ASTM C1211-18
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures
Standard Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated Temperatures
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This test method may be used for material development, quality control, characterization, and design data generation purposes. This test method is intended to be used with ceramics whose flexural strength is ∼50 MPa (∼7 ksi) or greater.
4.2 The flexure stress is computed based on simple beam theory, with assumptions that the material is isotropic and homogeneous, the moduli of elasticity in tension and compression are identical, and the material is linearly elastic. The average grain size should be no greater than 1/50 of the beam thickness. The homogeneity and isotropy assumptions in the test method rule out the use of it for continuous fiber-reinforced composites for which Test Method C1341 is more appropriate.
4.3 The flexural strength of a group of test specimens is influenced by several parameters associated with the test procedure. Such factors include the testing rate, test environment, specimen size, specimen preparation, and test fixtures. Specimen and fixture sizes were chosen to provide a balance between the practical configurations and resulting errors as discussed in Test Method C1161, and Refs (1-3).4 Specific fixture and specimen configurations were designated in order to permit the ready comparison of data without the need for Weibull size scaling.
4.4 The flexural strength of a ceramic material is dependent on both its inherent resistance to fracture and the size and severity of flaws. Variations in these cause a natural scatter in test results for a sample of test specimens. Fractographic analysis of fracture surfaces, although beyond the scope of this test method, is highly recommended for all purposes, especially if the data will be used for design as discussed in Ref (4) and Practices C1322 and C1239.
4.5 This method determines the flexural strength at elevated temperature and ambient environmental conditions at a nominal, moderately fast testing rate. The flexural strength under these conditions may or may not necessarily be the...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of advanced ceramics at elevated temperatures.2 Four-point-1/4-point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular specimens of prescribed cross-section are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations. Test specimens may be 3 by 4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are tested on 40-mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures. Alternatively, test specimens and fixture spans half or twice these sizes may be used. The test method permits testing of machined or as-fired test specimens. Several options for machining preparation are included: application matched machining, customary procedures, or a specified standard procedure. This test method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting requirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
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Designation: C1211 − 18
Standard Test Method for
Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated
1
Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1211; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
3
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural 2.1 ASTM Standards:
2
strength of advanced ceramics at elevated temperatures.
C1161 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced
1
Four-point- ⁄4-point and three-point loadings with prescribed Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
spans are the standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular
C1239 Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and
specimens of prescribed cross-section are used with specified Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced
features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations. Test
Ceramics
specimens may be 3 by 4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are tested C1322 Practice for Fractography and Characterization of
on 40-mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures. Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
Alternatively, test specimens and fixture spans half or twice C1341 Test Method for Flexural Properties of Continuous
these sizes may be used. The test method permits testing of Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Composites
machined or as-fired test specimens. Several options for C1368 Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack
machining preparation are included: application matched Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant
machining, customary procedures, or a specified standard Stress-Rate Strength Testing at Ambient Temperature
procedure. This test method describes the apparatus, specimen C1465 Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack
requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting re- Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant
quirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or Stress-Rate Flexural Testing at Elevated Temperatures
particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
used for glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber- E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By
reinforced ceramic composites. Comparison Techniques
E230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
(EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
only.
3. Terminology
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1 Definitions:
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.1.1 complete gage section, n—the portion of the specimen
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
between the two outer bearings in four-point flexure and
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
three-point flexure fixtures.
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
NOTE 1—In this standard, the complete four-point flexure gage section
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
is twice the size of the inner gage section. Weibull statistical analyses, in
this instance, only include portions of the specimen volume or surface
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
which experience tensile stresses.
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
–2
3.1.2 flexural strength, [FL ], n—a measure of the ultimate
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee. strength of a specified beam in bending.
1
3.1.3 four-point- ⁄4-point flexure, n—a configuration of flex-
1 ural strength testing in which a specimen is symmetrically
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on
Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on
Mechanical Properties and Performance.
Current edition approved Jan. 1, 2018. Published January 2018. Originally
3
approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 2013 as C1211 – 13. DOI: For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
10.1520/C1211-18. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Elevated temperatures typically denote, but are not restricted to, 200 to Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
1600 °C. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 1
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: C1211 − 13 C1211 − 18
Standard Test Method for
Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Elevated
1
Temperatures
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1211; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
2
1
1.1 This test method covers determination of the flexural strength of advanced ceramics at elevated temperatures. Four-point- ⁄4
point -point and three-point loadings with prescribed spans are the standard as shown in Fig. 1. Rectangular specimens of
prescribed cross-section are used with specified features in prescribed specimen-fixture combinations. Test specimens may be 3 by
4 by 45 to 50 mm in size that are tested on 40 mm 40-mm outer span four-point or three-point fixtures. Alternatively, test specimens
and fixture spans half or twice these sizes may be used. The test method permits testing of machined or as-fired test specimens.
Several options for machining preparation are included: application matched machining, customary procedures, or a specified
standard procedure. This test method describes the apparatus, specimen requirements, test procedure, calculations, and reporting
requirements. The test method is applicable to monolithic or particulate- or whisker-reinforced ceramics. It may also be used for
glasses. It is not applicable to continuous fiber-reinforced ceramic composites.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C28 on Advanced Ceramics and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee C28.01 on Mechanical
Properties and Performance.
Current edition approved Aug. 1, 2013Jan. 1, 2018. Published September 2013January 2018. Originally approved in 1992. Last previous edition approved in 20082013
as C1211 – 02 (2008). 13. DOI: 10.1520/C1211-13.10.1520/C1211-18.
2
Elevated temperatures typically denote, but are not restricted to, 200 to 1600°C.1600 °C.
NOTE 1—Configuration:
A: L = 20 mm
B: L = 40 mm
C: L = 80 mm
1
FIG. 1 Four-Point- ⁄4 Point -Point and Three-Point Fixture Configurations
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
C1211 − 18
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
C1161 Test Method for Flexural Strength of Advanced Ceramics at Ambient Temperature
C1239 Practice for Reporting Uniaxial Strength Data and Estimating Weibull Distribution Parameters for Advanced Ceramics
C1322 Practice for Fractography and Characterization of Fracture Origins in Advanced Ceramics
C1341 Test Method for Flexural Properties of Continuous Fiber-Reinforced Advanced Ceramic Composites
C1368 Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant Stress-Rate
Strength Testing at Ambient Temperature
C1465 Test Method for Determination of Slow Crack Growth Parameters of Advanced Ceramics by Constant Stress-Rate
Flexural Testing at Elevated Temperatures
E4 Practices for Force Verification of Testing Machines
E220 Test Method for Calibration of Thermocouples By Comparison Techniques
E230 Specification and Temperature-Electromotive Force (EMF) Tables for Standardized Thermocouples
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions:
3.1.1 complete gage section, n—the portion of the specimen between the two outer bearings in four-point flexure and three-point
flexure fixtures.
NOTE 1—In this standard, the complete four-point flexure gage section is twice the size of the inner gage section. Weibull statistical analyses,
...
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