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ASTM E1756-95

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Solids in Biomass

Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Solids in Biomass

SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of total solids remaining after drying a sample. Materials suitable for this procedure include samples prepared in accordance with Practice E 1757 and extractive-free material prepared in accordance with Test Method E 1690. For particulate wood fuels, Test Method E 871 should be used.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Nov-2001
ICS
65.040.20 - Buildings and installations for processing and storage of agricultural produce
Technical Committee
E48 - Bioenergy and Industrial Chemicals from Biomass
Drafting Committee
E48.05 - Biomass Conversion
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM E1756-01 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Solids in Biomass
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1721-01(2020) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Acid-Insoluble Residue in Biomass
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1755-01(2020) - Standard Test Method for Ash in Biomass
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1690-08(2021) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Ethanol Extractives in Biomass
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1821-08(2020) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Carbohydrates in Biomass by Gas Chromatography
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001
Referred By
ASTM E1758-01(2020) - Standard Test Method for Determination of Carbohydrates in Biomass by High Performance Liquid Chromatography
Effective Date
10-Nov-2001

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ASTM E1756-95 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Solids in BiomassASTM E1756-95 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Solids in Biomass
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ASTM E1756-95 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Solids in Biomass
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or discontinued.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information.
Designation: E 1756 – 95
Standard Test Method for
Determination of Total Solids in Biomass
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1756; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
INTRODUCTION
The total solids content is used to adjust the mass of the biomass so that all analytical results may
be reported on a moisture-free basis. Total solids content may be determined by overnight drying at
105°C in a convection oven or with a loss-on-drying moisture analyzer.
1. Scope substances other than water are removed from the sample
during drying.
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount
3.1.2 prepared biomass—the biomass that has been pro-
of total solids remaining after drying a sample. Materials
cessed according to Practice E 1757 to reduce the moisture
suitable for this procedure include samples prepared in accor-
content to below 15 % by mass, based on an oven-dried solids
dance with Practice E 1757 and extractive-free material pre-
mass.
pared in accordance with Test Method E 1690. For particulate
wood fuels, Test Method E 1534 should be used.
4. Significance and Use
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
4.1 Moisture is a ubiquitous and variable component of any
standard.
biomass sample. Moisture is not considered a structural com-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ponent of biomass and can change with storage and handling of
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
biomass samples. The determination of the total solids content
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
allows for the correction of biomass samples to an oven-dried
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
solids mass that is constant for a particular sample.
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.2 This procedure is not suitable for biomass samples that
2. Referenced Documents visibly change on heating, that is, unwashed acid-pretreated
biomass still containing free acid.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
4.3 Some materials that contain large amount of free sugars
E 1534 Test Method for Determination of Ash Content of
2 or proteins will caramelize or brown under direct infrared
Particulate Wood Fuels
heating elements used in Test Method B. Total solids in these
E 1690 Test Method for the Determination of Ethanol
2 materials should be done by Test Method A.
Extractives in Biomass
E 1757 Practice for Preparation of Biomass for Composi-
5. Apparatus and Materials
tional Analysis
5.1 Analytical Balance, sensitive to 0.1 mg.
3. Terminology 5.2 Drying Oven, 1056 3°C (Test Method A only).
5.3 Desiccator, containing anhydrous calcium sulfate (Test
3.1 Descriptions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
Method A only).
3.1.1 oven-dried solids—the solids remaining after heating
5.4 Moisture Analyzer, infrared heated, 20 g capacity, 1 mg
the prepared biomass at 105°C to constant mass. For the
resolution (Test Method B only).
purposes of this procedure, the moisture content of a biomass
5.5 Drying Pans, disposable, aluminum, 10 cm diameter,
sample is considered to be the amount of mass lost during the
suitable for moisture analyzer (Test Method B only).
drying of the sample at 105°C to constant mass. An inherent
error of this and any oven-drying procedure is that volatile
6. Sampling
6.1 The sample is material prepared according to Practice
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E-48 on
Biotechnology and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E48.05 on Biomass
Conversion. A Denver Instruments, Model IR-100, available from Denver Instrument
Current edition approved Oct. 10, 1995. Published December 1995. Company, 6542 Fig St., Arvada, CO 80004, has been found to be satisfactory for this
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 11.05. purpose.
Copyright © ASTM, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
E 1756
TABLE 1 Critical Difference, Percent of Grand Average, For the
%T 5 ~m 2 m !/~m 2 m ! 3 100 % (1)
105 f1 t i1 t
A,B
Conditions Noted
where:
Number of
Observations Single Operator %T 5 mass percent of total solids based on 105°C dry
Test Conditions
in Precision
mass,
Each Average
m 5 tare mass of dried container,
t
Test Method A, hybrid poplar 1 0.55
m 5 initial mass of container and biomass, and
i1
2 0.39
m 5 final mass of container and biomass after drying
f1
Test Method A, fermentation residue 1 1.35
at 105°C.
2 0.95
Test Method B, hybrid poplar 1 0.56
2 0.40
9. Procedure: Test Method B
Test Method B, switchgrass 1 0.89
9.1 This test method is suitable for either prepared biomass
2 0.63
A samples or extractives-free material and employs an automated
The critical differences were calculated with z 5 1.960.
B
To convert the values of the critical differences to units of measure, multiply the moisture analyzer. This test method is not suitable for materials
critical differences by the average of the two specific sets of data being compared
with bulk densities of less than 0.1 g/cm .
and divide by 100.
9.2 Set the standby temperature to 60°C and allow the
instrument to warm-up for 30 min. Set the drying temperature
E 1757 or extractives-free material prepared according to Test
to 105°C. The drying program should be set to end when the
Method E 1690.
sample mass changes less than 0.05 % in mass per minute.
7. Procedure: Test Method A
9.3 Tare a disposable aluminum dryin
...

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4.1 The ash content is an approximate measure of the mineral content and other inorganic matter in biomass.  
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4.1 The percentage, by mass, of sugar content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
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1.1 This test method covers the determination of carbohydrates present in a biomass sample, expressed as the percent, by mass, of each sugar on a 105 °C dried mass basis.
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4.1 The acid-insoluble residue content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
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Standard Practice for Preparation of Biomass for Compositional Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Preparation Method A—Method suitable for the preparation of large quantities (>20 g) of field collected samples into a form appropriate for compositional analysis. Woody samples must first be available as chips of a nominal 5 by 5 by 0.6 cm (2 by 2 by 1/4 in.) or less and twigs not exceeding 0.6 cm (1/4 in.) diameter. Herbaceous materials may be processed as whole straw. It is recommended that wastepaper should be shredded into pieces less then 1 cm (1/2 in.) wide. Furthermore, it is recommended that twigs, straw, and wastepaper should not exceed 61 cm (24 in.) in length to facilitate handling.  
4.2 Preparation Methods B and C—Methods are suitable for very moist feedstocks, samples that would not be stable during prolonged exposure to ambient conditions, or for drying materials when room conditions deviate from the ambient conditions described in 3.1.1. These test methods are also suitable for handling small samples of biomass (  
4.3 Preparation Methods A, B, and C are not intended for materials that will already pass through a 20 mesh sieve or that cannot be dried by the described methods to a total solids content of greater than 85 %, based on an oven dried weight.  
4.4 Preparation Method A will separate the milled material into two fractions, a −20/+80 mesh fraction and a −80 mesh fraction.  
4.4.1 Extraneous inorganic materials will accumulate in the −80 mesh fraction and it should be analyzed independently from the −20/+80 mesh fraction. Weighted results from the two fractions can then be combined to obtain results for materials on an "as received" basis.
Note 1: During analysis, the very fine consistency of the −80 mesh fraction may cause problems in filtering operations and should be handled appropriately.  
4.5 Preparation Method D—Method suitable for cereal grains, cereal grain fermentation mash, cereal grain fermentation beer, and cereal grain fermentation residues that are generally stable.  
4.6 Preparation Method E—Method suitable for ce...
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1.1 This practice covers a reproducible way to convert hardwoods, softwoods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), cellulosic feedstocks pretreated to improve suitability for fermentation, cereal grains, cereal grain fermentation mash, cereal grain fermentation beer, and fermentation residues into a uniform material suitable for compositional analysis. This practice is intended for samples that need to be dried prior to analysis.  
1.2 Milling and sieving actions both produce large amounts of dust. This dust can be a nuisance hazard and irritant. Use appropriate respiratory protection as needed. If excessive amounts of dust are allowed to become airborne a potential explosion hazard is possible. Provide appropriate dust control measures as needed.  
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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Ethanol extractives are any materials found in biomass that are soluble in ethanol. They are not considered to be part of the structural components of biomass and should be removed prior to any chemical analysis of the sample. The prolonged extraction removes nonstructural materials that can include waxes, fats, resins, tannins, gums, sugars, starches, and pigments. Removing hydrophobic materials from the biomass makes it easier to wet the material for the analysis of structural components in the biomass.  
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Standard Test Method for Determination of Total Solids in Biomass

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 Moisture is a ubiquitous and variable component of any biomass sample. Moisture is not considered a structural component of biomass and can change with storage and handling of biomass samples. The determination of the total solids content allows for the correction of biomass samples to an oven-dried solids mass that is constant for a particular sample.  
4.2 This procedure is not suitable for biomass samples that visibly change on heating to 105 °C, for example, unwashed acid-pretreated biomass still containing free acid.  
4.3 Some materials that contain large amount of free sugars or proteins will caramelize or brown under direct infrared heating elements used in Test Method B. Total solids in these materials should be done by Test Method A.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of the amount of total solids remaining after drying a sample. Materials suitable for this procedure include samples prepared in accordance with Practice E1757 and extractive-free material prepared in accordance with Test Method E1690. For particulate wood fuels, Test Method E871 should be used.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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Standard Test Method for Ash in Biomass

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The ash content is an approximate measure of the mineral content and other inorganic matter in biomass.  
4.2 The ash content is used in conjunction with other assays to determine the total composition of biomass samples.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the determination of ash, expressed as the mass percent of residue remaining after dry oxidation (oxidation at 575 ± 25 °C), of hard and soft woods, herbaceous materials (such as switchgrass and sericea), agricultural residues (such as corn stover, wheat straw, and bagasse), wastepaper (such as office waste, boxboard, and newsprint), acid and alkaline pretreated biomass, and the solid fraction of fermentation residues. All results are reported relative to the 105 °C oven-dried mass of the sample. For particulate wood fuels, Test Method E1534 should be used.  
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