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ASTM E2251-14(2021)

(Specification)

Standard Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids

Standard Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids

ABSTRACT
This specification covers liquid-in-glass ASTM thermometers using low hazard thermometric liquids. The gas filling above the liquid shall be nitrogen or other suitable inert gas. The filling gas shall be chosen to have very low solubility in the thermometric fluid. The stem shall be made of suitable thermometer tubing and shall have a plain front and enamel back. The bulb shall be made of glass and the following distances between graduations and the bulb, and between graduations and enlargements in the capillary, are minimum limits acceptable. All graduation lines, figures, and letters shall be clearly defined, suitably colored, and permanent. The width and the sharpness of the graduation lines shall be designed in accordance with necessary space between the graduations and the desired accuracy of interpolation. The middle of the graduation line shall be accurately determinable. In addition, the graduation lines shall be straight, of uniform width, and perpendicular to the axis of the thermometer. On partial immersion thermometers an immersion line shall be permanently marked on the front of the thermometer at the distance above the bottom of the bulb as specified. The immersion inscription shall be written in capital letters and abbreviated. The terminal number shall be in full when there are one or more numbered graduations between it and the next full number. The special inscription specified shall be marked on the thermometer in capital letters and Arabic numbers without the use of periods.
SCOPE
1.1 The purpose of this standard is to specify liquid-in-glass ASTM thermometers using low hazard thermometric liquids defined in this standard.  
1.2 This standard specifies liquid-in-glass thermometers graduated in degrees Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit that are frequently identified and used in methods under the jurisdiction of the various technical committees within ASTM. The current approved thermometers are listed in Table 1.  
1.3 The technical requirements for the thermometric liquids used in the thermometers in Table 1 are specified in Annex A1. Tests for conformity to the technical requirements are also found in Annex A1.
Note 1: It has been found by experience that ASTM Thermometers, although developed in general for specific tests, may also be found suitable for other applications, thus precluding the need for new thermometer specifications differing in only minor features. However, it is suggested that technical committees contact E20.05 before choosing a currently designated thermometer for a new method to be sure the thermometer will be suitable for the intended application.  
1.4 For full rationale, see Appendix X1.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

Status
Published
Publication Date
30-Nov-2021
ICS
17.200.20 - Temperature-measuring instruments
Technical Committee
E20 - Temperature Measurement
Drafting Committee
E20.05 - Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers and Hydrometers
Current Stage
Ref Project

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ASTM E2251-14(2021) - Standard Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision LiquidsASTM E2251-14(2021) - Standard Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
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ASTM E2251-14(2021) - Standard Specification for Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard Precision Liquids
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This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation:E2251 −14 (Reapproved 2021)
Standard Specification for
Liquid-in-Glass ASTM Thermometers with Low-Hazard
1
Precision Liquids
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2251; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 2. Referenced Documents
2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 Thepurposeofthisstandardistospecifyliquid-in-glass
E1Specification for ASTM Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers
ASTM thermometers using low hazard thermometric liquids
E77Test Method for Inspection and Verification of Ther-
defined in this standard.
mometers
1.2 This standard specifies liquid-in-glass thermometers
E344Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-
graduated in degrees Celsius or degrees Fahrenheit that are
etry
frequentlyidentifiedandusedinmethodsunderthejurisdiction
E563Practice for Preparation and Use of an Ice-Point Bath
of the various technical committees withinASTM.The current
as a Reference Temperature
approved thermometers are listed in Table 1.
3. Terminology
1.3 The technical requirements for the thermometric liquids
3.1 Definitions—ThedefinitionsgiveninTerminologyE344
usedinthethermometersinTable1arespecifiedinAnnexA1.
apply.
Tests for conformity to the technical requirements are also
found in Annex A1.
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
NOTE 1—It has been found by experience that ASTM Thermometers,
3.2.1 bulb length, n—the distance from the bottom of the
although developed in general for specific tests, may also be found
bulb to the junction of the bulb and the stem tubing.
suitableforotherapplications,thusprecludingtheneedfornewthermom-
3.2.2 contraction chamber, n—an enlargement of the
eter specifications differing in only minor features. However, it is
suggested that technical committees contact E20.05 before choosing a
capillary, located below the main scale or between the main
currently designated thermometer for a new method to be sure the
scale and the auxiliary scale, that serves to reduce the scale
thermometer will be suitable for the intended application.
lengthortopreventcontractionofalltheliquidcolumnintothe
1.4 For full rationale, see Appendix X1.
bulb.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the 3.2.3 diameter, n—thelargestoutsidedimensionoftheglass
tubing as measured with a ring gage.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
3.2.4 expansion chamber, n—an enlargement at the top of
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
the capillary to provide protection against breakage caused by
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
excessive gas pressure.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
3.2.5 faden thermometer, n—a thermometer with a long,
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
thin bulb used to determine emergent stem temperatures.
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
3.2.6 intervalerror,n—thedeviationofthenominalvalueof
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
a temperature interval from its true value; either for the total
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
range(totalinterval)orforapartoftherange(partialinterval).
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
3.2.7 low-hazard liquid, n—a liquid that is biodegradable,
non-hazardousandconsiderednon-toxicinthermometerquan-
tities.
1
This specification is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E20 on
Temperature Measurement and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E20.05
2
on Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers and Hydrometers. For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2021. Published December 2021. Originally contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2014 as E2251–14. DOI: Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
10.1520/E2251-14R21. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1

---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2251−14 (2021)
NOTE 2—It is the responsibility of the manufacturer to determine the
8. Capillary Clearances
suitability of a liquid for this standard. In marking the thermometer with
8.1 The following distances between graduations
...

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1.2.1 Type 1—Bare-wire thermocouple assemblies in which vacuum or an inert or reducing gas is the only electrical insulating medium between the thermoelements.  
1.2.2 Type 2—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements.  
1.2.3 Type 2A—Assemblies in which loose fitting ceramic insulating pieces, such as single-bore or double-bore tubes, are placed over the thermoelements, permanently enclosed and sealed in a loose fitting metal or ceramic tube.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This specification establishes requirements for compacted, mineral-insulated, metal-sheathed (MIMS), base metal thermocouple cable,2 with at least two thermoelements.3  
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Standard Specification for Type K and Type N Mineral-Insulated, Metal-Sheathed Thermocouples for Nuclear or for Other High-Reliability Applications

ABSTRACT
This specification covers the requirements for sheathed, Type K and N thermocouples for nuclear service. This specification can be used for sheathed thermocouples which are required for laboratory or general commercial applications where the environmental conditions exceed normal service requirements. The measuring junction styles for thermocouples are as follows: Style G2 (grounded) in which measuring junction is electrically connected to conductive sheaths and Style U2 (ungrounded) in which measuring junctions are electrically isolated from conductive sheaths and from reference ground. Different properties of the sheath such as integrity, cracks, voids, inclusions, surface finish, surface defect, and metallurgical structure shall be determined by performing different tests. Insulation resistance between thermoelements and the sheath shall be measured as well.
SCOPE
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FIG. 1 Grounded Measuring Junction, Style G  
FIG. 2 Ungrounded Measuring Junction, Style U  
1.3.1 Style G2  (grounded)—The measuring junction is electrically connected to its conductive sheath, and  
1.3.2 Style U2 (ungrounded)—The measuring junction is electrically isolated from its conductive sheath and from reference ground.  
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5.1 This guide is intended to be used for verifying the resistance-temperature relationship of industrial platinum resistance thermometers that are intended to satisfy the requirements of Specification E1137/E1137M. It is intended to provide a consistent method for calibration and uncertainty evaluation while still allowing the user some flexibility in the choice of apparatus and instrumentation. It is understood that the limits of uncertainty obtained depend in large part upon the apparatus and instrumentation used. Therefore, since this guide is not prescriptive in approach, it provides detailed instruction in uncertainty evaluation to accommodate the variety of apparatus and instrumentation that may be employed.  
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SCOPE
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Standard Guide for Testing Sheathed Thermocouples, Thermocouple Assemblies, and Connecting Wires Prior to, and After Installation or Service

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 These test procedures confirm and document that the thermocouple assembly was not damaged prior to or during the installation process and that the extension wires are properly connected.  
5.2 The test procedures should be used when thermocouple assemblies are first installed in their working environment.  
5.3 In the event of subsequent thermocouple failure, these procedures will provide benchmark data to verify failure and may help to identify the cause of failure.  
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SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers methods for users to test metal sheathed thermocouple assemblies, including the extension wires just prior to and after installation or some period of service.  
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ABSTRACT
This specification sets forth the requirements for duplex, types E, J, K, N and T thermocouple wire, insulated with E-glass, S-glass, amorphous silica fiber or polycrystalline fiber. This specification presents the requirements for impregnated and non-impregnated fiber insulated thermocouple wire for normally accepted industrial use. The material shall be classified as follows: Class A-Duplex; Class B-Duplex; Class C-Duplex; Class D-Duplex; Class E-Duplex; and Class F-Duplex. Thermoelements shall be solid thermocouple grade materials with a smooth, bright finish and shall be fully annealed prior to insulating. Individual thermoelements shall be covered with a braid, or double wrap (one wrap in each direction) of glass fibers, a braid of glass fibers, or braid of fibers.
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This specification presents the requirements for impregnated and non-impregnated fiber-insulated thermocouple wire for normally accepted industrial use, but does not attempt to define such usage.  
4.2 A supplement contains the requirements for insulated thermocouple wire that will be exposed to high humidity. The purchase order or inquiry shall specify if the requirements in this supplement are required.
SCOPE
1.1 This specification sets forth the requirements for duplex, types E, J, K, N and T thermocouple wire, insulated with E-glass, S-glass, amorphous silica fiber or polycrystalline fiber.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.  
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ASTM E2488-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for the Preparation and Evaluation of Liquid Baths Used for Temperature Calibration by Comparison

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The design of a controlled temperature bath will determine what thermometers can be calibrated and to what extent an isothermal condition is achieved. The lack of thermal stability and uniformity of the bath are sources of error that contribute to the overall calibration uncertainty.  
5.2 This guide describes a procedure for determining the effective working space for a controlled temperature fluid bath.  
5.3 This guide describes a procedure for determining the thermal stability within a controlled temperature fluid bath. Overall thermal stability is composed of the bath performance as specified by the manufacturer of the bath equipment and as a component of calibration uncertainty.  
5.4 This guide describes a procedure for determining the temperature uniformity of the working space of the controlled temperature fluid bath.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide is intended for use with controlled temperature comparison baths that contain test fluids and operate within the temperature range of –100 °C to 550 °C.  
1.2 This guide describes the essential features of controlled temperature fluid baths used for the purpose of thermometer calibration by the comparison method.  
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1.5 This guide does not address fixed point baths, ice point baths, or vapor baths.  
1.6 This guide does not address fluidized powder baths.  
1.7 This guide does not address baths that are programmed to change temperature.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
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ASTM E2758-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Infrared Thermometers

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides guidelines and basic test methods for the use of infrared thermometers. The purpose of this guide is to provide a basis for users of IR thermometers to make more accurate measurements, to understand the error in measurements, and reduce the error in measurements.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers electronic instruments intended for measurement of temperature by detecting intensity of thermal radiation exchanged between the subject of measurement and the sensor.  
1.2 The devices covered by this guide are referred to as IR thermometers.  
1.3 The IR thermometers covered in this guide are instruments that are intended to measure temperatures below 2700 °C and measure a narrow to wide band of thermal radiation in the infrared region.  
1.4 This guide covers best practice in using IR thermometers. It addresses concerns that will help the user make better measurements. It also provides graphical tables to help determine the accuracy of measurements.  
1.5 Details on the design and construction of IR thermometers are not covered in this guide.  
1.6 This guide addresses general information on emissivity and how to deal with emissivity when making measurements with an IR thermometer.  
1.7 This guide contains basic information on the classification of different types of IR thermometers.  
1.8 The values of quantities stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values of quantities in parentheses are not in SI and are optional.  
1.9 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.10 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E1502-22(Guide)
Standard Guide for Use of Fixed-Point Cells for Reference Temperatures

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 A pure material has a well defined phase transition behavior, and the phase transition plateau, a characteristic of the material, can serve as a reproducible reference temperature for the calibration of thermometers. The melting or freezing points of some highly purified metals have been designated as defining fixed points on ITS-90. The fixed points of other materials have been determined carefully enough that they can serve as secondary reference points (see Tables 1 and 2). This guide presents information on the phase transition process as it relates to establishing a reference temperature. (A) Defining fixed point for ITS-90.(B) Realized as melting point.(C) Based on recommendation of International Bureau of Weights and Measures (BIPM) Working Group 2 of the Comité Consultatif de Thermométrie (CCT-WG2); published as: Bedford, R. E., Bonnier, G., Maas, H., and Pavese, F., "Recommended Values of Temperature on the International Temperature Scale of 1990 for a Selected Set of Secondary Reference Points", Metrologia, Vol 33, 1996, pp. 133. DOI: 10.1088/0026-1394/33/2/3.  (A) Values for cells of good design, construction, and material purity used with careful technique. Cells of lesser quality may not approach these values.(B) Realized as melting point.  
5.2 Fixed-point cells provide users with a means of realizing melting and freezing points. If the cells are appropriately designed and constructed, if they contain material of adequate purity, and if they are properly used, they can establish reference temperatures with uncertainties of a few millikelvins or less. This guide describes some of the design and use considerations.  
5.3 Fixed-point cells can be constructed and operated less stringently than required for millikelvin uncertainty, yet still provide reliable, durable, easy-to-use fixed points for a variety of industrial calibration and heat treatment purposes. For example, any freezing-point cell can be operated, often advantageously, as a melting-po...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the essential features of fixed-point cells and auxiliary apparatus, and the techniques required to realize fixed points in the temperature range from 29 °C to 1085 °C.3  
1.2 Design and construction requirements of fixed-point cells are not addressed in this guide. Typical examples are given in Figs. 1 and 2.
FIG. 1 Examples of Fixed-Point Cells  
FIG. 2 Example of Fixed-Point Furnace  
Note 1: This example shows an insulated furnace body and two alternative types of furnace cores. The core on the left is a three-zone shielded type. The core on the right employs a heat pipe to reduce temperature gradients.  
1.3 This guide is intended to describe good practice and establish uniform procedures for the realization of fixed points.  
1.4 This guide emphasizes principles. The emphasis on principles is intended to aid the user in evaluating cells, in improving technique for using cells, and in establishing procedures for specific applications.  
1.5 For the purposes of this guide, the use of fixed-point cells for the accurate calibration of thermometers is restricted to immersion-type thermometers that, when inserted into the reentrant well of the cell, (1) indicate the temperature only of the isothermal region of the well, and (2) do not significantly alter the temperature of the isothermal region of the well by heat transfer.  
1.6 This guide does not address all of the details of thermometer calibration.  
1.7 This guide is intended to complement special operating instructions supplied by manufacturers of fixed-point apparatus.  
1.8 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.9 The following hazard caveat pertains only to the test method portion, Section 7, of this guide. This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of th...

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