ASTM D5405/D5405M-98(2021)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Conducting Time-to-Failure (Creep-Rupture) Tests of Joints Fabricated from Nonbituminous Organic Roof Membrane Material
Standard Test Method for Conducting Time-to-Failure (Creep-Rupture) Tests of Joints Fabricated from Nonbituminous Organic Roof Membrane Material
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 An important factor affecting the performance of joints of nonbituminous membranes is their ability to remain bonded over the membrane's expected service life. Time-to-failure tests provide a means of characterizing the behavior of joints under constant load over time.
5.2 Creep is a sensitive index of rheological properties that depend on material, load, temperature, and time. Time-to-failure data that are obtained over a relatively short time period can evaluate one factor affecting a joint's ability to withstand static loading over a relatively long time period.
5.3 Time-to-failure data for joints of nonbituminous organic roof membrane specimens can be used for the following: (1) to provide a measure of the load-carrying ability of the joint as a function of time at various levels of load, temperature, and relative humidity; (2) to characterize the joint with regard to factors affecting performance, such as surface preparation of the adherend, solvent-based adhesive thickness and open time, environment during adhesive application and cure, and temperature of thermal welding processes; and (3) to compare the effects of different bonding processes or adhesive bonding materials on joint performance.
5.4 While it is considered that the results obtained by this laboratory test may afford a measure of the performance of seams in service, provided that load, temperature, and humidity conditions are known, no direct correlation has been established.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers laboratory determination of the time-to-failure (creep-rupture) of joints fabricated from nonbituminous organic roof membrane material. The test method covers both T-peel and lap-shear joints subjected to constant tensile load under controlled environmental conditions. The joints, made from either unreinforced or fabric-reinforced membrane material, are prepared in the laboratory or sampled from roofs in service.
1.2 Sheet materials from which the joints are fabricated include vulcanized rubbers, nonvulcanized polymeric sheets, and thermoplastics. The bonding methods for joint formation include the use of liquid-based adhesives, preformed tapes, and thermal and solvent weld processes.
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D5405/D5405M − 98 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Test Method for
Conducting Time-to-Failure (Creep-Rupture) Tests of Joints
Fabricated from Nonbituminous Organic Roof Membrane
Material
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D5405/D5405M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method covers laboratory determination of the
D816 Test Methods for Rubber Cements
time-to-failure (creep-rupture) of joints fabricated from nonbi-
D907 Terminology of Adhesives
tuminous organic roof membrane material. The test method
D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing
covers both T-peel and lap-shear joints subjected to constant
D1876 Test Method for Peel Resistance of Adhesives (T-
tensile load under controlled environmental conditions. The
Peel Test)
joints, made from either unreinforced or fabric-reinforced
membrane material, are prepared in the laboratory or sampled
3. Terminology
from roofs in service.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
1.2 Sheet materials from which the joints are fabricated
method, refer to Terminologies D907 and D1079.
include vulcanized rubbers, nonvulcanized polymeric sheets,
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
and thermoplastics. The bonding methods for joint formation
3.2.1 creep-rupture test—a test that measures the time-to-
includetheuseofliquid-basedadhesives,preformedtapes,and
failure of a specimen subjected to a constant load; progressive
thermal and solvent weld processes.
specimen deformation may also be measured.
3.2.2 failure—rupture of the bond resulting in complete
1.3 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in separation of its adherends under the test conditions; or,
alternatively, rupture of the membrane material away from the
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
bonded section of the test specimen (that is, material rupture).
system shall be used independently of the other. Combining
values from the two systems may result in nonconformance
3.2.3 time-to-failure—the period of time beginning when a
with the standard.
joint specimen is placed under load and ending when failure
occurs.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
4. Summary of Test Method
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4.1 This test method is a creep-rupture test without mea-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
surement of specimen deformation. The time-to-failure, in
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
hours, of joints fabricated from nonbituminous organic roof
1.5 This international standard was developed in accor-
membrane materials is measured when subjected to constant
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
deadweight loads under controlled temperature and humidity
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
conditions.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical 5. Significance and Use
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
5.1 An important factor affecting the performance of joints
of nonbituminous membranes is their ability to remain bonded
over the membrane’s expected service life. Time-to-failure
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D08 on Roofing
and Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.18 on
Nonbituminous Organic Roof Coverings. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2021. Published December 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 1993. Last previous edition approved in 2015 as D5405/D5405M – 98 Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
(2015). DOI: 10.1520/D5405_D5405M-98R21. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D5405/D5405M − 98 (2021)
tests provide a means of characterizing the behavior of joints specimens. Figs. 1 and 2 show a suggested clamping arrange-
under constant load over time. ment including the deadweight load.
6.3 Deadweight Loads, of appropriate mass (see Section
5.2 Creep is a sensitive index of rheological properties that
10).
depend on material, load, temperature, and time. Time-to-
failure data that are obtained over a relatively short time period
NOTE 3—It is convenient to have available a means of providing
can evaluate one factor affecting a joint’s ability to withstand
variableloadsthatmaydifferfromtesttotest,dependingontheproperties
of the joint specimens and test conditions. Hollow pipe nipples containing
static loading over a relatively long time period.
lead shot and sealed with end caps provide convenient deadweights. The
5.3 Time-to-failure data for joints of nonbituminous organic
mass of the deadweights is adjusted by adding or removing lead shot.
roof membrane specimens can be used for the following: (1)to
6.4 Load Application Mechanism—This device allows for
provide a measure of the load-carrying ability of the joint as a
placing all of the joint specimens under load simultaneously.
function of time at various levels of load, temperature, and
An example of such a device is a large tray, suspended on
relative humidity; (2) to characterize the joint with regard to
pulleys, which supports the loads attached to the bottom of the
factors affecting performance, such as surface preparation of
specimens. Lowering the tray allows all test specimens and
the adherend, solvent-based adhesive thickness and open time,
deadweights attached to them to be suspended freely at once.
environment during adhesive application and cure, and tem-
NOTE 4—If each specimen has its own timer device (see 6.5), it is not
perature of thermal welding processes; and (3) to compare the
necessary to load all specimens simultaneously.
effects of different bonding processes or adhesive bonding
6.5 Timer Device, for recording the total time over which
materials on joint performance.
eachindividualspecimenisunderload,orformarkingthetime
5.4 While it is considered that the results obtained by this
at which failure of each specimen occurs.The sensitivity of the
laboratory test may afford a measure of the performance of
timer shall be as follows:
seamsinservice,providedthatload,temperature,andhumidity
Failure Time Timer Sensitivity
conditions are known, no direct correlation has been estab-
#25 h 0.1 min
lished.
>25 and#100 h 0.01 h
>100 h 0.1 h
6. Apparatus
NOTE 5—For investigations involving multiple specimens in the
chamber, a computer-controlled timer that records the time-to-failure has
6.1 Test Chamber,ofsufficientsizetoholdaminimumof15
been found to be satisfactory. In this case, a micro-electrical circuit
specimens. The height of the chamber shall be sufficient to
connectedtothecomputerissetupforeachspecimen.Thecircuitconsists
of a wire loop, of which one segment is a short length of wire (trigger
allow suspension of the deadweight loads and specimen
wire) attached to each grip on the test specimen and set to stop the
deformation during testing. The chamber shall be structurally
computer clock when failure occurs.At the point of attachment at the top
capable of supporting the loads anticipated during testing
grip, the trigger wire is inserted in an electrical connector. When the
without appreciable deflection.
specimen fails and the deadweight on the lower grip falls, the trigger wire
is pulled from the connector, breaking the circuit and stopping the clock.
NOTE 1—A minimum height of 600 mm [24 in.] is suitable for the
specimen sizes described in this test method if they are not extremely
extensible. A taller chamber may be needed if they are extremely
extensible.
6.1.1 Temperature and Humidity Control—The control of
temperature and humidity is important, since small changes in
these variables may produce large changes in time-to-failure.
The temperature and relative humidity within the chamber
shall be controlled within 63°C[6 5 °F] and 65 % relative
humidity, respectively, over the duration of the test. Any
deviations from these limits shall be given in the test report.
The selected temperature and humidity conditions shall be
uniform throughout the enclosed space (63°Cor 65 °F and
65 %relativehumidity).Ifthisuniformityisachievedthrough
mechanical air circulation, it shall not cause the specimens to
sway, vibrate, or be otherwise disturbed.
NOTE 2—Suggested test conditions are as follows: (1) normal ambient
temperature (approximately 23 °C or 73 °F) and humidity (50 % relative
humidity); and (2) extremes to which the seams may be subjected in
service.
6.2 Specimen and Load Clamping—The chamber shall be
equipped with a means for clamping the joint specimens
vertically to the top of the interior of the chamber, or other
suitable upper support. Also, a clamp shall be provided to
secure the deadweight loads to the bottom of the joint FIG. 1 Schematic of a T-Peel Specimen Clamped Under Load
D5405/D5405M − 98 (2021)
weld equipment speed. Other variables that can affect time-to-
failure are time, temperature, and relative humidity of the
specimen cure.
8.1.2 T-Peel Specimens—PrepareT-peel test specimens, 125
by 25 mm [5 by 1 in.], 62 %, as shown in Fig. 3. The length
of the bond shall be 75 mm [3 in.] 62 %. The test specimens
maybecutfromasinglesectionpreparedbybondingtwolarge
pieces of sheet membrane material. If specimens having
dimensions other than those specified are tested, they shall be
described in the test report. Prior to bond formation, prepare
the surface of the sheet material according to the membrane
manufacturer’s instructions, or using other methods that shall
be described in the test report. Similarly, form the joint using
a process (that is, adhesive tape, or thermal or solvent weld) in
accordance with the membrane manufacturer’s instructions, or
using other methods that shall be described in the test report.
The use of test specimens whose preparation includes addi-
tional materials such as primers or sealants is permissible.
When adhesives are used, control the thickness to 620 % of
thevalueselectedforthetestspecimens(see8.1.5).Labeleach
specimen with an identification number.
8.1.3 Lap-Shear Specimens—Prepare lap-shear test
specimens, 150 by 25 mm [6 by 1 in.], 62 %, as shown in Fig.
4. The length of the bonded lap shall be 25 mm [1 in.] 62%.
If specimens having dimensions other than those specified are
tested, they shall be described in the test report. The sheet
surface preparation and bond formation shall be as given in
8.1.2. Label each specimen with an identification number.
8.1.4 Specimen Cure—The temperature and relative humid-
ity conditions under which the test specimens are prepared and
cured shall be selected by the experimenter and described in
the test report. The temperature and relative humidity shall be
FIG. 2 Schematic of a Lap-Shear Specimen Clamped Under Load
maintained within 63°C[65 °F] and 65 % relative humidity
of the selected values, respectively.
8.1.5 Adhesive Thickness—When a liquid-based adhesive or
tape is used for bond formation, measure the dry-film adhesive
7. Vibration Control
or tape thickness of each specimen using a convenient labora-
7.1 Because the time-to-failure tests are sensitive to
tory method. Describe the measurement method in the test
vibration, select a location of the testing apparatus for mini-
report.
mum disturbance. When a vibration-free location is not
NOTE 7—One method for controlling the thickness of the liquid-based
available, the testing apparatus shall be designed so that the
adhesive layer is to use a drawdown bar or similar device during
specimens are isolated from vibration. In addition, precautions
application of the adhesive to the membrane sheet. Another method is to
shall be taken to avoid vibration caused by the falling dead-
weights at specimen failure. Caution shall be exercised during
testing to avoid vibration due to normal laboratory activities
such as opening and closing doors and bench drawers.
NOTE 6—A wire cord, attached to the deadweight and also upper
specimen clamp, minimizes vibration at specimen failure.The cord length
must be long enough to allow freefall of the deadweight, but short enough
to prevent it from striking the floor of the test chamber.
8. Test Specimens
8.1 Laboratory Specimens:
8.1.1 The time-to-failure tests are conducted on either
T-peelorlap-shearspecimens.Testspecimenvariablesthatcan
affect time-to-failure include, depending on the seam fabrica-
tion technique, the method of membrane material surface
preparation, adhesive thickness, adhesive open time, pressure
applied during bond formation, thermal weld temperature, and FIG. 3 Configuration and Dimensions of a T-Peel Specimen
D5405/D5405M − 98 (2021)
9.3 A minimum of 15 joint specimens shall be included in
thetime-to-failuretestsforeachconditionofload,temperature,
and humidity.
NOTE 9—Fifteen specimens provide a reasonable number for statistical
treatment of the time-to-failure data.
10. Determination of Loads for Time-to-Failure Tests
10.1 Select the load such that the time-to-failure is, in
FIG. 4 Configuration and Dimensions of a Lap-Shear Specimen
general, neither excessively short (<0.1 h) nor long (>1000 h).
The load shall be within 1 % of that selected. The mass of the
lower clamp is included as part of the load applied. Report the
load under which the test was conducted in the test report.
apply the wet liquid-based adhesive to the membrane sheet at a coverage
quantity based on the solids content of the adhesive. In such cases,
NOTE 10—Loads may be selected based on those expected to be
measurements should be performed to establish the thickness-coverage
experienced by the seam in service. Pretesting specimens under selected
relation; if necessary, consult with the membrane manufacturer for
loads is useful to estimate the time-to-failure of the specimens for the
assistance in determining coverage q
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