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ASTM D5855-95(2006)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Confined Nonleaky or Leaky Aquifer by Constant Drawdown Method in Flowing Well

Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Confined Nonleaky or Leaky Aquifer by Constant Drawdown Method in Flowing Well

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
AssumptionsLeaky Aquifer:  
Drawdown (sW) in the control well is constant,
Well is infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates aquifer,
The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive, and
The control well is 100 % efficient.
AssumptionsNonleaky Aquifer:  
Drawdown (sW) in the control well is constant,
Well is infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates aquifer,
The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally extensive,
Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from storage in the nonleaky aquifer, and
The control well is 100 % efficient.
Implications of Assumptions:  
The assumptions are applicable to confined aquifers and fully penetrating control wells. However, this test method may be applied to partially penetrating wells where the method may provide an estimate of hydraulic conductivity for the aquifer adjacent to the open interval of the well if the horizontal hydraulic conductivity is significantly greater than the vertical hydraulic conductivity.
Values obtained for storage coefficient are less reliable than the values calculated for transmissivity. Storage coefficient values calculated from control well data are not reliable.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an analytical solution for determining transmissivity and storage coefficient of a leaky or nonleaky confined aquifer. It is used to analyze data on the flow rate from a control well while a constant head is maintained in the well.
1.2 This analytical procedure is used in conjunction with the field procedure in Practice D5786.  
1.3 Limitations—The limitations of this technique for the determination of hydraulic properties of aquifers are primarily related to the correspondence between field situation and the simplifying assumption of the solution.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Sep-2006
ICS
13.060.10 - Water of natural resources
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.21 - Groundwater and Vadose Zone Investigations
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D5855-95(2000) - Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of a Confined Nonleaky or Leaky Aquifer by Constant Drawdown Method in a Flowing Well
Effective Date
15-Sep-2006
Replaced By
ASTM D5855-95(2013) - Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Confined Nonleaky or Leaky Aquifer by Constant Drawdown Method in Flowing Well
Effective Date
15-Mar-2013

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ASTM D5855-95(2006) - Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Confined Nonleaky or Leaky Aquifer by Constant Drawdown Method in Flowing WellASTM D5855-95(2006) - Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Confined Nonleaky or Leaky Aquifer by Constant Drawdown Method in Flowing Well
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ASTM D5855-95(2006) - Standard Test Method for (Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and Storage Coefficient of Confined Nonleaky or Leaky Aquifer by Constant Drawdown Method in Flowing Well
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D5855 −95(Reapproved 2006)
Standard Test Method for
(Analytical Procedure) for Determining Transmissivity and
Storage Coefficient of Confined Nonleaky or Leaky Aquifer
by Constant Drawdown Method in Flowing Well
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5855; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3.1.1 For definitions of terms used in this test method see
Terminology D653.
1.1 This test method covers an analytical solution for
3.2 Symbols and Dimensions:
determiningtransmissivityandstoragecoefficientofaleakyor
2 −1
3.2.1 T—transmissivity [L T ].
nonleakyconfinedaquifer.Itisusedtoanalyzedataontheflow
rate from a control well while a constant head is maintained in
3.2.2 K —modifiedBesselfunctionofthesecondkind,first
the well.
order [nd].
1.2 Thisanalyticalprocedureisusedinconjunctionwiththe
3.2.3 K — modified Bessel function of the second kind,
field procedure in Practice D5786.
zero order [nd].
1.3 Limitations—The limitations of this technique for the
3.2.4 J — Bessel function of the first kind, zero order [nd].
determination of hydraulic properties of aquifers are primarily
related to the correspondence between field situation and the 3.2.5 Y — Bessel function of the second kind, zero order
simplifying assumption of the solution.
[nd].
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.2.6 W(u)—w (well) function of u [nd].
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.7 u—variable of integration [nd].
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
3.2.8 t—elapsed time test [ T].
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
3 −1
3.2.9 Q—discharge rate [L T ].
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.10 s —constant drawdown in control well [L].
W
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.2.11 S—storage coefficient [nd].
D653Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
3.2.12 r —radius of control well.
W
Fluids
D4043Guide for Selection of Aquifer Test Method in
4. Summary of Test Method
Determining Hydraulic Properties by Well Techniques
D5786Practice for (Field Procedure) for Constant Draw-
4.1 This test method describes the analytical procedure for
down Tests in Flowing Wells for Determining Hydraulic
analyzing data collected during a constant drawdown aquifer
Properties of Aquifer Systems
test. This test method is usually performed on a flowing well.
After the well has been shut-in for a period of time, the well is
3. Terminology
openedandthedischargerateismeasuredoveraperiodoftime
3.1 Definitions:
after allowing the well to flow. The water level in the control
wellwhilethewellisflowingistheelevationoftheopeningof
the control well through which the water is allowed to flow.
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
Data are analyzed by plotting the discharge rate versus time.
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
Vadose Zone Investigations.
NOTE 1—This test method involves the withdrawal of water from a
Current edition approved Sept. 15, 2006. Published January 2007. Originally
control well that is fully screened through the confined aquifer. The
approved in 1995. Last previous edition approved in 2000 as D5855–95 (2000).
withdrawalrateisvariedtocausethewaterlevelwithinthewelltoremain
DOI: 10.1520/D5855-95R06.
2 constant.Thefieldprocedureinvolvedinconductingaconstantdrawdown
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
test is given in Practice D5786. Methods used to develop a conceptual
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on model of the site and for initially selecting an analytical procedure are
the ASTM website. described in Guide D4043.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5855−95 (2006)
4.2 Leaky Aquifer Solution—The solution is given by Han-
Estimated
u W(u) Error, %
tush. Transmissivity is calculated as follows:
0.25000 1.044283 25
NOTE 2—These are Eq (93) through (97) of Lohman.
0.00625 4.504198 10
Q
0.000833 6.513694 5
2 21
T 5 @L T # (1)
1.25E-05 10.71258 2
2πs G~α,r /B!
W W
4.3.2.1 Transmissivity is calculated as follows:
where:
NOTE 5—These equations are Eqs (71) and (73) of Lohman.
Tt
α 5 nd (2)
@ #
2.30
Sr
W
2 21
T 5 @L T # (10)
4π∆~s /Q!/∆log ~t/r !
W 10 W
20.5 2
r /B 5 r @T/ K`/b` # @L # (3)
~ !
W W
by extrapolating the straight line to s /Q =0 (the point of
W
zero drawdown), storage coefficient is given by:
and:
2 t
r r K ~r /b! r r
W W 1 w W
S 5 2.25 T nd (11)
@ #
G 5 1 exp 2α . (4)
F G F GF G 2 F S D G r
W
B B K r /b π B
~ !
0 W
NOTE 6—In (Eq 10) and (Eq 11), Q is in cubic feet per day, t is in days.
` uexp 2αu du
~ !
· @nd#
*
2 2 2 2
5. Significance and Use
ο
J ~u!1Y ~u! u 1 ~r /B!
0 0 W
5.1 Assumptions—Leaky Aquifer:
4.2.1 Storage coefficient is given by:
5.1.1 Drawdown (s ) in the control well is constant,
W
Tt
5.1.2 Well is infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates
S 5 nd (5)
@ #
r α
W
aquifer,
4.3 Non-Leaky Aquifer:
5.1.3 The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally
4.3.1 Log-Log—The solution is given by Lohman. extensive, and
5.1.4 The control well is 100% efficient.
NOTE 3—These equations are Eq (66) through (69) of Lohman.
5.2 Assumptions—Nonleaky Aquifer:
4.3.1.1 Transmissivity is calculated as follows:
5.2.1 Drawdown (s ) in the control well is constant,
W
Q
2 21 5.2.2 Well is infinitesimal diameter and fully penetrates
T 5 @L T # (6)
2πG~α!s
W
aquifer,
5.2.3 The aquifer is homogeneous, isotropic, and areally
where:
extensive,
Tt
5.2.4 Discharge from the well is derived exclusively from
α 5 nd (7)
@ #
Sr
W
storage in the nonleaky aquifer, and
5.2.5 The control well is 100% efficient.
and:
5.3 Implications of Assumptions:
4α ` π Y x
2 ~ !
o
5.3.1 The assumptions are applicable to confined aquifers
2αx 21
G ~a! 5 xe 1 tan dx @nd# (8)
* F S DG
ο
π 2 J ~x!
o and fully penetrating control wells. However, this test method
maybeappliedtopartiallypenetratingwellswherethemethod
4.3.1.2 Storage coefficient is given by:
may provide an estimate of hydraulic conductivity for the
Tt
aquifer adjacent to the open interval of the well if the
S 5 nd (9)
@ #
αr
W
horizontal hydraulic conductivity is significantly greater than
the vertical hydraulic conductivity.
4.3.2 Semi-Log—The solution is given by Jacob and
5.3.2 Valuesobtainedforstoragecoefficientarelessreliable
Lohman.
than the values calculated for transmissivity. Storage coeffi-
NOTE 4—Jacob and Lohman showed that for all but extremely small
cient values calculated from control well data are not reliable.
values of t, the function of G(a) shown above can be approximated very
closely by 2/ W(u). For sufficiently small values of u, W(u) are further
6. Apparatus
approximated by 2.30 log 2.25Tt/r S.The use of this semi-logarithmic
10 W
method will produce values of transmissivity that are slightly elevated.
6.1 Analysis of data from the field procedure (see Practice
Examples of this error are shown below:
D5786)bythemethodsspecifiedinthisprocedurerequiresthat
the control well and observation wells meet the specifications
given in the apparatus section of Practice D5786.
Hantush,M.S.,“NonsteadyFlowtoFlowingWellsinLeakyAquifer,” Journal
of Geophysical Research, Vol 64, No. 8, 1959, pp. 1043–1052.
4 7. Procedure
Lohman, S. W., “Ground-Water Hydraulics,” Professional Paper 708, U.S.
Geological Survey, 1972.
7.1 Data Collection—Procedures to collect the field data
Jacob, C. E. and Lohman, S. W., “Nonsteady Flow to a Well of Constant
used by the analytical procedures described in this test method
Drawdown in an Extensive Aquifer,” American Geophysical Union Transactions,
Vol 33, No. 4, 1952, pp. 552–569. are given in Practice D5786.
D5855−95 (2006)
7.2 Data Calculation and Interpretation—Perform the pro-
cedures for calculation and interpretation of test data as given
in Section 8.
7.3 Rep
...

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Note 1: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods for field preservation of ground water samples from the point of sampling through receipt at the laboratory. Laboratory preservation methods are not described in this guide. Purging and sampling techniques are not addressed in this standard but are addressed in Guides D6564/D6564M, D6634/D6634M, D7929, and Practice D6771.  
1.2 Ground water samples are subject to chemical, physical, and biological change relative to in situ conditions at the ground surfaces due to exposure to ambient conditions during sample collection. Physical and chemical preservation of samples minimize further changes in sample chemistry that can occur from the moment the ground water sample is retrieved, to the time it is removed from the sample container for extraction or analysis.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word“ Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical ...

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ASTM D6089-19(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Documenting a Groundwater Sampling Event

ABSTRACT
This guide covers what and how information should be recorded in the field when sampling a ground-water monitoring well. This guide is limited to written documentation of a ground-water sampling event. When sampling ground-water monitoring wells, it is very important to thoroughly document all field activities. It is important to record procedures used and measurements immediately after they have been accomplished and are fresh in the memory. The format of the documentation is discretionary, but should be consistent from well to well and in accordance with regulatory requirements.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 When sampling groundwater monitoring wells, it is very important to thoroughly document all field activities. Sufficient field data should be retained to allow one to reconstruct the procedures and conditions that may have affected the integrity of a sample. The field data generated are vital to the interpretation of the chemical data obtained from laboratory analyses of samples. Field data and observations may also be useful to analytical laboratory personnel.  
4.2 Due to the changing nature of regulations and other information, users are advised to thoroughly research requirements related to packaging and shipping prior to initiating a sampling event.
Note 1: The sampling of an individual groundwater monitoring well should be repeated as closely as possible each time the monitoring well is sampled. This reduces the variability of the chemical parameters due to sampling variability which is the desired result. The intent is to detect the change in chemistry by repeating the sampling protocol at each individual well. This does not mean that all the wells are sampled the same way, nor does it prohibit changes in the sampling protocol, provided they are planned and documented.
Note 2: The quality of the results produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers what and how information should be recorded in the field when sampling a groundwater monitoring well. Following these recommendations will provide adequate documentation in most monitoring programs. In some situations, it may be necessary to record additional or different information, or both, to thoroughly document the sampling event. In other cases, it may not be necessary to record all of the information recommended in this guide. The level of documentation will be based on site-specific conditions and regulatory requirements.  
1.2 This guide is limited to written documentation of a groundwater sampling event. Other methods of documentation (that is, electronic and audiovisual) can be used but are not addressed in this guide. The specific activities addressed in this guide include documentation of static water level measurement, monitoring well purging, monitoring well sampling, field measurements, groundwater sample preparation, and groundwater sample shipment.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be appli...

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ASTM D5903-96(2023)(Guide)
Standard Guide for Planning and Preparing for a Groundwater Sampling Event

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
3.1 The success of a sampling event is influenced by adequate planning and preparation. Use of this guide will help the groundwater sampler to methodically execute the planning and preparation.  
3.2 This guide should be used by a professional or technician that has training or experience in groundwater sampling.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers planning and preparing for a groundwater sampling event. It includes technical and administrative considerations and procedures. Example checklists are also provided as Appendices.  
1.2 This guide may not cover every consideration procedure, or both, that is necessary before all groundwater sampling projects. In karst or fractured rock terranes, it may be appropriate to collect groundwater samples from springs (see Guide D5717). This guide focuses on sampling of groundwater from monitoring wells; however, most of the guidance herein can apply to the sampling of springs as well.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This guide offers an organized collection of information or a series of options and does not recommend a specific course of action. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this guide may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “Standard” in the title of this document means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D6771-21(Practice)
Standard Practice for Low-Flow Purging and Sampling Used for Groundwater Monitoring

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Method Considerations—The objective of most groundwater sampling programs is to obtain samples that are similar in composition to that of the formation water near the well screen. The low-flow purging and sampling method uses the stabilization of indicator parameters to determine when the pump discharge is considered to represent a flow-weighted average of the formation water. Measurements of operational parameters are used to determine potential sampling bias (for example, artifactual turbidity and increased temperature) that may have been introduced by pumping operations and to ensure that the sample is representative of formation water. The low-flow purge rate minimizes lowering of the ambient groundwater level and thereby minimizes potential entrainment of blank-riser pipe (and potentially stagnant) water above or below the screen into the screened-zone of the well. This sampling method assumes that the well has been properly designed and constructed as described in Practices D5092/D5092M and D6725/D6725M, adequately developed as described in Guide D5521/D5521M, and has received proper well maintenance and rehabilitation as described in Guide D5978/D5978M (see Note 1).
Note 1: This Standard is not intended to replace or supersede any regulatory requirements, standard operating procedure (SOP), quality assurance project plan (QAPP), ground water sampling and analysis plan (GWSAP) or site-specific regulatory permit requirements. The procedures described in this Standard may be used in conjunction with regulatory requirements, SOPs, QAPPs, GWSAPs or permits where allowed by the authority with jurisdiction.  
5.2 Applicability—Low-flow purging and sampling may be used in a monitoring well that can be pumped at a constant low-flow rate without continuously increasing drawdown in the well (2). If a well cannot be purged without continuously increasing drawdown even at very low pumping rates (for example, 50 – 100 mL/min), the well should not be sampled using th...
SCOPE
1.1 This practice describes the method of low-flow purging and sampling used to collect groundwater samples from wells to assess groundwater quality.  
1.2 The purpose of this procedure is to collect groundwater samples that represent a flow-weighted average of solute and colloid concentrations transported through the formation near the well screen under ambient conditions. Samples collected using this method can be analyzed for groundwater contaminants and/or naturally occurring analytes.  
1.3 This practice is generally not suitable for use in wells with very low-yields and cannot be conducted using grab sampling or inertial lift devices. This practice is not suitable for use in wells with non-aqueous phase liquids.  
1.4 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are approximate mathematical conversions to inch-pound units that are provided for information only and are not considered standard.  
1.5 This practice offers a set of instructions for performing one or more specific operations. This document cannot replace education or experience and should be used in conjunction with professional judgment. Not all aspects of this practice may be applicable in all circumstances. This ASTM standard is not intended to represent or replace the standard of care by which the adequacy of a given professional service must be judged, nor should this document be applied without consideration of a project's many unique aspects. The word “standard” in the title means only that the document has been approved through the ASTM consensus process.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standar...

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ASTM D6001/D6001M-20(Guide)
Standard Guide for Direct-Push Groundwater Sampling for Environmental Site Characterization

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Direct-push groundwater sampling and profiling are economical methods for obtaining discrete interval groundwater quality samples in many soils and unconsolidated formations without the expense of permanent monitoring well installation (1-10).4 Many of these devices can be used to profile groundwater quality or contamination and/or hydraulic conductivity with depth by performing repetitive sampling and testing events. DP groundwater sampling is often used in expedited site characterization (Practice D6235) and as a means to accomplish high resolution site characterization (HRSC) (11, 12). The formation to be sampled should be sufficiently permeable to allow filling of the sampler in a relatively short time. The zone to be sampled and/or slug tested can be isolated by matching sampler screen length to obtain discrete samples of thin saturated, permeable layers. Use of these sampling and hydraulic testing techniques will result in more detailed characterization of sites containing multiple aquifers. The field conditions, sampler design and data quality objectives should be reviewed to determine if development (Guide D5521/D5521M) of the screened formation is appropriate. The samplers do not have a filter pack designed to retain fines like conventional wells, but only a slotted screen or wire-mesh covered ports. So, obtaining low turbidity samples may be difficult or even impossible in formations with a significant proportion of fine-grained materials. With most systems turbidity will always be high so consult Guide D6564/D6564M if field filtration of samples is required. Discrete water sampling, combined with knowledge of location and thickness of target aquifers, may better define conditions in thin multiple aquifers than monitoring wells with long screened intervals that can intersect and allow for intercommunication of multiple aquifers (4, 6, 11-15). DP sampling performed without knowledge of the location and thickness of target aquifers can result in sampling...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers a review of methods for sampling groundwater at discrete points or in increments by insertion of groundwater sampling devices using Direct Push Methods (D6286/D6286M, see 3.3.2). By directly pushing the sampler, the soil is displaced and helps to form an annular seal above the sampling zone. Direct-push water sampling can be one time, or multiple sampling events. Knowledge of site specific geology and hydrogeologic conditions is necessary to successfully obtain groundwater samples with these devices.  
1.2 Direct-push methods of water sampling are used for groundwater quality and geohydrologic studies. Water quality and permeability may vary at different depths below the surface depending on geohydrologic conditions. Incremental sampling or sampling at discrete depths is used to determine the distribution of contaminants and to more completely characterize geohydrologic environments. These explorations are frequently advised in characterization of hazardous and toxic waste sites and for geohydrologic studies.  
1.3 This guide covers several types of groundwater samplers; sealed screen samplers, profiling samplers, dual tube sampling systems, and simple exposed screen samplers. In general, sealed screen samplers driven to discrete depth provide the highest quality water samples. Profiling samplers using an exposed screen(s) which are purged between sampling events allow for more rapid sample collection at multiple depths. Simple exposed screen samplers driven to a test zone with no purging prior to sampling may result in more questionable water quality if exposed to upper contaminated zones, and in that case, would be considered screening devices.  
1.4 Methods for obtaining groundwater samples for water quality analysis and detection of contaminants are presented. These methods include use of related standards such as; selection of purging and sampling devices (Guide D6452 and D6634/D6634M), samp...

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