ASTM E2177-11
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Measuring the Coefficient of Retroreflected Luminance (RL) of Pavement Markings in a Standard Condition of Wetness
Standard Test Method for Measuring the Coefficient of Retroreflected Luminance (R<sub>L</sub>) of Pavement Markings in a Standard Condition of Wetness
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The nighttime performance of pavement markings is determined by the coefficient of retroreflected luminance, RL, be it dry or wet, and depends on the materials used, age, and wear pattern. These conditions shall be observed and noted by the user.
Under the same conditions of headlight illumination and driver's viewing, larger values of RL correspond to higher levels of visual performance at corresponding geometry.
The pavement marking's measured performance in the standard condition of wetness is used to characterize the performance of the marking on the road when wet.
Newly installed pavement markings may have a natural surface tension or release agents that prevent wetting of the product by water. The water will tend to “bead up” on the marking. This “non wetting” condition is usually short lived. Pavement markings that have been on the road for one month prior to testing usually do not exhibit this non-wetting phenomenon. (Warning–This phenomenon produces an interference when assessing the wet characteristics of a pavement marking. Attempts to measure markings with this surface “non-wetting” or “beading” of the water may give higher values.)
The retroreflectivity, RL, of pavement (road) markings degrades with traffic wear and requires periodic measurement to ensure that sufficient line visibility is provided to drivers. For example see Specification D6359 for dry retroreflectivity requirements.
For a given viewing distance, measurements of RL made with a retroreflectometer having a geometry corresponding to that viewing distance are a good indicator of the visual ranking of the material measured.
As specified by Test Method E1710, the measurement geometry of the instrument is based on a viewing distance of 30 m, an eye height of 1.2 m and a headlight mounting height of 0.65 m (see Appendix X1).
It shall be the responsibility of the user to employ an instrument having the specified observation and entrance angles.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the wet retroreflective (RL) properties of horizontal pavement marking materials, such as traffic stripes and road surface symbols, using a portable or mobile retroreflectometer that can be placed on or before the road marking to measure the retroreflection at the prescribed geometry.
1.2 This method of measuring the wet retroreflective properties (RL) of pavement markings measures the wet retroreflectivity in a standard condition of wetness (see Fig. 1).
1.2.1 DiscussionThis test condition typically exists (1) after a rainfall has ended and the pavement markings are still wet or (2) as the markings are wet from dew or humidity.
1.3 Retroreflective performance obtained with this test in conditions of wetness does not necessarily relate to how markings perform in conditions of rain, that is, as markings are being rained upon.
Note 1—Test Method E2176 defines a method to use to measure the performance of pavement markings in conditions of simulated rain.
1.4 This test method specifies the use of portable or mobile reflectometers that can measure pavement markings in accordance with Test Method E1710. The entrance and observation angles required of the retroreflectometer in this test method are commonly referred to as “30 meter geometry.”
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Designation:E2177 −11
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Coefficient of Retroreflected Luminance (R )
L
1
of Pavement Markings in a Standard Condition of Wetness
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2177; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the wet
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
retroreflective (R ) properties of horizontal pavement marking
L
materials, such as traffic stripes and road surface symbols,
2. Referenced Documents
usingaportableormobileretroreflectometerthatcanbeplaced
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
on or before the road marking to measure the retroreflection at
B965 Specification for High Performance Tin-Coated An-
the prescribed geometry.
nealed CopperWire Intended for Electrical and Electronic
1.2 This method of measuring the wet retroreflective prop-
Application for Solderability
erties (R ) of pavement markings measures the wet retroreflec-
L
D6359 Specification for Minimum Retroreflectance of
tivity in a standard condition of wetness (see Fig. 1).
Newly Applied Pavement Marking Using Portable Hand-
1.2.1 Discussion—This test condition typically exists (1) 4
Operated Instruments (Withdrawn 2006)
after a rainfall has ended and the pavement markings are still
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in
wet or (2) as the markings are wet from dew or humidity.
ASTM Test Methods
1.3 Retroreflective performance obtained with this test in E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
conditions of wetness does not necessarily relate to how Determine the Precision of a Test Method
markings perform in conditions of rain, that is, as markings are E1710 Test Method for Measurement of Retroreflective
being rained upon. Pavement Marking Materials with CEN-Prescribed Ge-
ometry Using a Portable Retroreflectometer
NOTE 1—Test Method E2176 defines a method to use to measure the
E2176 Test Method for Measuring the Coefficient of Ret-
performance of pavement markings in conditions of simulated rain.
roreflected Luminance of Pavement Markings in a Stan-
1.4 This test method specifies the use of portable or mobile
dard Condition of Continuous Wetting (R ) (With-
L-Rain
reflectometers that can measure pavement markings in accor-
4
drawn 2013)
2
dance with Test Method E1710. The entrance and observation
2.2 Other Standard:
angles required of the retroreflectometer in this test method are
CEN–EN 1436 Road Marking Materials—Road Marking
2
commonly referred to as “30 meter geometry.”
5
Performance for Road Users
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3. Terminology
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
standard.
3.1 coeffıcient of retroreflected luminance, R ,n—the ratio
L
of the luminance, L, of a projected surface to the normal
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the
illuminance, E, at the surface on a plane normal to the incident
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
-
light, expressed in candelas per square metre per lux [(cd·m
2)/lx]. Because of the low luminance of pavement markings,
the units commonly used are millicandelas per square metre
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E12 on Color
-2
and Appearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.10 on per lux [(mcd·m )/lx].
Retroreflection.
Current edition approved June 1, 2011. Published June 2011. Originally
3
approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as E2177 – 01 (2009). For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
DOI: 10.1520/E2177–11. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
2
Reference ASTM E1710 “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Retrore- Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
flective Pavement Markings with CEN-Prescribed Geometry Using a Portable the ASTM website.
4
Retroreflectometer.” The standard measurement condition is intended to represent The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
the angles corresponding to a distance of 30 m for the driver of a passenger car with www.astm.org.
5
an eye height of 1.2 m and a headlight height of 0.65 m above the road. See Available from European Committee for Standardization (CEN), 36 rue de
Appendix X1. Stassart, B-1050, Brussels, Belgium, http://www.cenorm.be.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive
...
This document is not anASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of anASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation:E2177–01(Reapproved2009) Designation: E2177 – 11
Standard Test Method for
Measuring the Coefficient of Retroreflected Luminance (R )
L
1
of Pavement Markings in a Standard Condition of Wetness
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E2177; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 This test method covers the measurement of the wet retroreflective (R ) properties of horizontal pavement marking
L
materials, such as traffic stripes and road surface symbols, using a portable or mobile retroreflectometer that can be placed on or
before the road marking to measure the retroreflection at the prescribed geometry.
1.2 This method of measuring the wet retroreflective properties (R ) of pavement markings measures the wet retroreflectivity
L
in a standard condition of wetness (see Fig. 1).
1.2.1 Discussion—This test condition typically exists ( 1) after a rainfall has ended and the pavement markings are still wet or
(2) as the markings are wet from dew or humidity.
1.3 Retroreflective performance obtained with this test in conditions of wetness does not necessarily relate to how markings
perform in conditions of rain, that is, as markings are being rained upon.
NOTE 1—Test Method E2176 defines a method to use to measure the performance of pavement markings in conditions of simulated rain.
1.4 This test method specifies the use of portable or mobile reflectometers that can measure pavement markings in accordance
2
withTestMethodE1710. Theentranceandobservationanglesrequiredoftheretroreflectometerinthistestmethodarecommonly
2
referred to as “30 meter geometry.”
1.5 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.6 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
limitations prior to use.
FIG. 1 Illustration of Measurement
2. Referenced Documents
3
2.1 ASTM Standards:
B965 Specification for High PerformanceTin-CoatedAnnealed CopperWire Intended for Electrical and ElectronicApplication
for Solderability
D6359 Specification for Minimum Retroreflectance of Newly Applied Pavement Marking Using Portable Hand-Operated
Instruments
E177 Practice for Use of the Terms Precision and Bias in ASTM Test Methods
E691 PracticeforConductinganInterlaboratoryStudytoDeterminethePrecisionofaTestMethodB965SpecificationforHigh
Performance Tin-
Coated Annealed
1
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee E12 on Color andAppearance and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E12.10 on Retroreflection.
Current edition approved Dec.June 1, 2009.2011. Published December 2009.June 2011. Originally approved in 2001. Last previous edition approved in 20012009 as
E2177 - 01 (2009). DOI: 10.1520/E2177-01R09.10.1520/E2177–11.
2
Reference ASTM E1710 “Standard Test Method for Measurement of Retroreflective Pavement Markings with CEN-Prescribed Geometry Using a Portable
Retroreflectometer.” The standard measurement condition is intended to represent the angles corresponding to a distance of 30 m for the driver of a passenger car with an
eye height of 1.2 m and a headlight height of 0.65 m above the road. See Appendix X1.
3
For referencedASTM standards, visit theASTM website, www.astm.org, or contactASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1
---------------------- Page: 1 ----------------------
E2177 – 11
Copper Wire Intended
for Electrical and
Electronic Applica-
tion for Solderability
E1710 Test Method for Measurement of Retroreflective Pavement Marking Materials with CEN-Prescribed Geometry Using a
Portable Retroreflectometer
E2176 Test Method for Measuring the Coefficient of Retroreflected Luminance of Pavement Markings in a Standard Condition
of Continuous Wetting (R )
L-Rain
2.2 Other Standard:
4
CEN–EN 1436 Road Marking Materials—Road Marking Performance for Road Users
3. Terminology
3.1 coeffıcient of retrorefl
...
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