ASTM D4728-06
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers
Standard Test Method for Random Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Shipping containers are exposed to complex dynamic stresses in the distribution environment. Approximating the actual damage, or lack of damage, experienced in real life may require subjecting the container and its contents to random vibration tests. In this way, many product and container resonances are simultaneously excited.
Resonance buildups during random vibration tests are less intense than during sinusoidal resonance dwell or sweep tests. Therefore, unrealistic fatigue damage due to resonance buildup is minimized.
Random vibration tests should be based on representative field data. When possible, confidence levels may be improved by comparing laboratory test results with actual field shipment effects. Refer to Practice D 4169 for recommended random vibration tests. (See Appendix X1 and Appendix X2 for related information.)
There is no direct equivalence between random vibration tests and sinusoidal vibration tests. Equivalent tests between sine and random, in a general sense, are difficult to establish due to nonlinearities, damping and product response characteristics.
Vibration exposure affects the shipping container, its interior packing, means of closure, and contents. This test allows analysis of the interaction between these components. Design modification to one or all of these components may be used to achieve optimum performance in the shipping environment.
Random vibration tests may be simultaneously performed with transient or periodic data to simulate known stresses of this type, that is, rail joints, pot holes, etc.
Random vibration may be conducted in any axis (vertical or horizontal) or in any package orientation. However, different test levels may be utilized for each axis depending on the field environment that is to be simulated.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the random vibration testing of filled shipping units. Such tests may be used to assess the performance of a container with its interior packing and means of closure in terms of its ruggedness and the protection that it provides the contents when subjected to random vibration inputs.
1.2 This test method provides guidance in the development and use of vibration data in the testing of shipping containers.Note 1
Sources of supplementary information are listed in the Reference section (1-10).
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety hazard statements are given in Section .
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Designation: D4728 – 06
Standard Test Method for
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Random Vibration Testing of Shipping Containers
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4728; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers the random vibration testing of 3.1 Definitions:
filled shipping units. Such tests may be used to assess the 3.1.1 General—Definitions for the packaging and distribu-
performanceofacontainerwithitsinteriorpackingandmeans tion environments are found in Terminology D996.
of closure in terms of its ruggedness and the protection that it 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
provides the contents when subjected to random vibration 3.2.1 bandwidth—the difference, in Hz, between the upper
inputs. and lower limits of a frequency band. For the purposes of this
1.2 This test method provides guidance in the development test method, the bandwidth may be considered equivalent to
and use of vibration data in the testing of shipping containers. the frequency resolution of a spectrum analysis.
3.2.2 closed-loop—a condition of control where the input
NOTE 1—Sources of supplementary information are listed in the Ref-
2 may be modified over time by the effect of the output or
erence section (1–10).
response of the system.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.3 decibel (dB)—ten times the base 10 logarithm of a
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
ratio of two power like quantities that is, a PSD. Two PSD
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
levels that have a ratio of 2.0 differ by 3 dB. Two PSD levels
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
that have a ratio of 0.5 differ by −3 dB.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety
3.2.4 equalization—adjustment or correction of the ampli-
hazard statements are given in Section 6.
tudecharacteristicsofanelectroniccontrolsignalthroughouta
desired frequency range to maintain a desired vibration output
2. Referenced Documents
spectrum and level.
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2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.5 equalizer—instrumentation used to conduct equaliza-
D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
tion.
ments
3.2.6 mean-square—the time average of the square of a
D4169 Practice for Performance Testing of Shipping Con-
function.
tainers and Systems
3.2.7 open loop—a condition of control where the input of
D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
a system is preestablished and is not affected by the output or
Packaging Components for Testing
response of the system.
2.2 ISO Standards:
3.2.8 overall g rms—thesquarerootoftheintegralofpower
ISO 13355 Packaging—Complete, filled transport packages
spectral density over the total frequency range.
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and unit loads—Vertical random vibration test
3.2.9 periodic vibration—an oscillation whose waveform
repeats at equal increments of time.
3.2.10 power spectral density (PSD)—an expression of
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This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on
randomvibrationintermsofmean-squareaccelerationperunit
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.21 on Shipping 2 2
of frequency. The units are g /Hz (g /cycles/s). Power spectral
Containers and Systems - Application of Performance Test Methods.
density is the limit of the mean square amplitude in a given
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2006. Published October 2006. Originally
published as D-10 Proposal P186. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as
rectangular band divided by the bandwidth, as the bandwidth
D4728–01. DOI: 10.1520/D4728-06.
approaches zero.
2
Theboldfacenumbersinparenthesesrefertothelistofreferencesattheendof
3.2.11 random vibration—an oscillation whose instanta-
this test method.
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neousamplitudeisnotprescribedforanygiveninstantintime.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
The instantaneous amplitudes of a random vibration are
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
prescribedbyaprobabilitydistributionfunction,theintegralof
the ASTM website.
4 which over a given amplitude range will give the probable
Available from International Organization for Standardization, 1 Rue de
Varembe8, Case Postale 56, CH-1211, Geneva 20, Switzerland. percentage of time that the amplitude will fall within that
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
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