiling by dirt or other stains. This test method provides a way
interior coatings by manual or mechanical washing with a
to assess relative ease of soil or stain removal from a paint film
sponge and a liquid or powder cleanser.
using materials common to households. This test method
includes a way to evaluate the film for washability properties
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
and changes in appearance. Thus, a formulator may evaluate
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
the effects of composition on the washability properties of a
only.
paint. Users may also compare the ease of soil removal from
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
different paints that are tested, preferably at the same time.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
5. Apparatus
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. 5.1 Sponge and Holder.
5.2 Soil and Stain Applicator (see Fig. 1).
2. Referenced Documents
2 5.3 Weight, 100 g.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
5.4 Balance, weighing accurately to 0.1 g.
D3450 Test Method for Washability Properties of Interior
5.5 Wet Film Applicator, capable of applying a wet film of
Architectural Coatings
0.9 mm (3.5 mil) thick by 150 mm (6 in.) film width.
D3924 Specification for Environment for Conditioning and
1 1
5.6 GlassPlate, 455 by 165 mm by 6.3 mm (17 ⁄2 by 6 ⁄2 by
Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials
(Withdrawn 2016) ⁄4 in.).
5.7 Washability Machine.
3. Summary of Test Method
5.8 Black Plastic Panels.
3.1 The test material is applied to a plastic panel and
allowed to dry for 7 days or as mutually agreed. Soilants or 5.9 Masking Tape.
stains, or both, are applied to the film. The film is washed for
5.10 Straightedge,approximately430mm(17in.)inlength.
up to 100 cycles using a sponge and a liquid or powder
5.11 Cotton Tipped Swabs.
cleanser.Afterrinsinganddrying,thepanelisevaluatedforthe
degree of soil or stain removal, erosion, and any change in
5.12 Medicine Droppers.
gloss/sheen or color between the washed and unwashed area.
5.13 Suction Plate, for drawdowns.
6. Reagents and Materials
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on
Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct
6.1 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references
responsibility of Subcommittee D01.42 on Architectural Coatings.
to water shall be understood to mean reagent water as defined
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2016. Published December 2016. Originally
ɛ1
approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4828 – 94 (2012) .
by Type IV of Specification D1193.
DOI: 10.1520/D4828-94R16.
6.2 Soil and Staining Medium—Examples found acceptable
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
for use with this test method include, but are not limited to
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
pencil, crayon, mercurochrome, ball-point pen, waterborne
the ASTM website.
felt-tip markers, lipstick and mineral-oil-borne soilant as out-
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. lined in Test Method D3450.
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States
D4828 − 94 (2016)
FIG. 1 Solid Soil and Stain Application
6.3 Cleaning Media—Examples found acceptable for use each paint for all the projected tests. Air dry all panels in a
with this test method include, but are not limited to, commer- horizontal position for 7 days in a room maintained at 23 6
cial liquid cleansers, laboratory-standardized liquid cleaners as 2°C (73 6 3.5°F) and 50 6 5 % relative humidity as described
outlined in Test Method D3450, and powder cleansers. Powder in Specification D3924, or under conditions specifically appli-
cleansers containing chlorine may affect the color of the cable to the material under test.
washed portion of the test panel.
NOTE 2—If desired, an extra panel of each paint may be prepared to
serve as its unwashed control.
7. Preparation of Apparatus
8.3 Application of Soilants and Stains:
7.1 Washability Machine—Level the apparatus before use
8.3.1 Atthecompletionofthedryingperiod,tapethecoated
and operate at 37 6 1 cpm. (A cycle consists of a complete
panel to the glass plate, as directed in 8.1, to ensure uniform
forward and reverse stroke.)
application of the soilants and stains. Apply the selected
7.2 SpongeandHolder—Add sufficient weight to the holder
soilants or stains, or both, to the coating film in straight pairs
in the form of metal sheets or other flat weights to give a
of lines parallel to the length of the panel for the manual
combined weight of 1000 g, including the dry sponge.
method of cleaning, or perpendicular to the length of the panel
for the mechanical method of cleaning.
NOTE 1—Check the compression of the damp sponge under the 1000-g
weight to ensure that the holder does not drag along the panel and tear the
8.3.2 Apply solid soilants or stains using the apparatus
film.
showninFig.1.Insertpencil,crayon,pen,orsimilaritemsinto
theappropriatelysizedholeandsecureitspositionsoitextends
8. Procedure
40 mm (1 ⁄2 in.) beyond the panel (see Fig. 1(a)). Secure the
8.1 Clean the top of the glass plate and both sides of the
medium in position with a piece of masking tape (see Fig.
black plastic panel to be sure they are free of specks. Place the
1(b)). Put the applicator at one end of the coated plastic panel
black panel on the glass plate and tape one end to the plate.
and place the 100-g weight on the top face of the wooden panel
Smooth the panel along the plate to ensure a close fit.
at the end nearest to the marking device, as shown in Fig. 1(b),
8.2 Stir the material thoroughly and strain, if necessary, to securing it with a piece of tape.Allow the nonweighted end of
remove all skins and particles. Draw down the coating on the the applicator to rest on the surface of the film, then hold it by
panel.Apply the coating in 3 to 4 s from end to end to prevent the outer edges and pull it along the entire length of the film
pin holes or holidays in the
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D4828 − 94 (Reapproved 2012) D4828 − 94 (Reapproved 2016)
Standard Test Methods for
Practical Washability of Organic Coatings
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4828; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—Section 5.5 was editorially corrected in July 2012.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the relative ease of removal of common soil and stains from interior coatings
by manual or mechanical washing with a sponge and a liquid or powder cleanser.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D3450 Test Method for Washability Properties of Interior Architectural Coatings
D3924 Specification for Environment for Conditioning and Testing Paint, Varnish, Lacquer, and Related Materials (Withdrawn
2016)
3. Summary of Test Method
3.1 The test material is applied to a plastic panel and allowed to dry for 7 days or as mutually agreed. Soilants or stains, or both,
are applied to the film. The film is washed for up to 100 cycles using a sponge and a liquid or powder cleanser. After rinsing and
drying, the panel is evaluated for the degree of soil or stain removal, erosion, and any change in gloss/sheen or color between the
washed and unwashed area.
4. Significance and Use
4.1 Interior architectural paints are subjected in use to soiling by dirt or other stains. This test method provides a way to assess
relative ease of soil or stain removal from a paint film using materials common to households. This test method includes a way
to evaluate the film for washability properties and changes in appearance. Thus, a formulator may evaluate the effects of
composition on the washability properties of a paint. Users may also compare the ease of soil removal from different paints that
are tested, preferably at the same time.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Sponge and Holder.
5.2 Soil and Stain Applicator (see Fig. 1).
5.3 Weight, 100 g.
5.4 Balance, weighing accurately to 0.1 g.
5.5 Wet Film Applicator, capable of applying a wet film of 0.9 mm (3.5 mil) thick by 150 mm (6 in.) film width.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D01 on Paint and Related Coatings, Materials, and Applications and are the direct responsibility of
Subcommittee D01.42 on Architectural Coatings.
Current edition approved July 1, 2012Dec. 1, 2016. Published August 2012December 2016. Originally approved in 1988. Last previous edition approved in 20082012 as
ɛ1
D4828 – 94 (2008).(2012) . DOI: 10.1520/D4828-94R12E01.10.1520/D4828-94R16.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on www.astm.org.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D4828 − 94 (2016)
FIG. 1 Solid Soil and Stain Application
1 1 1
5.6 Glass Plate, 455 by 165 mm by 6.3 mm (17 ⁄2 by 6 ⁄2 by ⁄4 in.).
5.7 Washability Machine.
5.8 Black Plastic Panels.
5.9 Masking Tape.
5.10 Straightedge, approximately 430 mm (17 in.) in length.
5.11 Cotton Tipped Swabs.
5.12 Medicine Droppers.
5.13 Suction Plate, for drawdowns.
6. Reagents and Materials
6.1 Purity of Water—Unless otherwise indicated, references to water shall be understood to mean reagent water as defined by
Type IV of Specification D1193.
6.2 Soil and Staining Medium—Examples found acceptable for use with this test method include, but are not limited to pencil,
crayon, mercurochrome, ball-point pen, waterborne felt-tip markers, lipstick and mineral-oil-borne soilant as outlined in Test
Method D3450.
6.3 Cleaning Media—Examples found acceptable for use with this test method include, but are not limited to, commercial liquid
cleansers, laboratory-standardized liquid cleaners as outlined in Test Method D3450, and powder cleansers. Powder cleansers
containing chlorine may affect the color of the washed portion of the test panel.
7. Preparation of Apparatus
7.1 Washability Machine—Level the apparatus before use and operate at 37 6 1 cpm. (A cycle consists of a complete forward
and reverse stroke.)
7.2 Sponge and Holder—Add sufficient weight to the holder in the form of metal sheets or other flat weights to give a combined
weight of 1000 g, including the dry sponge.
D4828 − 94 (2016)
NOTE 1—Check the compression of the damp sponge under the 1000-g weight to ensure that the holder does not drag along the panel and tear the film.
8. Procedure
8.1 Clean the top of the glass plate and both sides of the black plastic panel to be sure they are free of specks. Place the black
panel on the glass plate and tape one end to the plate. Smooth the panel along the plate to ensure a close fit.
8.2 Stir the material thoroughly and strain, if necessary, to remove all skins and particles. Draw down the coating on the panel.
Apply the coating in 3 to 4 s from end to end to prevent pin holes or holidays in the film. Prepare enough panels with each paint
for all the projected tests. Air dry all panels in a horizontal position for 7 days in a room maintained at 23 6 2°C (73 6 3.5°F)
and 50 6 5 % relative humidity as described in Specification D3924, or under conditions specifically applicable to the material
under test.
NOTE 2—If desired, an extra panel of each paint may be prepared to serve as its unwashed control.
8.3 Application of Soilants and Stains:
8.3.1 At the completion of the drying period, tape the coated panel to the glass plate, as directed in 8.1, to ensure uniform
application of the soilants and stains. Apply the selected soilants or stains, or both, to the coating film in straight pairs of lines
parallel to the length of the panel for the manual method of cleaning, or perpendicular to the length of the panel for the mechanical
method of cleaning.
8.3.2 Apply solid soilants or stains using the apparatus shown in Fig. 1. Insert pencil, crayon, pen, or similar items into the
appropriately sized hole and secure its position so it extends 40 mm (1 ⁄2 in.) beyond the panel (see Fig. 1(a)). Secure the medium
in position with a piece of masking tape (see Fig. 1(b)). Put the applicator at one end of the coated plastic panel and place the 100-g
weight on the top face of the wooden panel at the end nearest to the marking device, as shown in Fig. 1(b), se
...
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