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ASTM D7719-14c

(Specification)

Standard Specification for High Aromatic Content Unleaded Hydrocarbon Aviation Gasoline

Standard Specification for High Aromatic Content Unleaded Hydrocarbon Aviation Gasoline

ABSTRACT
This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of a high octane unleaded test fuel under contract and is intended solely for use by purchasing agencies for testing purposes. This specification also defines a specific type of high octane unleaded test fuel for use as an aviation spark-ignition fuel. A new high-octane unleaded test fuel has been developed, which maintains the key performance parameters of existing reciprocating aircraft engines.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of a high aromatic content unleaded hydrocarbon aviation gasoline under contract and is intended solely for use by purchasing agencies.2  
1.2 This specification defines a specific type of high aromatic content unleaded hydrocarbon aviation gasoline (hereafter also referred to as “D7719 fuel”) for use as an aviation spark-ignition fuel. It does not include all fuels satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.3 The D7719 fuel defined by this specification does not exhibit identical performance to those leaded fuels for which the existing aircraft and ground-based fuel handling equipment have been designed to operate on. Therefore, the suitability of this fuel for use on any specific aircraft, aircraft engine, or ground-based fuel handling equipment should be evaluated before use on that equipment.  
1.4 Issuance of this specification does not constitute approval to operate certificated aircraft with this fuel. Fuels used in certified engines and aircraft are ultimately approved by the certifying authority subsequent to formal submission of evidence to the authority as part of the certification program for that aircraft and engine model.  
1.5 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of unleaded fuel at the time and place of delivery.  
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
14-Oct-2014
ICS
75.160.20 - Liquid fuels
Technical Committee
D02 - Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants
Drafting Committee
D02.J0.02 - Aviation Piston Engine Fuels
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM D7719-14b - Standard Specification for High-Octane Unleaded Fuel
Effective Date
15-Oct-2014
Replaced By
ASTM D7719-14d - Standard Specification for High Aromatic Content Unleaded Hydrocarbon Aviation Gasoline
Effective Date
01-Dec-2014
Referred By
ASTM D7960-21 - Standard Specification for Unleaded Aviation Gasoline Test Fuel Containing Non-hydrocarbon Components
Effective Date
15-Oct-2014
Referred By
ASTM D7826-23a - Standard Guide for Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation Gasoline Additives
Effective Date
15-Oct-2014

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Standards Content (Sample)


NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D7719 −14c AnAmerican National Standard
Standard Specification for
High Aromatic Content Unleaded Hydrocarbon Aviation
Gasoline
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7719; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
purchases of a high aromatic content unleaded hydrocarbon
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
aviation gasoline under contract and is intended solely for use
2 bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
by purchasing agencies.
1.2 This specification defines a specific type of high aro- 2. Referenced Documents
matic content unleaded hydrocarbon aviation gasoline (hereaf-
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ter also referred to as “D7719 fuel”) for use as an aviation
D86Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at
spark-ignition fuel. It does not include all fuels satisfactory for
Atmospheric Pressure
reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or condi-
D130Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petro-
tionsofusemaypermitawider,orrequireanarrower,rangeof
leum Products by Copper Strip Test
characteristics than is shown by this specification.
D323TestMethodforVaporPressureofPetroleumProducts
(Reid Method)
1.3 The D7719 fuel defined by this specification does not
D873Test Method for Oxidation Stability ofAviation Fuels
exhibit identical performance to those leaded fuels for which
(Potential Residue Method)
theexistingaircraftandground-basedfuelhandlingequipment
D909TestMethodforSuperchargeRatingofSpark-Ignition
have been designed to operate on. Therefore, the suitability of
Aviation Gasoline
this fuel for use on any specific aircraft, aircraft engine, or
D910Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
ground-based fuel handling equipment should be evaluated
D1094Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
before use on that equipment.
D1266TestMethodforSulfurinPetroleumProducts(Lamp
1.4 Issuance of this specification does not constitute ap-
Method)
proval to operate certificated aircraft with this fuel. Fuels used
D1298Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API
in certified engines and aircraft are ultimately approved by the
Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Prod-
certifying authority subsequent to formal submission of evi-
ucts by Hydrometer Method
dence to the authority as part of the certification program for
D1319Test Method for HydrocarbonTypes in Liquid Petro-
that aircraft and engine model.
leum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
1.5 Thisspecification,unlessotherwiseprovided,prescribes
D2386Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
therequiredpropertiesofunleadedfuelatthetimeandplaceof
D2622Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by
delivery.
Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D2624Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity ofAviation
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
and Distillate Fuels
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
D2700Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-
standard.
Ignition Engine Fuel
D3237TestMethodforLeadinGasolinebyAtomicAbsorp-
tion Spectroscopy
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
D4052Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API
Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of
Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
Subcommittee D02.J0.02 on Spark and Compression Ignition Aviation Engine
Fuels.
Current edition approved Oct. 15, 2014. Published November 2014. Originally
approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as D7719–14b. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/D7719-14C. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Supporting data have been filed atASTM International Headquarters and may Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1721. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright ©ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA19428-2959. United States
D7719−14c
D4057Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and 3.1.1 binary, adj—characterized by, or consisting of, two
Petroleum Products components.
D4171Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
3.1.2 biomass, n—biological material including any mate-
D4177Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and
rial other than fossil fuels which is or was a living organism or
Petroleum Products
component or product of a living organism.
D4306Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for
3.1.3 non-hydrocarbon, n—compound or compounds com-
Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
posedofcarbon,hydrogen,andotherelementssuchasoxygen,
D4809Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid
nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision
3.1.4 unleaded hydrocarbon aviation gasoline, n—gasoline
Method)
intended for use in aircraft powered by reciprocating spark-
D4814Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine
ignition engines, where lead is not intentionally added for the
Fuel
purpose of enhancing octane performance and which excludes
D4865Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Elec-
non-hydrocarbons, except for additives approved in this speci-
tricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
fication.
D5006Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing
Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels
4. General
D5059Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spec-
4.1 Thisspecification,unlessotherwiseprovided,prescribes
troscopy
the required properties of a high aromatic content unleaded
D5191Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Prod-
hydrocarbonaviationgasolineatthetimeandplaceofdelivery.
ucts (Mini Method)
D6469GuideforMicrobialContaminationinFuelsandFuel
5. Classification
Systems
D6733Test Method for Determination of Individual Com- 5.1 One grade of high aromatic content unleaded hydrocar-
ponents in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by 50-Metre
bon aviation gasoline is provided, known as UL102.
Capillary High Resolution Gas Chromatography
6. Materials and Manufacture
D7826Guide for Evaluation of NewAviation Gasolines and
New Aviation Gasoline Additives
6.1 D7719 fuel, except as otherwise specified in this
E29Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to
specification, shall consist of blends of refined reformate
Determine Conformance with Specifications
hydrocarbons. The sources for these hydrocarbons include
biomass, natural gas, or crude petroleum.
3. Terminology
6.1.1 See Appendix X1 for one particular composition that
3.1 Definitions: meets the parameters of Table 1.
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for High Aromatic Content Unleaded Hydrocarbon Aviation Gasoline
Octane Ratings Grade UL102 ASTM Test Method
Knock value, Motor Octane Number min 102.2 D2700
Density at 15 °C, kg/m min 790
D1298 or D4052
max 825
Distillation D86
Initial boiling point, °C Report D86
Fuel Evaporated D86
10 volume % at °C max 75 D86
40 volume % at °C min 75 D86
50 volume % at °C max 165 D86
90 volume % at °C max 165 D86
Final boiling point, °C max 180 D86
Sumof10%+50% evaporated min 135 D86
temperatures, °C
Recovery, volume % min 97 D86
Residue, volume % max 1.5 D86
Loss, volume % max 1.5 D86
Vapor pressure, 37.8 °C, kPa min 38.0
D323 orD5191
max 49.0
Freezing point, °C max -58 D2386
Sulfur, mass % max 0.05 D1266 or D2622
Net heat of combustion, MJ/kg min 41.5 D4809
Corrosion, copper strip, 2 h at 100 °C max No. 1 D130
Oxidation stability (5 h aging)
D873
Potential gum, mg/100 mL max 6
Water reaction
D1094
Volume change, mL max ±2
Electrical conductivity, pS/m max 450 D2624
Tetraethyl Lead, g Pb/L max 0.013 D3237 or D5059
TotalAromatics, vol% min 70 D1319 or D6733
D7719−14c
6.2 Additives—These can be added to each grade of D7719
DCI-4A MAC = 24.0 g/m
DCI-6A MAC = 15.0 g/m
fuel in the amount, and of the composition, specified in the
HITEC 580 MAC = 22.5 g/m
following list of approved materials:
NALCO 5403 MAC = 22.5 g/m
6.2.1 Dyes—Thetotalmaximumconcentrationofdyeinthe NALCO 5405 MAC = 11.0 g/m
UNICOR J MAC = 22.5 g/m
fuel is 6.0 mg/L.
SPEC-AID 8Q22 MAC = 24.0 g/m
6.2.1.1 The only blue dye present in the finished fuel shall
TOLAD 351 MAC = 24.0 g/m
TOLAD 4410 MAC = 22.5 g/m
be essentially 1,4-dialkylaminoanthraquinone.
6.2.1.2 The only yellow dyes in the finished fuel shall be
7. Detailed Requirements
essentially p-diethylaminoazobenzene (Color Index No.
7.1 The D7719 fuel shall conform to the requirements
11021) or 1,3-benzenediol 2,4-bis [(alkylphenyl)azo-].
prescribed in Table 1.
6.2.1.3 Theonlyreddyepresentinthefinishedfuelshallbe
7.2 Test results shall not exceed the maximum or be less
essentially alkyl derivatives of azobenzene-4-azo-2-naphthol.
than the minimum values specified in Table 1. No allowance
6.2.1.4 Theonlyorangedyepresentinthefinishedfuelshall
shall be made for the precision of the test methods. To
beessentiallybenzene-azo-2-napthol(ColorIndexNo.12055).
determine the conformance to the specification requirement, a
6.2.2 Other Additives—These may be added in the amount
test result may be rounded to the same number of significant
and of the composition specified in the following list of
figures as in Table 1 using Practice E29. Where multiple
approved materials. The quantities and types shall be declared
determinationsaremade,theaverageresult,roundedaccording
by the manufacturer. Additives added after the point of
to Practice E29, shall be used.
manufacture shall also be declared.
6.2.2.1 Antioxidants—The following oxidation inhibitors
8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
may be added to the fuel separately, or in combination, in total
8.1 The D7719 fuel specified in this specification shall be
concentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not including
free from undissolved water, sediment, and suspended matter.
weight of solvent) per litre of fuel.
No substances of known dangerous toxicity, under usual
(1)2,6-ditertiary butyl-4-methylphenol.
conditions of handling and use, shall be present except as
(2)2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol.
permitted in this specification.
(3)2,6-ditertiary butylphenol.
(4)75 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol plus 25 %
9. Sampling
maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butylphenols.
9.1 Because of the importance of proper sampling proce-
(5)75 % minimum di- and tri-isopropyl phenols plus 25 %
dures in establishing fuel quality, use the appropriate proce-
maximum di- and tri-tertiary butylphenols.
dures in Practice D4057 or Practice D4177.
(6)72 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol
9.1.1 Although automatic sampling following Practice
plus 28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary butyl-
D4177maybeusefulincertainsituations,initialmanufacturer/
phenols.
supplierspecificationcompliancetestingshallbeperformedon
(7)N,N’-di-isopropyl-para-phenylenediamine.
a sample taken following procedures in Practice D4057.
(8)N,N’-di-secondary-butyl-para-phenylenediamine.
9.2 A number of D7719 fuel properties, including copper
6.2.2.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII)—One of the
corrosion, electrical conductivity, and others are very sensitive
following materials may be used:
to trace contamination which can originate from sample
(1)Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA, propan-2-ol), in accordance
containers. For recommended sample containers, refer to
with the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type II). May
Practice D4306.
be used in concentrations recommended by the aircraft manu-
facturer when required by the aircraft owner/operator.
10. Reports
(2)Di-Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (Di-EGME),
10.1 Thetypeandnumberofreportstoensureconformance
conforming to the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type
with the requirements of this specification shall be mutually
III). May be used in concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 volume %
agreed to by the purchaser and the supplier of the D7719 fuel.
when required by the aircraft owner/operator.
(3)Test Method D5006 can be used to determine the
11. Test Methods
concentration of Di-EGME in aviation fuels.
11.1 Therequirementsenumeratedinthisspecificationshall
NOTE1—Additionofisopropylalcohol(IPA)mayreduceknockratings
be determined in accordance with the following ASTM test
below minimum specification values.
methods:
6.2.2.3 Electrical Conductivity Additive—Stadis450incon-
11.1.1 Knock Value (Motor Octane Number)—Test Method
centrations up to 3 mg/L is permitted. When loss of fuel
D2700.
conductivitynecessitatesretreatmentwithelectricalconductiv-
11.1.2 Tetraethyl Lead—Test Methods D3237 or D5059.
ity additive, further addition is permissible
11.1.3 Density—Test Methods D1298 or D4052.
6.2.2.4 Corrosion Inhibitor Additive—The following corro- 11.1.4 Distillation—Test Method D86.
sion inhibitors may be added to the fuel in concentrations not 11.1.5 Freezing Point—Test Method D2386.
to exceed the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) listed 11.1.6 Vapor Pressure—Test Methods D323 or D5191.
for each additive. 11.1.7 Net Heat of Combustion—Test Method D4809.
D7719−14c
11.1.8 Sulfur—Test Methods D1266 or D2622. 11.1.11 Water Reaction—Test Method D1094.
11.1.9 Corrosion (Copper Strip)—Test Method D130,2h
11.1.12 Electrical Conductivity—Test Method D2624.
test at 100°C in bomb.
11.1.13 Aromatic Content—Test Methods D1319 or D6733.
11.1.10 Potential Gum and Visible Lead Precipitate—Test
Method D873 except that wherever the letter X occurs (refer-
12. Keywords
ring to oxidation time) insert the number 5, designating the
12.1 aviation gasoline; binary; hydrocarbon; unleaded
number of hours prescribed in this specification.
APPENDIXES
(Nonmandatory Information)
X1. HIGH AROMATIC CONTENT BINARY UNLEADED HYDROCARBON AVIATION GASOLINE COMPOSITION
X1.1 Introduction hydrocarbon aviation gasoline developed for existing spark-
ignition aircraft engines.
X1.1.1 Anew high aromatic content unleaded hydrocarbon
aviation gasoline has been developed for reciprocating aircraft
X1.2 Composition
engines. The two essential performance parameters of MON
X1.2.1 The origin of the fuel lies in two essential engine
and VP are inversely related with respect
...


This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D7719 − 14b D7719 − 14c
Standard Specification for
High-Octane Unleaded FuelHigh Aromatic Content Unleaded
Hydrocarbon Aviation Gasoline
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7719; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This specification covers formulating specifications for purchases of a high-octane (MON) unleaded fuel high aromatic
content unleaded hydrocarbon aviation gasoline under contract and is intended solely for use by purchasing agencies.
1.2 This specification defines a specific type of high-octane (MON) unleaded fuel high aromatic content unleaded hydrocarbon
aviation gasoline (hereafter also referred to as “D7719 fuel”) for use as an aviation spark-ignition fuel. It does not include all fuels
satisfactory for reciprocating aviation engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower,
range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.
1.3 The D7719 fuel defined by this specification does not exhibit identical performance to those leaded fuels for which the
existing aircraft and ground-based fuel handling equipment have been designed to operate on. Therefore, the suitability of this fuel
for use on any specific aircraft, aircraft engine, or ground-based fuel handling equipment should be evaluated before use on that
equipment.
1.4 Issuance of this specification does not constitute approval to operate certificated aircraft with this fuel. Fuels used in certified
engines and aircraft are ultimately approved by the certifying authority subsequent to formal submission of evidence to the
authority as part of the certification program for that aircraft and engine model.
1.5 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of unleaded fuel at the time and place of
delivery.
1.6 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.7 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D86 Test Method for Distillation of Petroleum Products at Atmospheric Pressure
D130 Test Method for Corrosiveness to Copper from Petroleum Products by Copper Strip Test
D323 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Reid Method)
D873 Test Method for Oxidation Stability of Aviation Fuels (Potential Residue Method)
D909 Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation Gasoline
D910 Specification for Leaded Aviation Gasolines
D1094 Test Method for Water Reaction of Aviation Fuels
D1266 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products (Lamp Method)
D1298 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, or API Gravity of Crude Petroleum and Liquid Petroleum Products by
Hydrometer Method
D1319 Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Liquid Petroleum Products by Fluorescent Indicator Adsorption
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on Petroleum Products, Liquid Fuels, and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.J0.02 on Spark and Compression Ignition Aviation Engine Fuels.
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2014Oct. 15, 2014. Published November 2014. Originally approved in 2011. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as
D7719 – 14a.D7719 – 14b. DOI: 10.1520/D7719-14B.10.1520/D7719-14C.
Supporting data have been filed at ASTM International Headquarters and may be obtained by requesting Research Report RR:D02-1721.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D7719 − 14c
D2386 Test Method for Freezing Point of Aviation Fuels
D2622 Test Method for Sulfur in Petroleum Products by Wavelength Dispersive X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometry
D2624 Test Methods for Electrical Conductivity of Aviation and Distillate Fuels
D2700 Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
D3237 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy
D4052 Test Method for Density, Relative Density, and API Gravity of Liquids by Digital Density Meter
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4171 Specification for Fuel System Icing Inhibitors
D4177 Practice for Automatic Sampling of Petroleum and Petroleum Products
D4306 Practice for Aviation Fuel Sample Containers for Tests Affected by Trace Contamination
D4809 Test Method for Heat of Combustion of Liquid Hydrocarbon Fuels by Bomb Calorimeter (Precision Method)
D4814 Specification for Automotive Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel
D4865 Guide for Generation and Dissipation of Static Electricity in Petroleum Fuel Systems
D5006 Test Method for Measurement of Fuel System Icing Inhibitors (Ether Type) in Aviation Fuels
D5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spectroscopy
D5191 Test Method for Vapor Pressure of Petroleum Products (Mini Method)
D6469 Guide for Microbial Contamination in Fuels and Fuel Systems
D6733 Test Method for Determination of Individual Components in Spark Ignition Engine Fuels by 50-Metre Capillary High
Resolution Gas Chromatography
D7826 Guide for Evaluation of New Aviation Gasolines and New Aviation Gasoline Additives
E29 Practice for Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Conformance with Specifications
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 aviation gasoline fuel, n—fuel possessing specific properties suitable for operating aircraft powered by reciprocating
spark-ignition engines.
3.1.1 binary, adj—characterized by, or consisting of, two components.
3.1.2 biomass, n—biological material including any material other than fossil fuels which is or was a living organism or
component or product of a living organism.
3.1.3 high-octane,non-hydrocarbon, adj—n—possessing a Motor octane number (MON) greater than 100.compound or
compounds composed of carbon, hydrogen, and other elements such as oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorus.
3.1.4 unleaded hydrocarbon aviation gasoline, n—gasoline intended for use in aircraft powered by reciprocating spark-ignition
engines, where lead is not intentionally added for the purpose of enhancing octane performance and which excludes
non-hydrocarbons, except for additives approved in this specification.
4. General
4.1 This specification, unless otherwise provided, prescribes the required properties of a binary aviation fuelhigh aromatic
content unleaded hydrocarbon aviation gasoline at the time and place of delivery.
5. Classification
5.1 One grade of high-octane unleaded fuel high aromatic content unleaded hydrocarbon aviation gasoline is provided, known
as UL102.
6. Materials and Manufacture
6.1 High-octaneD7719 unleaded fuel, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist of blends of refined
reformate hydrocarbons. The sources for these hydrocarbons include biomass, natural gas, or crude petroleum.
6.1.1 See Appendix X1 for one particular composition that meets the parameters of Table 1.
6.2 Additives—These can be added to each grade of high-octaneD7719 unleaded aviation fuel in the amount, and of the
composition, specified in the following list of approved materials:
6.2.1 Dyes—The total maximum concentration of dye in the fuel is 6.0 mg/L.
6.2.1.1 The only blue dye present in the finished fuel shall be essentially 1,4-dialkylaminoanthraquinone.
6.2.1.2 The only yellow dyes in the finished fuel shall be essentially p-diethylaminoazobenzene (Color Index No. 11021) or
1,3-benzenediol 2,4-bis [(alkylphenyl)azo-].
6.2.1.3 The only red dye present in the finished fuel shall be essentially alkyl derivatives of azobenzene-4-azo-2-naphthol.
6.2.1.4 The only orange dye present in the finished fuel shall be essentially benzene-azo-2-napthol (Color Index No. 12055).
D7719 − 14c
TABLE 1 Detailed Requirements for High-Octane Unleaded FuelHigh Aromatic Content Unleaded Hydrocarbon Aviation Gasoline
Octane Ratings Grade UL102 ASTM Test Method
Knock value, Motor Octane Number min 102.2 D2700
Density at 15 °C, kg/m min 790
D1298 or D4052
max 825
Distillation D86
Initial boiling point, °C Report D86
Fuel Evaporated D86
10 volume % at °C max 75 D86
40 volume % at °C min 75 D86
50 volume % at °C max 165 D86
90 volume % at °C max 165 D86
Final boiling point, °C max 180 D86
Sum of 10 % + 50 % evaporated min 135 D86
temperatures, °C
Recovery, volume % min 97 D86
Residue, volume % max 1.5 D86
Loss, volume % max 1.5 D86
Vapor pressure, 37.8 °C, kPa min 38.0
D323 orD5191
max 49.0
Freezing point, °C max -58 D2386
Sulfur, mass % max 0.05 D1266 or D2622
Net heat of combustion, MJ/kg min 41.5 D4809
Corrosion, copper strip, 2 h at 100 °C max No. 1 D130
Oxidation stability (5 h aging)
D873
Potential gum, mg/100 mL max 6
Water reaction
D1094
Volume change, mL max ±2
Electrical conductivity, pS/m max 450 D2624
Tetraethyl Lead, g Pb/L max 0.013 D3237 or D5059
Total Aromatics, vol % min 70 D1319 or D6733
6.2.2 Other Additives—These may be added in the amount and of the composition specified in the following list of approved
materials. The quantities and types shall be declared by the manufacturer. Additives added after the point of manufacture shall also
be declared.
6.2.2.1 Antioxidants—The following oxidation inhibitors may be added to the fuel separately, or in combination, in total
concentration not to exceed 12 mg of inhibitor (not including weight of solvent) per litre of fuel.
(1) 2,6-ditertiary butyl-4-methylphenol.
(2) 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol.
(3) 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol.
(4) 75 % minimum 2,6-ditertiary butylphenol plus 25 % maximum mixed tertiary and tritertiary butylphenols.
(5) 75 % minimum di- and tri-isopropyl phenols plus 25 % maximum di- and tri-tertiary butylphenols.
(6) 72 % minimum 2,4-dimethyl-6-tertiary butylphenol plus 28 % maximum monomethyl and dimethyl tertiary butylphenols.
(7) N,N’-di-isopropyl-para-phenylenediamine.
(8) N,N’-di-secondary-butyl-para-phenylenediamine.
6.2.2.2 Fuel System Icing Inhibitor (FSII)—One of the following materials may be used:
(1) Isopropyl Alcohol (IPA, propan-2-ol), in accordance with the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type II). May be used
in concentrations recommended by the aircraft manufacturer when required by the aircraft owner/operator.
(2) Di-Ethylene Glycol Monomethyl Ether (Di-EGME), conforming to the requirements of Specification D4171 (Type III).
May be used in concentrations of 0.10 to 0.15 volume % when required by the aircraft owner/operator.
(3) Test Method D5006 can be used to determine the concentration of Di-EGME in aviation fuels.
NOTE 1—Addition of isopropyl alcohol (IPA) may reduce knock ratings below minimum specification values.
6.2.2.3 Electrical Conductivity Additive—Stadis 450 in concentrations up to 3 mg/L is permitted. When loss of fuel conductivity
necessitates retreatment with electrical conductivity additive, further addition is permissible
6.2.2.4 Corrosion Inhibitor Additive—The following corrosion inhibitors may be added to the fuel in concentrations not to
exceed the maximum allowable concentration (MAC) listed for each additive.
DCI-4A MAC = 24.0 g/m
DCI-6A MAC = 15.0 g/m
HITEC 580 MAC = 22.5 g/m
NALCO 5403 MAC = 22.5 g/m
NALCO 5405 MAC = 11.0 g/m
UNICOR J MAC = 22.5 g/m
SPEC-AID 8Q22 MAC = 24.0 g/m
TOLAD 351 MAC = 24.0 g/m
TOLAD 4410 MAC = 22.5 g/m
D7719 − 14c
7. Detailed Requirements
7.1 The high-octaneD7719 unleaded fuel shall conform to the requirements prescribed in Table 1.
7.2 Test results shall not exceed the maximum or be less than the minimum values specified in Table 1. No allowance shall be
made for the precision of the test methods. To determine the conformance to the specification requirement, a test result may be
rounded to the same number of significant figures as in Table 1 using Practice E29. Where multiple determinations are made, the
average result, rounded according to Practice E29, shall be used.
8. Workmanship, Finish, and Appearance
8.1 The high-octaneD7719 unleaded fuel specified in this specification shall be free from undissolved water, sediment, and
suspended matter. No substances of known dangerous toxicity, under usual conditions of handling and use, shall be present except
as permitted in this specification.
9. Sampling
9.1 Because of the importance of proper sampling procedures in establishing fuel quality, use the appropriate procedures in
Practice D4057 or Practice D4177.
9.1.1 Although automatic sampling following Practice D4177 may be useful in certain situations, initial manufacturer/supplier
specification compliance testing shall be performed on a sample taken following procedures in Practice D4057.
9.2 A number of high-octaneD7719 unleaded fuel properties, including copper corrosion, electrical conductivity, and others are
very sensitive to trace contamination which can originate from sample containers. For recommended sample containers, refer to
Practice D4306.
10. Reports
10.1 The type and number of reports to ensure conformance with the requirements of this specification shall be mutually agreed
to by the purchaser and the supplier of the high-octaneD7719 unleaded fuel.
11. Test Methods
11.1 The requirements enumerated in this specification shall be determined in accordance with the following ASTM test
methods:
11.1.1 Knock Value (Lean Rating)—(Motor Octane Number)—Test Method D2700.
11.1.2 Tetraethyl Lead—Test Methods D3237 or D5059.
11.1.3 Density—Test Methods D1298 or D4052.
11.1.4 Distillation—Test Method D86.
11.1.5 Freezing Point—Test Method D2386.
11.1.6 Vapor Pressure—Test Methods D323 or D5191.
11.1.7 Net Heat of Combustion—Test Method D4809.
11.1.8 Sulfur—Test Methods D1266 or D2622.
11.1.9 Corrosion
...

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ASTM
ASTM D187-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Burning Quality of Kerosene

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Since the information provided by this test method is largely qualitative in nature, specific limits covering the following characteristics are required in referring to this test method in specifications for kerosene:  
5.1.1 Duration of the test: 16 h is understood, if not otherwise specified;  
5.1.2 Permissible change in flame shape and dimensions during the test;  
5.1.3 Description of the acceptable appearance of the chimney deposit.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the qualitative determination of the burning properties of kerosene to be used for illuminating purposes. (Warning—Combustible. Vapor harmful.)
Note 1: The corresponding Energy Institute (IP) test method is IP 10 which features a quantitative evaluation of the wick-char-forming tendencies of the kerosene, whereas Test Method D187 features a qualitative performance evaluation of the kerosene. Both test methods subject the kerosene to somewhat more severe operating conditions than would be experienced in typical designated applications.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific warning statements appear throughout the test method.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D2699-24a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Research Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Research O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under mild conditions of operation.  
5.2 Research O.N. is used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a primary specification measurement related to the matching of fuels and engines.  
5.2.1 Empirical correlations that permit calculation of automotive antiknock performance are based on the general equation:
Values of k1,  k2, and k3 vary with vehicles and vehicle populations and are based on road-O.N. determinations.  
5.2.2 Research O.N., in conjunction with Motor O.N., defines the antiknock index of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, in accordance with Specification D4814. The antiknock index of a fuel approximates the Road octane ratings for many vehicles, is posted on retail dispensing pumps in the U.S., and is referred to in vehicle manuals.
This is more commonly presented as:
5.2.3 Research O.N. is also used either alone or in conjunction with other factors to define the Road O.N. capabilities of spark-ignition engine fuels for vehicles operating in areas of the world other than the United States.  
5.3 Research O.N. is used for measuring the antiknock performance of spark-ignition engine fuels that contain oxygenates.  
5.4 Research O.N. is important in relation to the specifications for spark-ignition engine fuels used in stationary and other nonautomotive engine applications.
SCOPE
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuel in terms of Research O.N., including fuels that contain up to 25 % v/v of ethanol. However, this test method may not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates.2 The sample fuel is tested using a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions. The O.N. scale is defined by the volumetric composition of PRF blends. The sample fuel knock intensity is compared to that of one or more PRF blends. The O.N. of the PRF blend that matches the K.I. of the sample fuel establishes the Research O.N.  
1.2 The O.N. scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120 Research O.N. Typical commercial fuels produced for spark-ignition engines rate in the 88 to 101 Research O.N. range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Research O.N. range.  
1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the historical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because of the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment.  
1.4 For purposes of determining conformance with all specified limits in this standard, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specified limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For specific warning statements, see Section 8, 14.4.1, 15.5.1, 16.6.1, Annex A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3 (6) and (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.11.4, and X4.5.1.8.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Gu...

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ASTM
ASTM D2700-24a(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Motor Octane Number of Spark-Ignition Engine Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Motor O.N. correlates with commercial automotive spark-ignition engine antiknock performance under severe conditions of operation.  
5.2 Motor O.N. is used by engine manufacturers, petroleum refiners and marketers, and in commerce as a primary specification measurement related to the matching of fuels and engines.  
5.2.1 Empirical correlations that permit calculation of automotive antiknock performance are based on the general equation:
Values of k1, k2, and k3 vary with vehicles and vehicle populations and are based on road-octane number determinations.  
5.2.2 Motor O.N., in conjunction with Research O.N., defines the antiknock index of automotive spark-ignition engine fuels, in accordance with Specification D4814. The antiknock index of a fuel approximates the road octane ratings for many vehicles, is posted on retail dispensing pumps in the United States, and is referred to in vehicle manuals.
This is more commonly presented as:
5.3 Motor O.N. is used for measuring the antiknock performance of spark-ignition engine fuels that contain oxygenates.  
5.4 Motor O.N. is important in relation to the specifications for spark-ignition engine fuels used in stationary and other nonautomotive engine applications.  
5.5 Motor O.N. is utilized to determine, by correlation equation, the Aviation method O.N. or performance number (lean-mixture aviation rating) of aviation spark-ignition engine fuel.7
SCOPE
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of the knock rating of liquid spark-ignition engine fuel in terms of Motor octane number, including fuels that contain up to 25 % v/v of ethanol. However, this test method may not be applicable to fuel and fuel components that are primarily oxygenates.2 The sample fuel is tested in a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, variable compression ratio, carbureted, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions. The octane number scale is defined by the volumetric composition of primary reference fuel blends. The sample fuel knock intensity is compared to that of one or more primary reference fuel blends. The octane number of the primary reference fuel blend that matches the knock intensity of the sample fuel establishes the Motor octane number.  
1.2 The octane number scale covers the range from 0 to 120 octane number, but this test method has a working range from 40 to 120 octane number. Typical commercial fuels produced for automotive spark-ignition engines rate in the 80 to 90 Motor octane number range. Typical commercial fuels produced for aviation spark-ignition engines rate in the 98 to 102 Motor octane number range. Testing of gasoline blend stocks or other process stream materials can produce ratings at various levels throughout the Motor octane number range.  
1.3 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the historical inch-pounds units. The standardized CFR engine measurements continue to be in inch-pound units only because of the extensive and expensive tooling that has been created for this equipment.  
1.4 For purposes of determining conformance with all specified limits in this standard, an observed value or a calculated value shall be rounded “to the nearest unit” in the last right-hand digit used in expressing the specified limit, in accordance with the rounding method of Practice E29.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. For more specific hazard statements, see Section 8, 14.4.1, 15.5.1, 16.6.1, Annex A1, A2.2.3.1, A2.2.3.3(6) and (9), A2.3.5, X3.3.7, X4.2.3.1, X4.3.4.1, X4.3.9.3, X4.3.12.4, and X4.5.1.8. ...

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ASTM D396-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Fuel Oils

ABSTRACT
This specification covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades include the following: Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 2 S5000, and No. 2 S500 for use in domestic and small industrial burners; Grades No. 1 S5000 and No. 1 S500 adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel; Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 (Heavy) for use in commercial/industrial burners; and Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 for use in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization. The grades of fuel oil shall be homogeneous hydrocarbon oils, free from inorganic acid, and free from excessive amounts of solid or fibrous foreign matter. Grades containing residual components shall remain uniform in normal storage and not separate by gravity into light and heavy oil components outside the viscosity limits for the grade. The grades of fuel oil shall conform to the limiting requirements prescribed for: (1) flash point, (2) water and sediment, (3) physical distillation or simulated distillation, (4) kinematic viscosity, (5) Ramsbottom carbon residue, (6) ash, (7) sulfur, (8) copper strip corrosion, (9) density, and (10) pour point. The test methods for determining conformance to the specified properties are given.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification (see Note 1) covers grades of fuel oil intended for use in various types of fuel-oil-burning equipment under various climatic and operating conditions. These grades are described as follows:  
1.1.1 Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, No. 1 S15, No. 2 S5000, No. 2 S500, and No. 2 S15 are middle distillate fuels for use in domestic and small industrial burners. Grades No. 1 S5000, No. 1 S500, and No. 1 S15 are particularly adapted to vaporizing type burners or where storage conditions require low pour point fuel.  
1.1.2 Grades B6–B20 S5000, B6–B20 S500, and B6–B20 S15 are middle distillate fuel/biodiesel blends for use in domestic and small industrial burners.  
1.1.3 Grades No. 4 (Light) and No. 4 are heavy distillate fuels or middle distillate/residual fuel blends used in commercial/industrial burners equipped for this viscosity range.  
1.1.4 Grades No. 5 (Light), No. 5 (Heavy), and No. 6 are residual fuels of increasing viscosity and boiling range, used in industrial burners. Preheating is usually required for handling and proper atomization.  
Note 1: For information on the significance of the terminology and test methods used in this specification, see Appendix X1.
Note 2: A more detailed description of the grades of fuel oils is given in X1.3.  
1.2 This specification is for the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications to be included in contracts for purchases of fuel oils and for the guidance of consumers of fuel oils in the selection of the grades most suitable for their needs.  
1.3 Nothing in this specification shall preclude observance of federal, state, or local regulations which can be more restrictive.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.4.1 Non-SI units are provided in Table 1 and Table 2 and in 7.1.2.1/7.1.2.2 because these are common units used in the industry.
Note 3: The generation and dissipation of static electricity can create problems in the handling of distillate burner fuel oils. For more information on the subject, see Guide D4865.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7566-24a(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuel Containing Synthesized Hydrocarbons

SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the manufacture of aviation turbine fuel that consists of conventional and synthetic blending components.  
1.2 See Appendix X2 for an expanded description of the procedure for the production and blending of synthetic blend components.  
1.3 This specification applies only at the point of batch origination, as follows:  
1.3.1 Aviation turbine fuel manufactured, certified, and released to all the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566), meets the requirements of Specification D1655 and shall be regarded as Specification D1655 turbine fuel. Duplicate testing is not necessary; the same data may be used for both D7566 and D1655 compliance. Once the fuel is released to this specification (D7566) the unique requirements of this specification are no longer applicable: any recertification shall be done in accordance with Table 1 of Specification D1655.  
1.3.2 Any location at which blending of synthetic blending components specified in Annex A1 (FT SPK), Annex A2 (HEFA SPK), Annex A3 (SIP), Annex A4 synthesized paraffinic kerosine plus aromatics (SPK/A), Annex A5 (ATJ), Annex A6 catalytic hydrothermolysis jet (CHJ), Annex A7 (HC-HEFA SPK), or Annex A8 (ATJ-SKA) with D1655 fuel (which may on the whole or in part have originated as D7566 fuel) or with conventional blending components takes place shall be considered batch origination in which case all of the requirements of Table 1 of this specification (D7566) apply and shall be evaluated. Short form conformance test programs commonly used to ensure transportation quality are not sufficient. The fuel shall be regarded as D1655 turbine fuel after certification and release as described in 1.3.1.  
1.3.3 Once a fuel is redesignated as D1655 aviation turbine fuel, it can be handled in the same fashion as the equivalent refined D1655 aviation turbine fuel.  
1.4 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for aviation turbine fuel that contain synthesized hydrocarbons and lists acceptable additives for use in civil operated engines and aircrafts. Specification D7566 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103, and IATA Guidance Material for Sustainable Aviation Fuel Management.  
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.7 While aviation turbine fuels defined by Table 1 of this specification can be used in applications other than aviation turbine engines, requirements for such other applications have not been considered in the development of this specification.  
1.8 Synthetic blending components and blends of synthetic blending components with conventional petroleum-derived fuels in this specification have been evaluated and approved in accordance with the principles established in Practice D4054.  
1.9 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.10 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.11 This internati...

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ASTM
ASTM D1655-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Aviation Turbine Fuels

ABSTRACT
This specification covers purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract and is intended primarily for use by purchasing agencies. This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for reciprocating aviation turbine engines, but rather, defines the following specific types of aviation fuel for civil use: Jet A; and Jet A-1. The fuels shall be sampled and tested appropriately to examine their conformance to detailed requirements as to composition, volatility, fluidity, combustion, corrosion, thermal stability, contaminants, and additives.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification covers the use of purchasing agencies in formulating specifications for purchases of aviation turbine fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines the minimum property requirements for Jet A and Jet A-1 aviation turbine fuel and lists acceptable additives for use in civil and military operated engines and aircraft. Specification D1655 was developed initially for civil applications, but has also been adopted for military aircraft. Guidance information regarding the use of Jet A and Jet A-1 in specialized applications is available in the appendix.  
1.3 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation turbine fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel in the distribution system continues to comply with this specification after batch certification. Such procedures are defined elsewhere, for example in ICAO 9977, EI/JIG Standard 1530, JIG 1, JIG 2, API 1543, API 1595, and ATA-103.  
1.4 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation turbine engines. Certain equipment or conditions of use may permit a wider, or require a narrower, range of characteristics than is shown by this specification.  
1.5 Aviation turbine fuels defined by this specification may be used in other than turbine engines that are specifically designed and certified for this fuel.  
1.6 This specification no longer includes wide-cut aviation turbine fuel (Jet B). FAA has issued a Special Airworthiness Information Bulletin which now approves the use of Specification D6615 to replace Specification D1655 as the specification for Jet B and refers users to this standard for reference.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. However, other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D8267-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Aromatic, Monoaromatic and Diaromatic Content of Aviation Turbine Fuels Using Gas Chromatography with Vacuum Ultraviolet Absorption Spectroscopy Detection (GC-VUV)

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The determination of class group composition of aviation turbine fuels is useful for evaluating quality and expected performance, as well as compliance with various industry specifications and governmental regulations.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method is a standard procedure for the determination of total aromatic, monoaromatic and diaromatic content in aviation turbine fuels using gas chromatography and vacuum ultraviolet detection (GC-VUV).  
1.2 Concentrations of compound classes and certain individual compounds are determined by percent mass or percent volume.  
1.2.1 This test method is developed for testing aviation turbine engine fuels having concentration test results ranging from 0.487 % to 27.876 % by volume total aromatic compounds, 0.49 % to 27.537 % by volume monoaromatics and 0.027 % to 2.523 % by volume diaromatics.
Note 1: Samples with a final boiling point greater than 300 °C that contain triaromatics and higher polyaromatic compounds are not determined by this test method.  
1.3 Individual hydrocarbon components are not reported by this test method, however, any individual component determinations are included in the appropriate summation of the total aromatic, monoaromatic or diaromatic groups.  
1.3.1 Individual compound peaks are typically not baseline-separated by the procedure described in this test method, that is, some components will coelute. The coelutions are resolved at the detector using VUV absorbance spectra and deconvolution algorithms.  
1.4 This test method has been tested for aviation turbine engine fuels including synthetic alternative jet fuels. This test method may apply to other hydrocarbon streams boiling between hexane (68 °C) and heneicosane (356 °C), but has not been extensively tested for such applications.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.7 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D8276-19(2024)(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Hydrocarbon Types in Middle Distillates, including Biodiesel Blends by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A knowledge of the hydrocarbon composition of the middle distillates, including the biodiesel blends is useful in following the effect of changes in process variables, diagnosing the source of plant upsets, and in evaluating the effect of changes in composition on product performance properties. The total aromatics content and polycyclic aromatics content are also important to evaluate the quality of diesel fuels/biodiesel blends. It requires an appropriate analytical method to make such determinations for diesel fuel/biodiesel blends production process and quality control.  
5.2 This test method provides a comprehensive analytical strategy for the determination of the total aromatics contents, polycyclic aromatics contents and the detail hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel/biodiesel blends to ensure compliance with certain specifications or regulations.  
5.3 Test Method D2425 is applicable to the determination of the detailed hydrocarbon composition in middle distillates, however, the pre-separation procedure of elution chromatography is time-consuming and not eco-friendly. By combining with the separation procedures described in Test Method D8144, the dual column GC-MS system proposed in this method can determine the total aromatic hydrocarbon contents, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents and detailed hydrocarbon composition of diesel fuel/biodiesel blends simultaneously. The content of FAME in biodiesel blends can also be determined by GC. It is demonstrated to be time-saving and eco-friendly for the quality control of diesel fuel and biodiesel blends.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers an analytical scheme using the gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) to determine the hydrocarbon types present in middle distillates 170 °C to 365 °C boiling range, 5 % to 95 % by volume as determined by Test Method D86, including biodiesel blends with up to 20 % by volume of fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). The detailed hydrocarbon composition, total aromatic hydrocarbon and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon contents can be determined. The hydrocarbon types include: paraffins, noncondensed cycloparaffins, condensed dicycloparaffins, condensed tricycloparaffins, alkylbenzenes, indans or tetralins, or both, CnH2n-10 (indenes, etc.), naphthalenes, CnH2n-14 (acenaphthenes, etc.), CnH2n-16 (acenaphthylenes, etc.), and tricyclic aromatics. The content of FAME in biodiesel blends can also be determined by GC.  
1.2 The values stated in acceptable SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM D1322-24(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Smoke Point of Kerosene and Aviation Turbine Fuel

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides an indication of the relative smoke producing properties of kerosenes and aviation turbine fuels in a diffusion flame. The smoke point is related to the hydrocarbon type composition of such fuels. Generally the more aromatic the fuel the smokier the flame. A high smoke point indicates a fuel of low smoke producing tendency.  
5.2 The smoke point is quantitatively related to the potential radiant heat transfer from the combustion products of the fuel. Because radiant heat transfer exerts a strong influence on the metal temperature of combustor liners and other hot section parts of gas turbines, the smoke point provides a basis for correlation of fuel characteristics with the life of these components.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers two procedures for determination of the smoke point of kerosene and aviation turbine fuel, a manual procedure and an automated procedure, which give results with different precision.  
1.2 The automated procedure is the referee procedure.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Standard
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  • Standard
    13 pages
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ASTM
ASTM D8147-24(Specification)
Standard Specification for Special-Purpose Test Fuels for Aviation Compression-Ignition Engines

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the material, manufacturing, and specialized property requirements for producing special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. It deals with special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. Aviation distillate fuel, except as otherwise specified in this specification, shall consist predominantly of refined hydrocarbons derived from conventional sources such as crude oil, natural gas liquid condensates, heavy oil, shale oil, and oil sands. The use of middle distillate fuel blends containing components from other sources is permitted. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. It is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification is intended to support purchasing agencies when formulating specifications for purchases of aviation distillate fuel under contract.  
1.2 This specification defines specialized property requirements to produce special-purpose aviation distillate test fuels that are intended only for engineering and certification testing of aircraft, engines, and aircraft equipment. Use of this specification for engineering and certification testing of aircraft is not mandatory. Its use is at the discretion of the aircraft manufacturer, engine manufacturer, or certification authorities when determining criteria for validation of aircraft equipment design.  
1.3 This specification defines special-purpose test fuels that may be used to evaluate the operability, performance and durability of aviation compression-ignition engines when operating with fuels of marginal performance. The aviation distillate test fuels defined in this specification are not intended for general purpose use in aircraft. This specification also lists acceptable additives for aviation distillate special-purpose test fuels.  
1.4 Specification D8147 is directed at civil applications, and maintained as such, but may be adopted for military, government, or other specialized uses.  
1.5 This specification can be used as a standard in describing the quality of aviation distillate fuel from production to the aircraft. However, this specification does not define the quality assurance testing and procedures necessary to ensure that fuel continues to comply with this specification after batch certification.  
1.6 This specification does not include all fuels satisfactory for aviation compression-ignition (CI) engines.  
1.7 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.7.1 Exception—Other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.9 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

  • Technical specification
    7 pages
    English language
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  • Technical specification
    7 pages
    English language
    sale 15% off