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ASTM E398-20

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Sheet Materials Using Dynamic Relative Humidity Measurement

Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Sheet Materials Using Dynamic Relative Humidity Measurement

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 No single set of test conditions can represent all climatic and use conditions, so this WVTR test method serves more to compare different materials at a stated set of conditions than to predict their actual performance in the field under any conditions.  
5.2 The water vapor transmission rate, under known and carefully controlled conditions, may be used to evaluate the vapor barrier qualities of a sheet. Direct correlation of values obtained under different conditions of test temperature and relative humidity will be valid provided the barrier material under test does not undergo changes in solid state (such as a crystalline transition or melting point) at or between the conditions of test.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers dynamic evaluation of the rate of transfer of water vapor through a flexible barrier material and allows conversion to the generally recognized units of water vapor transmission (WVT) as obtained by various other test methods including the gravimetric method described in Test Methods E96/E96M.  
1.2 Limitations—This test method is limited to flexible barrier sheet materials composed of either completely hydrophobic materials, or combinations of hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials having at least one surface that is hydrophobic.  
1.3 The minimum test value obtained by this test method is limited by the leakage of water vapor past the clamping seals of the test instrument. A reasonable value may be approximately 0.01 g/24 h·m2 for any WVTR method including the desiccant procedure of Test Methods E96/E96M at 37.8 °C, and 90 % relative humidity. This limit can be checked for each instrument with an impervious specimen such as aluminum foil. Calibration procedures can compensate for the leakage rate if so stated.  
1.4 This test method is not suitable for referee testing at this time, but is suitable for control testing and material comparison.  
1.5 Several other ASTM test methods are available to test a similar property. This test method is unique in that it closely duplicates typical product storage where a transfer of moisture from a package into the environment is allowed to proceed without constantly sweeping the environmental side with dry gas. Methods with constantly swept dry sides include Test Methods F1249 and F3299.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
31-May-2020
ICS
55.040 - Packaging materials and accessories
Technical Committee
F02 - Primary Barrier Packaging
Drafting Committee
F02.10 - Permeation
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Refers
ASTM F1249-20 - Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Modulated Infrared Sensor
Effective Date
01-Jun-2020
Refers
ASTM F17-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Primary Barrier Packaging
Effective Date
01-May-2020

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ASTM E398-20 - Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Sheet Materials Using Dynamic Relative Humidity MeasurementASTM E398-20 - Standard Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Sheet Materials Using Dynamic Relative Humidity Measurement
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Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: E398 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Sheet Materials Using
1
Dynamic Relative Humidity Measurement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E398; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This test method covers dynamic evaluation of the rate
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
of transfer of water vapor through a flexible barrier material
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
and allows conversion to the generally recognized units of
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
water vapor transmission (WVT) as obtained by various other
1.8 This international standard was developed in accor-
test methods including the gravimetric method described in
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
Test Methods E96/E96M.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
1.2 Limitations—This test method is limited to flexible
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
barrier sheet materials composed of either completely hydro-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
phobic materials, or combinations of hydrophobic and hydro-
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
philic materials having at least one surface that is hydrophobic.
2. Referenced Documents
1.3 The minimum test value obtained by this test method is
2
limited by the leakage of water vapor past the clamping seals 2.1 ASTM Standards:
of the test instrument. A reasonable value may be approxi- C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
2
mately 0.01 g/24 h·m for any WVTR method including the E96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of
desiccant procedure of Test Methods E96/E96M at 37.8 °C, Materials
and 90 % relative humidity. This limit can be checked for each E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
instrument with an impervious specimen such as aluminum ASTM Test Methods
foil. Calibration procedures can compensate for the leakage E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
rate if so stated. Determine the Precision of a Test Method
F17 Terminology Relating to Primary Barrier Packaging
1.4 This test method is not suitable for referee testing at this
F1249 Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate
time, but is suitable for control testing and material compari-
Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Modulated
son.
Infrared Sensor
1.5 Several otherASTM test methods are available to test a
F3299 Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate
similar property. This test method is unique in that it closely
Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using an Electrolytic
duplicates typical product storage where a transfer of moisture
Detection Sensor (Coulometric P O Sensor)
2 5
from a package into the environment is allowed to proceed
without constantly sweeping the environmental side with dry 3. Terminology
gas. Methods with constantly swept dry sides include Test
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms concerning the
Methods F1249 and F3299.
transmission of water vapor, refer to Terminologies C168 and
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
F17.
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
4. Summary of Test Method
standard.
4.1 Thespecimenismountedbetweentwochambers,oneof
relatively high relative humidity and the other of relatively low
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F02 on Primary relative humidity. After conditioning and isolation of
Barrier Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F02.10 on
Permeation. A previous version was under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee
2
C16. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
CurrenteditionapprovedJune1,2020.PublishedJuly2020.Originallyapproved contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as E398 – 13. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
E0398-20. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E398 − 20
FIG. 1 Sectiona
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: E398 − 13 E398 − 20
Standard Test Method for
Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Sheet Materials Using
1
Dynamic Relative Humidity Measurement
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E398; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers dynamic evaluation of the rate of transfer of water vapor through a flexible barrier material and
allows conversion to the generally recognized units of water vapor transmission (WVT) as obtained by various other test methods
including the gravimetric method described in Test Methods E96/E96M.
1.2 Limitations—This test method is limited to flexible barrier sheet materials composed of either completely hydrophobic
materials, or combinations of hydrophobic and hydrophilic materials having at least one surface that is hydrophobic.
1.3 The minimum test value obtained by this test method is limited by the leakage of water vapor past the clamping seals of
2
the test instrument. A reasonable value may be approximately 0.01 g/24 h·m for any WVTR method including the desiccant
procedure of Test Methods E96/E96M at 37.8°C,37.8 °C, and 90 % relative humidity. This limit can be checked for each
instrument with an impervious specimen such as aluminum foil. Calibration procedures can compensate for the leakage rate if so
stated.
1.4 This test method is not suitable for referee testing at this time, but is suitable for control testing and material comparison.
1.5 Several other ASTM test methods are available to test a similar property. This test method is unique in that it closely
duplicates typical product storage where a transfer of moisture from a package into the environment is allowed to proceed without
constantly sweeping the environmental side with dry gas. Methods with constantly swept dry sides include Test Methods F1249,
F372, and F1770F3299.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.8 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C168 Terminology Relating to Thermal Insulation
E96/E96M Test Methods for Water Vapor Transmission of Materials
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
F17 Terminology Relating to Primary Barrier Packaging
F372 Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate of Flexible Barrier Materials Using an Infrared Detection Technique
3
(Withdrawn 2009)
F1249 Test Method for Water Vapor Transmission Rate Through Plastic Film and Sheeting Using a Modulated Infrared Sensor
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F02 on FlexiblePrimary Barrier Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee F02.10 on
Permeation. A previous version was under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C16.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2013June 1, 2020. Published November 2013July 2020. Originally approved in 1970. Last previous edition approved in 20092013 as
ϵ1
E398 – 03E398 – 13.(2009) . DOI: 10.1520/E0398-13.10.1520/E0398-20.
2
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E398 − 20
FIG. 1 Sectional Diagram of a Typical Test Chamber Using Relative Humidity Sensing
F1770F3299 Test Method for Evaluation of Solubil
...

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1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the strength of seals in flexible barrier materials.  
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1.1 This test method provides standard conditions for determining the rate of grease penetration of flexible barrier materials. Pinholes, which can be measured by a separate test, will increase the rate of grease penetration as determined by this test method.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM F2391-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Measuring Package and Seal Integrity Using Helium as the Tracer Gas

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The vacuum, bubble test method, as described in Test Method D3078, and various other leak detection methods described elsewhere (Test Method D4991, Guide E432, Test Method E493, Test Method E498, Test Method E499, and Test Method E1603) have been successfully used widely in various industries and applications to determine that a given package is or is not a “leaker.” The sensitivity of any selected leak test method has to be considered to determine its applicability to a specific situation.  
5.2 The procedures presented in this test method allow the user to carry out package and seal integrity testing with sufficient sensitivity to quantify seals in the previously defined moderate to fine seal ranges.  
5.3 By employing seal-isolating leak testing fixtures, packages constructed of various materials can be tested in the full range of seal performance requirements. Design of these fixtures is beyond the scope of this method.  
5.4 These seal/package integrity test procedures can be utilized as:  
5.4.1 A design tool,  
5.4.2 For tooling qualification,  
5.4.3 Process setup,  
5.4.4 Process validation tool,  
5.4.5 Quality assurance monitoring, or  
5.4.6 Research and development.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method includes several procedures that can be used for the measurement of overall package and seal barrier performance of a variety of package types and package forms, as well as seal/closure types. The basic elements of this method include:  
1.1.1 Helium (employed as tracer gas),  
1.1.2 Helium leak detector (mass spectrometer), and  
1.1.3 Package/product-specific test fixtures.  
1.1.4 Most applications of helium leak detection are destructive, in that helium needs to be injected into the package after the package has been sealed. The injection site then needs to be sealed/patched externally, which often destroys its saleability. Alternatively, if helium can be incorporated into the headspace before sealing, the method can be non-destructive because all that needs to be accomplished is to simply detect for helium escaping the sealed package.  
1.2 Two procedures are described; however the supporting data in Section 14 only reflects Procedure B (Vacuum Mode). The alternative, Sniffer Mode, has proven to be a valuable procedure for many applications, but may have more variability due to exactly the manner that the operator conducts the test such as whether the package is squeezed, effect of multiple small leaks compared to fewer large leaks, background helium concentration, package permeability and speed at which the scan is conducted. Further testing to quantify this procedure’s variability is anticipated, but not included in this version.  
1.2.1 Procedure A: Sniffer Mode—the package is scanned externally for helium escaping into the atmosphere or fixture.  
1.2.2 Procedure B: Vacuum Mode—the helium containing package is placed in a closed fixture. After drawing a vacuum, helium escaping into the closed fixture (capture volume) is detected. Typically, the fixtures are custom made for the specific package under test.  
1.3 The sensitivity of the method can range from the detection of:  
1.3.1 Large leaks—10-2 Pa·m 3/s to 10-5 Pa·m3/s (10–1 cc/sec/atm to 10-4 cc/sec/atm).  
1.3.2 Moderate leaks—10-5 Pa·m 3/s to 10-7 Pa·m3/s (10-4 cc/sec/atm to 10-6 cc/sec/atm).  
1.3.3 Fine leaks—10-7 Pa·m 3/s to 10-9 Pa·m3/s (10-6 cc/sec/atm to 10-8 cc/sec/atm).  
1.3.4 Ultra-Fine leak—10-9 Pa·m 3/s to 10-11 Pa·m3/s (10-8 cc/sec/atm to 10-10 cc/sec/atm).
Note 1: Conversion from cc/sec/atm to Pa·m3/s is achieved by multiplying by 0.1.  
1.4 The terms large, moderate, fine and ultra-fine are relative terms only and do not imply the acceptability of any leak rate. The individual application dictates the level of integrity needed. For many packaging applications, only “large leaks” are considered unacceptable and the ability to detect smaller leaks is immaterial. All leak rates referred...

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ASTM
ASTM F2638-22(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Using Aerosol Filtration for Measuring the Performance of Porous Packaging Materials as a Surrogate Microbial Barrier

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
6.1 This test method has been developed as a result of research performed by Air Dispersion Limited (Manchester, UK) and funded by the Barrier Test Consortium Limited. The results of this research have been published in a peer-reviewed journal.4 This research demonstrated that testing the barrier performance of porous packaging materials using microorganisms correlates with measuring the filtration efficiency of the materials.  
6.2 This test method does not require the use of microbiological method; in addition, the test method can be conducted in a rapid and timely manner.  
6.3 When measuring the filtration efficiency of porous packaging materials a typical filtration efficiency curve is determined (see Fig. 1). Since the arc of these curves is dependent upon the characteristics of each individual material, the appropriate way to make comparison among materials is using the parameter that measures maximum penetration through the material.
FIG. 1 A Typical Curve Showing Penetration as a Function of Flow Rate
Note 1: The point of maximum penetration is indicated by the upward pointing triangle.  
6.4 The particle filtration method is a quantitative procedure for determining the microbial barrier properties of materials using a challenge of 1.0 µm particles over range of pressure differentials from near zero to approximately 30 cm water column (WC) (2942 Pa). This test method is based upon the research of Tallentire and Sinclair4 and uses physical test methodology to allow for a rapid determination of microbial barrier performance.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method measures the aerosol filtration performance of porous packaging materials by creating a defined aerosol of 1.0 μm particles and assessing the filtration efficiency of the material using either single or dual particle counters.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to porous materials used to package terminally sterilized medical devices.  
1.3 The intent of this test apparatus is to determine the flow rate through a material at which maximum penetration occurs.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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