ASTM D6572-13e2
(Test Method)Standard Test Methods for Determining Dispersive Characteristics of Clayey Soils by the Crumb Test
Standard Test Methods for Determining Dispersive Characteristics of Clayey Soils by the Crumb Test
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The crumb test provides a simple, quick method for field or laboratory identification of a dispersive clayey soil. The internal erosion failures of a number of homogeneous earth dams, erosion along channel or canal banks, and rainfall erosion of earthen structures have been attributed to colloidal erosion along cracks or other flow channels formed in masses of dispersive clay (5).
5.2 The crumb test, as originally developed by Emerson (6), was called the aggregate coherence test and had seven different categories of soil-water reactions. Sherard (5) later simplified the test by combining some soil-water reactions so that only four categories, or grades, of soil dispersion are observed during the test. The crumb test is a relatively accurate positive indicator of the presence of dispersive properties in a soil. The crumb test, however, is not a completely reliable negative indicator that soils are not dispersive. The crumb test can seldom be relied upon as a sole test method for determining the presence of dispersive clays. The double-hydrometer test (Test Method D4221) and pinhole test (Test Method D4647) are test methods that provide valuable additional insight into the probable dispersive behavior of clay soils.
Note 2: The quality of the result produced by these test methods is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of these test methods are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depends on several factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 Two test methods are provided to give a qualitative indication of the natural dispersive characteristics of clayey soils: Method A and Method B.
1.1.1 Method A—Procedure for Natural Soil Crumbs described in 10.2.
1.1.2 Method B—Procedure for Remolded Soil Crumbs described in 10.3.
1.2 The crumb test, while a good, quick indication of dispersive soil, should usually be run in conjunction with a pinhole test and a double hydrometer test, Test Methods D4647 and D4221, respectively.
1.3 The crumb test has some limitations in its usefulness as an indicator of dispersive soil. A dispersive soil may sometimes give a non-dispersive reaction in the crumb test. Soils containing kaolinite with known field dispersion problems, have shown non-dispersive reactions in the crumb test (1).2 However, if the crumb test indicates dispersion, the soil is probably dispersive.
1.4 These test methods are not applicable for soils with 12 % or less of the particles passing 0.005 mm and having a plasticity index less than or equal to 8, as determined by Test Method D4318.
1.5 Oven-dried soil should not be used to prepare crumb test specimens, as irreversible changes could occur to the soil pore-water physicochemical properties responsible for dispersion (2).
Note 1: In some cases, the results of the pinhole, crumb, and double-hydrometer test methods may disagree. The crumb test is a better indicator of dispersive soils than of non-dispersive soils (3).
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.
1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of t...
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´2
Designation: D6572 − 13
Standard Test Methods for
Determining Dispersive Characteristics of Clayey Soils by
1
the Crumb Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6572; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Editorial corrections made throughout in February 2014.
2
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected Footnote 1 in April 2016.
1. Scope* 1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
1.1 Two test methods are provided to give a qualitative
Practice D6026.
indication of the natural dispersive characteristics of clayey
1.6.1 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected/
soils: Method A and Method B.
recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the
1.1.1 Method A—Procedure for Natural Soil Crumbs de-
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
scribed in 10.2.
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
1.1.2 Method B—Procedure for Remolded Soil Crumbs
dures used do not consider material variation, purpose for
described in 10.3.
obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any consider-
1.2 The crumb test, while a good, quick indication of
ations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to
dispersive soil, should usually be run in conjunction with a
increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be
pinholetestandadoublehydrometertest,TestMethodsD4647
commensuratewiththeseconsiderations.Itisbeyondthescope
and D4221, respectively.
of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical
methods for engineering design.
1.3 The crumb test has some limitations in its usefulness as
anindicatorofdispersivesoil.Adispersivesoilmaysometimes
1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded
give a non-dispersive reaction in the crumb test. Soils contain-
as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
ing kaolinite with known field dispersion problems, have
standard.
2
shown non-dispersive reactions in the crumb test (1).
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the
However, if the crumb test indicates dispersion, the soil is
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
probably dispersive.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.4 These test methods are not applicable for soils with 12
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
% or less of the particles passing 0.005 mm and having a
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
plasticity index less than or equal to 8, as determined by Test
2. Referenced Documents
Method D4318.
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.5 Oven-driedsoilshouldnotbeusedtopreparecrumbtest
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained
specimens, as irreversible changes could occur to the soil
Fluids
pore-water physicochemical properties responsible for disper-
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
sion (2).
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water
NOTE 1—In some cases, the results of the pinhole, crumb, and
(Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
double-hydrometer test methods may disagree. The crumb test is a better
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
indicator of dispersive soils than of non-dispersive soils (3).
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
D4221 Test Method for Dispersive Characteristics of Clay
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil
and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.06 on Physical- Soil by Double Hydrometer
Chemical Interactions of Soil and Rock
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published November 2013. Originally
3
approved in 2000. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D6572 – 12. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/D6572-13E02. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
this standard. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
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D6572 − 13
D4318 Test Methods for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and indicator of the presence of dispersive properties in a soil. The
Plasticity In
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´2 ´2
Designation: D6572 − 13 D6572 − 13
Standard Test Methods for
Determining Dispersive Characteristics of Clayey Soils by
1
the Crumb Test
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6572; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1
ε NOTE—Editorial corrections made throughout in February 2014.
2
ε NOTE—Editorially corrected Footnote 1 in April 2016.
1. Scope*
1.1 Two test methods are provided to give a qualitative indication of the natural dispersive characteristics of clayey soils:
Method A and Method B.
1.1.1 Method A—Procedure for Natural Soil Crumbs described in 10.2.
1.1.2 Method B—Procedure for Remolded Soil Crumbs described in 10.3.
1.2 The crumb test, while a good, quick indication of dispersive soil, should usually be run in conjunction with a pinhole test
and a double hydrometer test, Test Methods D4647 and D4221, respectively.
1.3 The crumb test has some limitations in its usefulness as an indicator of dispersive soil. A dispersive soil may sometimes give
a non-dispersive reaction in the crumb test. Soils containing kaolinite with known field dispersion problems, have shown
2
non-dispersive reactions in the crumb test (1). However, if the crumb test indicates dispersion, the soil is probably dispersive.
1.4 These test methods are not applicable for soils with 12 % or less of the particles passing 0.005 mm and having a plasticity
index less than or equal to 8, as determined by Test Method D4318.
1.5 Oven-dried soil should not be used to prepare crumb test specimens, as irreversible changes could occur to the soil
pore-water physicochemical properties responsible for dispersion (2).
NOTE 1—In some cases, the results of the pinhole, crumb, and double-hydrometer test methods may disagree. The crumb test is a better indicator of
dispersive soils than of non-dispersive soils (3).
1.6 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice
D6026.
1.6.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry
standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not
consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives;
and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations.
It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.
1.7 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
1.8 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained Fluids
1
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.06 on Physical-Chemical
Interactions of Soil and Rock
Current edition approved Nov. 1, 2013. Published November 2013. Originally approved in 2006.2000. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D4186 – 12.D6572 – 12.
DOI: 10.1520/D6572-13E01.10.1520/D6572-13E02.
2
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to the list of references at the end of this standard.
3
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
´2
D6572 − 13
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Water (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
D3740 Practice
...
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