ASTM D5092-04(2010)e1
(Practice)Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater Monitoring Wells
Standard Practice for Design and Installation of Groundwater Monitoring Wells
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This practice for the design and installation of groundwater monitoring wells will promote (1) efficient and effective site hydrogeological characterization; (2) durable and reliable well construction; and (3) acquisition of representative groundwater quality samples, groundwater levels, and hydraulic conductivity testing data from monitoring wells. The practices established herein are affected by governmental regulations and by site-specific geological, hydrogeological, climatological, topographical, and subsurface geochemical conditions. To meet these geoenvironmental challenges, this practice promotes the development of a conceptual hydrogeologic model prior to monitoring well design and installation.
A properly designed and installed groundwater monitoring well provides essential information on one or more of the following subjects:
Formation geologic and hydraulic properties;
Potentiometric surface of a particular hydrologic unit(s);
Water quality with respect to various indicator parameters; and
Water chemistry with respect to a contaminant release.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes a methodology for designing and installing conventional (screened and filter-packed) groundwater monitoring wells suitable for formations ranging from unconsolidated aquifers (i.e., sands and gravels) to granular materials having grain-size distributions with up to 50 % passing a #200 sieve and as much as 20 % clay-sized material (i.e., silty fine sands with some clay). Formations finer than this (i.e., silts, clays, silty clays, clayey silts) should not be monitored using conventional monitoring wells, as representative groundwater samples, free of artifactual turbidity, cannot be assured using currently available technology. Alternative monitoring technologies (not described in this practice) should be used in these formations
1.2 The recommended monitoring well design and installation procedures presented in this practice are based on the assumption that the objectives of the program are to obtain representative groundwater samples and other representative groundwater data from a targeted zone of interest in the subsurface defined by site characterization.
1.3 This practice, in combination with proper well development (D5521), proper groundwater sampling procedures (D4448), and proper well maintenance and rehabilitation (D5978), will permit acquisition of groundwater samples free of artifactual turbidity, eliminate siltation of wells between sampling events, and permit acquisition of accurate groundwater levels and hydraulic conductivity test data from the zone screened by the well. For wells installed in fine-grained formation materials (up to 50 % passing a #200 sieve), it is generally necessary to use low-flow purging and sampling techniques (D6771) in combination with proper well design to collect turbidity-free samples.
1.4 This practice applies primarily to well design and installation methods used in drilled boreholes. Other Standards, including Guide D6724 and Practice D6725, cover installation of monitoring wells using direct-push methods.
1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard, except as noted below. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, which are provided for information only and are not considered standard.
1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass is slugs.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.7 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot rep...
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
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Designation: D5092 − 04 (Reapproved 2010)
Standard Practice for
Design and Installation of Groundwater Monitoring Wells
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5092; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
ε NOTE—The units statement in 1.5 was revised editorially in August 2010.
1. Scope including Guide D6724 and Practice D6725, cover installation
of monitoring wells using direct-push methods.
1.1 Thispracticedescribesamethodologyfordesigningand
installing conventional (screened and filter-packed) groundwa- 1.5 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
ter monitoring wells suitable for formations ranging from as standard, except as noted below. The values given in
unconsolidated aquifers (i.e., sands and gravels) to granular parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI units, which
materials having grain-size distributions with up to 50 % are provided for information only and are not considered
passing a #200 sieve and as much as 20 % clay-sized material standard.
(i.e.,siltyfinesandswithsomeclay).Formationsfinerthanthis 1.5.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used
(i.e., silts, clays, silty clays, clayey silts) should not be when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound
monitored using conventional monitoring wells, as representa- (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight), while the unit for mass
tive groundwater samples, free of artifactual turbidity, cannot is slugs.
be assured using currently available technology. Alternative
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
monitoring technologies (not described in this practice) should
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
be used in these formations
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.2 The recommended monitoring well design and installa-
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
tion procedures presented in this practice are based on the
1.7 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing
assumption that the objectives of the program are to obtain
one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace
representative groundwater samples and other representative
education or experience and should be used in conjunction
groundwater data from a targeted zone of interest in the
withprofessionaljudgment.Natallaspectsofthispracticemay
subsurface defined by site characterization.
be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not
1.3 This practice, in combination with proper well develop-
intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which
ment (D5521), proper groundwater sampling procedures
the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged,
(D4448), and proper well maintenance and rehabilitation
nor should this document be applied without consideration of
(D5978), will permit acquisition of groundwater samples free
a project’s many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the
of artifactual turbidity, eliminate siltation of wells between
title of this document means only that the document has been
sampling events, and permit acquisition of accurate groundwa-
approved through the ASTM consensus process.
ter levels and hydraulic conductivity test data from the zone
screened by the well. For wells installed in fine-grained
2. Referenced Documents
formation materials (up to 50 % passing a #200 sieve), it is
2.1 ASTM Standards:
generally necessary to use low-flow purging and sampling
C150 Specification for Portland Cement
techniques (D6771) in combination with proper well design to
C294 Descriptive Nomenclature for Constituents of Con-
collect turbidity-free samples.
crete Aggregates
1.4 This practice applies primarily to well design and
D421 Practice for Dry Preparation of Soil Samples for
installationmethodsusedindrilledboreholes.OtherStandards,
Particle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Con-
stants
D422 Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils
This practice is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
Vadose Zone Investigations. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2010. Published September 2010. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
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approved in 1990. Last previous edition approved in 2004 as D5092–04 . DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/D5092-04R10E01. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D5092 − 04 (2010)
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Drilling for Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Instal-
Fluids lation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
D1452 Practice for Soil Exploration and Sampling byAuger
D5782 Guide for Use of Direct Air-Rotary Drilling for
Borings
Geoenvironmental Exploration and the Installation of
D1586 Test Method for Penetration Test (SPT) and Split-
Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
Barrel Sampling of Soils
D5783 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Drilling with Water-
D1587 Practice for Thin-Walled Tube Sampling of Soils for
Based Drilling Fluid for Geoenvironmental Exploration
Geotechnical Purposes
and the Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitor-
D2113 Practice for Rock Core Drilling and Sampling of
ing Devices
Rock for Site Exploration
D5784 Guide for Use of Hollow-Stem Augers for Geoenvi-
D2217 Practice for Wet Preparation of Soil Samples for
ronmental Exploration and the Installation of Subsurface
Particle-Size Analysis and Determination of Soil Con-
Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
stants
D5787 Practice for Monitoring Well Protection
D2487 Practice for Classification of Soils for Engineering
D5872 Guide for Use of Casing Advancement Drilling
Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System)
Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installa-
D2488 Practice for Description and Identification of Soils
tion of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
(Visual-Manual Procedure)
D5875 Guide for Use of Cable-Tool Drilling and Sampling
D3282 Practice for Classification of Soils and Soil-
Methods for Geoenvironmental Exploration and Installa-
Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction Purposes
D3441 Test Method for Mechanical Cone Penetration Tests tion of Subsurface Water-Quality Monitoring Devices
of Soil (Withdrawn 2014) D5876 Guide for Use of Direct Rotary Wireline Casing
D3550 Practice for Thick Wall, Ring-Lined, Split Barrel,
Advancement Drilling Methods for Geoenvironmental
Drive Sampling of Soils
Exploration and Installation of Subsurface Water-Quality
D4220 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Soil
Monitoring Devices
Samples
D5978 Guide for Maintenance and Rehabilitation of
D4700 Guide for Soil Sampling from the Vadose Zone
Groundwater Monitoring Wells
D4750 Test Method for Determining Subsurface Liquid
D5979 Guide for Conceptualization and Characterization of
Levels in a Borehole or Monitoring Well (Observation
Groundwater Systems
Well) (Withdrawn 2010)
D6001 Guide for Direct-Push Groundwater Sampling for
D5079 Practices for Preserving and Transporting Rock Core
Environmental Site Characterization
Samples
D6067 Practice for Using the Electronic Piezocone Pen-
D5088 Practice for Decontamination of Field Equipment
etrometer Tests for Environmental Site Characterization
Used at Waste Sites
D6167 Guide for Conducting Borehole Geophysical Log-
D5254 Practice for Minimum Set of Data Elements to
ging: Mechanical Caliper
Identify a Ground-Water Site
D6169 Guide for Selection of Soil and Rock Sampling
D5299 Guide for Decommissioning of Groundwater Wells,
Devices Used With Drill Rigs for Environmental Investi-
Vadose Zone Monitoring Devices, Boreholes, and Other
gations
Devices for Environmental Activities
D6235 Practice for Expedited Site Characterization of Va-
D5434 Guide for Field Logging of Subsurface Explorations
dose Zone and Groundwater Contamination at Hazardous
of Soil and Rock
D5518 Guide forAcquisition of FileAerial Photography and Waste Contaminated Sites
Imagery for Establishing Historic Site-Use and Surficial D6274 Guide for Conducting Borehole Geophysical Log-
Conditions
ging - Gamma
D5521 Guide for Development of Groundwater Monitoring
D6282 Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environ-
Wells in Granular Aquifers
mental Site Characterizations
D5608 Practices for Decontamination of Field Equipment
D6286 Guide for Selection of Drilling Methods for Environ-
Used at Low Level Radioactive Waste Sites
mental Site Characterization
D5730 Guide for Site Characterization for Environmental
D6429 Guide for Selecting Surface Geophysical Methods
Purposes With Emphasis on Soil, Rock, the Vadose Zone
D6430 Guide for Using the Gravity Method for Subsurface
and Groundwater (Withdrawn 2013)
Investigation
D5753 Guide for Planning and Conducting Borehole Geo-
D6431 Guide for Using the Direct Current Resistivity
physical Logging
Method for Subsurface Investigation
D5777 Guide for Using the Seismic Refraction Method for
D6432 Guide for Using the Surface Ground Penetrating
Subsurface Investigation
Radar Method for Subsurface Investigation
D5781 Guide for Use of Dual-Wall Reverse-Circulation
D6519 Practice for Sampling of Soil Using the Hydrauli-
cally Operated Stationary Piston Sampler
3 D6639 Guide for Using the Frequency Domain Electromag-
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. netic Method for Subsurface Investigations
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D5092 − 04 (2010)
D6640 Practice for Collection and Handling of Soils Ob- 3.1.10 casing, surface—pipe used to stabilize a borehole
tained in Core Barrel Samplers for Environmental Inves- near the surface during the drilling of a borehole that may be
tigations left in place or removed once drilling is completed.
D6724 Guide for Installation of Direct Push Groundwater
3.1.11 caving; sloughing—the inflow of unconsolidated ma-
Monitoring Wells
terial into a borehole that occurs when the borehole walls lose
D6725 Practice for Direct Push Installation of Prepacked
their cohesiveness.
Screen Monitoring Wells in Unconsolidated Aquifers
3.1.12 cement—commonly known as Portland cement. A
D6771 Practice for Low-Flow Purging and Sampling for
mixture that consists of calcareous, argillaceous, or other
Wells and Devices Used for Ground-Water Quality Inves-
silica-, alumina-, and iron-oxide-bearing materials that is
tigations (Withdrawn 2011)
manufactured and formulated to produce various types which
F480 Specification for Thermoplastic Well Casing Pipe and
are defined in Specification C150. Portland cement is consid-
Couplings Made in Standard Dimension Ratios (SDR),
ered a hydraulic cement because it must be mixed with water
SCH 40 and SCH 80
to form a cement-water paste that has the ability to harden and
develop strength even if cured under water.
3. Terminology
3.1.13 centralizer—a device that assists in the centering of a
3.1 Definitions:
casing or riser within a borehole or another casing.
3.1.1 annular space; annulus—the space between two con-
centric strings of casing, or between the casing and the 3.1.14 confining unit—a body of relatively low hydraulic
conductivity formation material stratigraphically adjacent to
borehole wall. This includes the space(s) between multiple
strings of casing in a borehole installed either concentrically or one or more aquifers. Synonymous with “aquiclude,”“
aquitard,” and “aquifuge.”
adjacent to one another.
3.1.2 artifactual turbidity—particulate matter that is not 3.1.15 detection monitoring—a program of monitoring for
naturally mobile in the groundwater system and that is pro- the express purpose of determining whether or not there has
duced in some way by the groundwater sampling process. May been a contaminant release to groundwater.
consist of particles introduced to the subsurface during drilling
3.1.16 d-10—the diameter of a soil particle (preferably in
or well construction, sheared from the target monitoring zone
mm) at which 10 % by weight (dry) of the particles of a
duringpumpingorbailingthewell,orproducedbyexposureof
particular sample are finer. Synonymous with the effective size
groundwater to atmospheric conditions.
or effective grain size.
3.1.3 assessment monitoring—an investigative monitoring
3.1.17 d-60—the diameter of a soil particle (preferably in
program that is initiated after the presence of a contaminant in
mm) at which 60 % by weight (dry) of the particles of a
groundwater has been detected. The objective of this program
particular sample are finer.
is to determine the concentration of constituents that have
3.1.18 flush joint or flush coupled—casing or riser with ends
contaminated the groundwater and to quantify the rate and
threaded such that a consistent inside and outside diameter is
extent of migration of these constituents.
maintained across the threaded joints or couplings.
3.1.4 ballast—materials used to provide stability to a buoy-
3.1.19 gravel pack—common term used to refer to the
ant object (such as casing within a water-filled borehole).
primary filter pack of a well (see primary filter pack).
3.1.5 borehole—an open or uncased subsurface hole, gen-
3.1.20 grout (monitoring wells)—a low-permeability mate-
erally circular in plan view, created by drilling.
rial placed in the annulus between the well casing or riser and
3.1.6 borehole log—the record of geologic units penetrated,
the borehole wall (in a single-cased monitoring well), or
drillingprogress,depth,waterlevel,samplerecovery,volumes,
between the riser and casing (in a multi-cased monitoring
and types of materials used, and other significant facts regard-
well), to prevent movement of groundwater or surface water
ingthedrillingand/orinstallationofanexploratoryboreholeor
within the annular space.
well.
3.1.21 hydrologic unit—geologic strata that can be distin-
3.1.7 bridge—an obstruction within the annulus that may
guished on the basis of capacity to yield and transmit fluids.
prevent circulation or proper placement of annular fill materi-
Aquifers and confining units are types of hydrologic units.
als.
Boundaries of a hydrologic unit may not necessarily corre-
3.1.8 casing—pipe, finished in sections with either threaded
spond either laterally or vertically to lithostratigraphic forma
...
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