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ASTM E1695-95(2006)e1

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Computed Tomography (CT) System Performance

Standard Test Method for Measurement of Computed Tomography (CT) System Performance

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Two factors affecting the quality of a CT image are geometrical unsharpness and random noise. Geometrical unsharpness limits the spatial resolution of a CT system, that is, its ability to image fine structural detail in an object. Random noise limits the contrast sensitivity of a CT system, that is, its ability to detect the presence or absence of features in an object. Spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity may be measured in various ways. ASTM specifies spatial resolution be quantified in terms of the modulation transfer function (MTF) and contrast sensitivity be quantified in terms of the contrast discrimination function (CDF) (see Guide E 1441 and Practice E 1570). This test method allows the purchaser or the provider of CT systems or services, or both, to measure and specify spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method provides instruction for determining the spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity in X-ray and -ray computed tomography (CT) images. The determination is based on examination of the CT image of a uniform disk of material. The spatial resolution measurement is derived from an image analysis of the sharpness at the edge of the disk. The contrast sensitivity measurement is derived from an image analysis of the statistical noise at the center of the disk.
1.2 This test method is more quantitative and less susceptible to interpretation than alternative approaches because the required disk is easy to fabricate and the analysis is immune to cupping artifacts. This test method may not yield meaningful results if the disk image occupies less than a significant fraction of the field of view.
1.3 This test method may also be used to evaluate other performance parameters. Among those characteristics of a CT system that are detectable with this test method are: the mid-frequency enhancement of the reconstruction kernel, the presence (or absence) of detector crosstalk, the undersampling of views, and the clipping of unphysical (that is, negative) CT numbers (see Air Force Technical Report WL-TR-94-4021). It is highly likely that other characteristics as well can be detected with this test method.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.
This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
30-Nov-2006
ICS
35.240.80 - IT applications in health care technology
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1695-95(2001) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Computed Tomography (CT) System Performance
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Replaced By
ASTM E1695-95(2013) - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Computed Tomography (CT) System Performance
Effective Date
01-Jun-2013
Referred By
ASTM E3166-20e1 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Metal Additively Manufactured Aerospace Parts After Build
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM E1441-19 - Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (CT)
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM E2533-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM E1814-14(2022) - Standard Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination of Castings
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM E1570-19 - Standard Practice for Fan Beam Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM E3375-23 - Standard Practice for Cone Beam Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM E543-21 - Standard Specification for Agencies Performing Nondestructive Testing
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006
Referred By
ASTM E3327/E3327M-21 - Standard Guide for the Qualification and Control of the Assisted Defect Recognition of Digital Radiographic Test Data
Effective Date
01-Dec-2006

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ASTM E1695-95(2006)e1 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Computed Tomography (CT) System PerformanceASTM E1695-95(2006)e1 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Computed Tomography (CT) System Performance
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ASTM E1695-95(2006)e1 - Standard Test Method for Measurement of Computed Tomography (CT) System Performance
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
´1
Designation: E1695 − 95(Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for
Measurement of Computed Tomography (CT) System
Performance
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E1695; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
´ NOTE—Added address for source document in Footnote 2 in December 2006.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This test method provides instruction for determining
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
thespatialresolutionandcontrastsensitivityinX-rayand γ-ray
computed tomography (CT) images. The determination is
2. Referenced Documents
based on examination of the CT image of a uniform disk of
2.1 ASTM Standards:
material. The spatial resolution measurement is derived from
E1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
an image analysis of the sharpness at the edge of the disk. The
E1441 Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging
contrast sensitivity measurement is derived from an image
E1570 Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) Examina-
analysis of the statistical noise at the center of the disk.
tion
1.2 This test method is more quantitative and less suscep-
tible to interpretation than alternative approaches because the
3. Terminology
required disk is easy to fabricate and the analysis is immune to
3.1 Definitions—The definitions of terms relating to
cupping artifacts. This test method may not yield meaningful
Gamma- and X-Radiology, which appear in Terminology
resultsifthediskimageoccupieslessthanasignificantfraction
E1316 and Guide E1441, shall apply to the terms used in this
of the field of view.
test method.
1.3 This test method may also be used to evaluate other
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
performance parameters. Among those characteristics of a CT
3.2.1 phantom—a part or item being used to quantify CT
system that are detectable with this test method are: the
system performance.
mid-frequency enhancement of the reconstruction kernel, the
3.2.2 examination object—a part or specimen being sub-
presence (or absence) of detector crosstalk, the undersampling
jected to CT examination.
of views, and the clipping of unphysical (that is, negative) CT
3.3 Acronyms:
numbers(seeAirForceTechnicalReportWL-TR-94-4021 ).It
3.3.1 ERF—edge response function.
ishighlylikelythatothercharacteristicsaswellcanbedetected
with this test method.
3.3.2 PSF—point spread function.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
3.3.3 MTF—modulation transfer function.
standard. Inch-pound units are provided for information only.
3.3.4 CDF—contrast discrimination function.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4. Significance and Use
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4.1 Two factors affecting the quality of a CT image are
geometrical unsharpness and random noise. Geometrical un-
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on sharpness limits the spatial resolution of a CT system, that is,
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
its ability to image fine structural detail in an object. Random
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method.
noise limits the contrast sensitivity of a CT system, that is, its
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2006. Published January 2007. Originally
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2001 as E1695 - 95(2001).
DOI: 10.1520/E1695-95R06E01.
2 3
X-Ray Computed Tomography Standards (WL-TR-94-4021). Bossi, R. H. and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Nelson, J. M. Air Force Contract No. F33615-88-C-5404. Source document contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
available from Air Force Research Laboratory, AFRL/MLLP Building 655, 2230 Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
Tenth Street, Suite 1, Wright-Patterson AFB, OH 45433–7814. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
´1
E1695 − 95 (2006)
ability to detect the presence or absence of features in an
object. Spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity may be
measured in various ways. ASTM specifies spatial resolution
be quantified in terms of the modulation transfer function
(MTF) and contrast sensitivity be quantified in terms of the
contrast discrimination function (CDF) (see Guide E1441 and
Practice E1570). This test method allows the purchaser or the
provider of CT systems or services, or both, to measure and
specify spatial resolution and contrast sensitivity.
5. Apparatus
5.1 Disk Phantom—The disk phantom shall be a right
cylinder of uniform material conforming to the design and
material requirements in Table 1 and Fig. 1. Since spatial
resolution and contrast sensitivity depend on the examination
task (that is, the examination object and the specified CT
parameters), the application requirements must be fixed before
the phantom can be designed. In general, each examination
task will require a separate phantom. The diameter of the disk
relative to the field of view shall be such that the reconstructed
image of the disk occupies a significant fraction of the image
matrix. Recommended sizes are given in Table 2.The diameter
and opacity of the disk shall be such that the phantom
FIG. 1 Disk Phantom
approximates the attenuation range of the examination object.
If possible, the phantom should be of the same material as the
TABLE 2 Suggested Measurement Parameters
examinationobject,buttheotherrequirementstakeprecedence
andmaydictatetheselectionofanothermaterial.Thedesignof Image Matrix Disk Image Maximum Tile ERF Bin Number
Size Diameter Size Size of Fit
the disk phantom is a matter of agreement between the
(Pixels) (Pixels) (Pixels) (Pixels) Points
purchaser and the supplier.
256 235 12 0.100 11
6. Procedure
512 470 24 0.050 21
1024 940 48 0.025 41
6.1 The phantom shall be mounted on the CT system with
the orientation of the axis of revolution of the disk normal to
the scan plane. The alignment shall not compromise the
measurement of geometrical unsharpness. Unless otherwise those used for examination object scans. The slice plane shall
agreeduponbetweenpurchaserandsupplier,thephantomshall intercept the phantom approximately midway between the flat
be placed at the center of the field of view used for the faces of the disk.
examination object.
6.3 Unless otherwise agreed upon between purchaser and
6.2 Unless otherwise agreed upon between purchaser and supplier, the reconstruction parameters shall be identical to
supplier, the data acquisition parameters shall be identical to those used for examination object reconstructions.
TABLE 1 Disk Phantom Design Requirements
Material The material, in conjunction with the diameter of the disk,
shall be such that the phantom approximates the
attenuation range of the examination object. The material
should preferably be the same as that of the examination
object.
Diameter The diameter shall be such that the reconstruction of the disk
occupies a significant fraction of the resulting image. In
conjunction with the material, the diameter shall be such
that the phantom approximates the attenuation range of the
examination object.
Thickness The thickness of the disk shall be greater than the slice
thickness used to inspect the examination object.
Shape The perpendicularity of the axis of revolution with respect to
the surface used to mount the phantom on the CT system
shall not compromise the measurement of geometrical
unsharpness.
Finish The surface texture roughness of the curved surface shall not
compromise the measurement of geometrical unsharpness.
´1
E1695 − 95 (2006)
6.4 Unless otherwise agreed upon between purchaser and 7.1.3 Unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser
supplier, the display parameters shall be identical to those used and supplier, the MTF shall be generated as follows:
for examination object display. It shall be verified by exami-
7.1.3.1 Calculate the Fourier Transform of the PSF. The
nationthatthediskimageoccupiesanimageatleasttwo-thirds
maximum frequency of the resultant transform should be at
of the image matrix. Recommended guidelines are given in
least four times the cut-off frequency of the matrix, which by
Table 2.
definition is 0.5 line-pairs per pixel.The sampling frequency in
the Fourier domain should be small enough that the transform
7. Interpretation of Results
is smooth within the frequency range of interest. A sampling
7.1 Spatial Resolution—From the CT image data, generate
frequency of 0.01, or smaller, is recommended.
the composite profile of the edge of the disk to obtain the edge
7.1.3.2 Calculate the magnitude of the transform by taking
response function (ERF). Calculate the derivative of the ERF
the square root of the product of the transform and its
to obtain the point spread function (PSF). Calculate the
conjugate.
amplitude of the Fourier Transform of the PSF and normalize
7.1.3.3 Normalize the magnitude at zero frequency to unity
th
...

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FIG. 1 Density Calibration Phantom  
5.3 This (or any) test method for measuring density is valid only to the extent that observed CT-number variations are reflective of true changes in object density rather than image artifacts. Artifacts are always present at some level and can masquerade as density variations. Beam hardening artifacts are particularly detrimental. It is the responsibility of the user to determine or establish, or both, the validity of the density measurements; that is, they are performed in regions of the image which are not overly influenced by artifacts.  
5.4 Linear attenuation and mass attenuation may be measured in various ways. For a discussion of attenuation and attenuation measurement, see Guide E1441 and Practice E1570.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers instruction for determining the density calibration of X- and γ-ray computed tomography (CT) systems and for using this information to measure material densities from CT images. The calibration is based on an examination of the CT image of a disk of material with embedded specimens of known composition and density. The measured mean CT values of the known standards are determined from an analysis of the image, and their linear attenuation coefficients are determined by multiplying their measured physical density by their published mass attenuation coefficient. The density calibration is performed by applying a linear regression to the data. Once calibrated, the linear attenuation coefficient of an unknown feature in an image can be measured from a determination of its mean CT value. Its density can then be extracted from a knowledge of its mass attenuation coefficient, or one representative of the feature.  
1.2 CT provides an excellent method of nondestructively measuring density variations, which would be very difficult to quantify otherwise. Density is inherently a volumetric property of matter. As the measurement volume shrinks, local material inhomogeneities become more important; and measured values will begin to vary about the bulk density value of the material.  
1.3 All values are stated in SI units.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1441-19(Guide)
Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (CT)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Computed tomography (CT) is a radiographic reconstruction method that provides a sensitive technique whenever the primary goal is to locate and size planar and volumetric detail in three dimensions.  
5.2 CT provides quantitative volume images as a function of density and element number (attenuation coefficient) by means of computer-processed combinations of many X-ray measurements taken from different angles to produce cross-sectional images of specific areas of a scanned object, allowing the user to see inside the object without cutting. CT is considered much easier to interpret than conventional radiographic data due to the elimination of overlapping structures. The new user can learn quickly to read CT data because the images correspond more closely to the way the human mind visualizes three-dimensional structures than conventional projection radiography. Further, because CT slices and volumes are digital, they may be enhanced, analyzed, compressed, archived, input as data into performance calculations, compared with digital data from other NDE modalities, or transmitted to other locations for remote viewing.
SCOPE
1.1 CT is a radiographic examination technique that generates digital images in three dimensions of an object, including the interior structure. Because of the relatively good penetrability of X-rays, CT permits the nondestructive physical and, to a limited extent, chemical characterization of the internal structure of materials. Also, since the method is X-ray based, it applies equally well to metallic and non-metallic specimens, solid and fibrous materials, and smooth and irregularly surfaced objects.  
1.2 This guide is intended to satisfy two general needs for users of industrial CT equipment: (1) the need for a tutorial guide addressing the general principles of X-ray CT as they apply to industrial imaging; and (2) the need for a consistent set of CT performance parameter definitions, including how these performance parameters relate to CT system specifications.  
1.3 This guide does not specify CT examination techniques, such as the best selection of scan parameters, the preferred implementation of scan procedures, or the establishment of accept/reject criteria for a new object.  
1.4 Units—No units are mentioned in this document. However, for CT, values are typically stated in SI units and are regarded as standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2767-24(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for X-ray Computed Tomography (CT) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of X-ray tomographic NDE data will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard provide a standard means to organize X-ray tomography test parameters and results. The X-ray CT test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any tomographic inspection data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE-compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice facilitates the interoperability of X-ray computed tomography (CT) imaging equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of the NEMA Standards Publication titled Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE test results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules and a data dictionary that are specific to X-ray CT test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from tomographic test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the X-ray CT technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E3398-23(Guide)
Standard Guide for Digital Neutron Radiography

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Purpose—Practices to be employed for the radiographic examination of materials and components with neutrons using digital neutron detectors are outlined herein. They are intended as a guide for the assessment of a digital neutron radiograph’s characteristics. For information on neutron beam lines for imaging and film neutron radiography, refer to Guide E748.  
4.2 Limitations—Acceptance standards have not been established for any material or production process. Neutron radiography, whether performed by means of a reactor, an accelerator, subcritical assembly, or radioactive source, will be consistent in sensitivity and spatial resolution only if the consistency of all details of the technique, such as neutron source, collimation, geometry, imaging system, etc., are maintained. This guide is limited to the use of digital neutron detectors in combination with neutron conversion materials for image recording. This guide is intended for use with thermal and cold neutron spectrums. The production of thermal neutron radiographs by employing the use of film and appropriate conversion screens is covered in Guide E748.  
4.3 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretat- ion and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide. Designation of accept-reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications.  
4.4 Other Aspects of the Neutron Radiographic Process—For many important aspects of neutron radiography such as technique, files, viewing of radiographs, storage of radiographs, film processing, and record keeping, refer to Guide E94, which covers these aspects for X-ray radiography. (See Section 2.)
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation, qualification, and quantification of digital neutron images. These images can be acquired by many methods, including: neutron sensitive imaging plates (Computed Radiography – CR), Digital Detector Arrays – DDA’s (amorphous silicon, CMOS, CCD, etc.), micro-channel plates, neutron sensitive fluoroscopes, neutron sensitive scintillators coupled to optical cameras, digitized radiographic films, and linear diode arrays.  
1.2 This guide does not purport to establish what is considered an acceptable image but is intended to only give guidance on digital neutron imaging, as well as image quality metrics of importance, and how they can be measured and reported.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2699-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Digital X-ray (DX) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of digital X-ray test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provides a standard means to organize digital X-ray test parameters and results. The digital X-ray test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any digital X-ray inspection data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE-compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of digital X-ray imaging equipment using Digital Detector Arrays (DDA) as described in Practice E2698 by specifying image data transfer and archival methods in commonly accepted terms. A separate practice, Practice E2738, addresses this topic for digital X-ray imaging equipment using Computed Radiography (CR). This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of DICOM NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to digital X-ray test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from digital X-ray test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the digital X-ray technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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