ASTM D909-07(2012)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation Gasoline
Standard Test Method for Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation Gasoline
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Supercharge method ratings can provide an indication of the rich-mixture antiknock performance of aviation gasoline in aviation piston engines.
5.2 Supercharge method ratings are used by petroleum refiners and marketers and in commerce as a primary specification measurement to insure proper matching of fuel antiknock quality and engine requirement.
5.3 Supercharge method ratings may be used by aviation engine and aircraft manufacturers as a specification measurement related to matching of fuels and engines.
SCOPE
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative determination of supercharge ratings of spark-ignition aviation gasoline. The sample fuel is tested using a standardized single cylinder, four-stroke cycle, indirect injected, liquid cooled, CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating conditions.
1.2 The supercharge rating is calculated by linear interpolation of the knock limited power of the sample compared to the knock limited power of bracketing reference fuel blends.
1.3 The rating scale covers the range from 85 octane number to Isooctane + 6.0 mL TEL/U.S. gal.
1.4 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the historical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR engine measurements and reference fuel concentrations continue to be in historical units.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precautionary statements are given in Annex A1.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D909 − 07(Reapproved 2012) Method 6012.6—Federal Test
Method Standard No. 791b
Designation: 119/96
Standard Test Method for
Supercharge Rating of Spark-Ignition Aviation Gasoline
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D909; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D3237 TestMethodforLeadinGasolinebyAtomicAbsorp-
tion Spectroscopy
1.1 This laboratory test method covers the quantitative
D3341 Test Method for Lead in Gasoline—Iodine Mono-
determination of supercharge ratings of spark-ignition aviation
chloride Method
gasoline. The sample fuel is tested using a standardized single
D4057 Practice for Manual Sampling of Petroleum and
cylinder, four-stroke cycle, indirect injected, liquid cooled,
Petroleum Products
CFR engine run in accordance with a defined set of operating
D4175 Terminology Relating to Petroleum, Petroleum
conditions.
Products, and Lubricants
1.2 The supercharge rating is calculated by linear interpo-
D5059 Test Methods for Lead in Gasoline by X-Ray Spec-
lation of the knock limited power of the sample compared to
troscopy
the knock limited power of bracketing reference fuel blends.
E344 Terminology Relating to Thermometry and Hydrom-
etry
1.3 The rating scale covers the range from 85 octane
number to Isooctane + 6.0 mL TEL/U.S. gal. E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
2.2 CFR Engine Manuals:
1.4 The values of operating conditions are stated in SI units
CFR F-4 Form 846 Supercharge Method Aviation Gasoline
and are considered standard. The values in parentheses are the
Rating Unit Installation Manual
historical inch-pound units. The standardized CFR engine
CFR F-4 Form 893 Supercharge Method Aviation Gasoline
measurements and reference fuel concentrations continue to be
Rating Unit Operation & Maintenance
in historical units.
2.3 Energy Institute Standard:
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
IP 224/02 Determination of Low Lead Content of Light
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
Petroleum Distillates by Dithizone Extraction and Colo-
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
rimetric Method
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
2.4 ASTM Adjuncts:
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific precau-
Rating Data Sheet
tionary statements are given in Annex A1.
Reference Fuel Framework Graphs
2. Referenced Documents
3. Terminology
2.1 ASTM Standards:
3.1 Definitions:
D1193 Specification for Reagent Water
3.1.1 accepted reference value, n—a value that serves as an
D2268 Test Method for Analysis of High-Purity n-Heptane
agreed-upon reference for comparison, and which is derived
and Isooctane by Capillary Gas Chromatography
as: (1) a theoretical or established value, based on scientific
principles, or (2) an assigned or certified value, based on
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D02 on
Petroleum Products and Lubricants and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
D02.01 on Combustion Characteristics. Available from Waukesha Engine, Dresser Inc., 1101 West St. Paul Ave.,
Current edition approved Sept. 1, 2012. Published October 2012. Originally Waukesha, WI 53188.
approved in 1958. Last previous edition approved in 2007 as D909–07. DOI: Available from Energy Institute, 61 New Cavendish St., London, WIG 7AR,
10.1520/D0909-07R12. U.K.
2 5
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM ADJD090901. Original adjunct produced in 1953.
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on Available from ASTM International Headquarters. Order Adjunct No.
the ASTM website. ADJD090902. Original adjunct produced in 1953.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D909 − 07 (2012)
experimental work of some national or international characteristic of a primary reference fuel blend or a sample
organization, or (3) a consensus or certified value, based on fuel, expressed as indicated mean effective pressures, over the
collaborative experimental work under the auspices of a range of fuel-air ratios from approximately 0.08 to approxi-
scientific or engineering group. E456 mately 0.12.
3.1.1.1 Discussion—In the context of this test method,
3.1.13 reference fuel framework, n—for supercharge
accepted reference value is understood to apply to the Super-
method knock rating, the graphic representation of the knock-
charge and octane number ratings of specific reference mate-
limited power curves for the specified primary reference fuel
rials determined empirically under reproducibility conditions
blendsof isooctane+ n-heptaneand isooctane+TEL(mL/U.S.
by the National Exchange Group or another recognized ex-
gal) that defines the expected indicated mean effective pressure
change testing organization.
versus fuel-air ratio characteristics for supercharge test engines
operating properly under standardized conditions.
3.1.2 check fuel, n—for quality control testing, a spark-
ignition aviation gasoline having supercharge rating ARV
3.1.14 mean effective pressure, n—for internal-combustion
determined by the National Exchange Group.
engines,thesteadystatepressurewhich,ifappliedtothepiston
during the expansion stroke is a function of the measured
3.1.3 firing, n—for the CFR engine, operation of the CFR
power.
engine with fuel and ignition.
3.1.15 indicated mean effective pressure, n— for spark-
3.1.4 fuel-air ratio, n—mass ratio of fuel to air in the
ignition engines,themeasureofenginepowerdevelopedinthe
mixture delivered to the combustion chamber.
engine cylinder or combustion chamber.
3.1.5 intake manifold pressure, n—for supercharged
3.1.16 brake mean effective pressure, n— for spark-ignition
engines, the positive pressure in the intake manifold.
engines, the measure of engine power at the output shaft as
3.1.6 octane number, n—for spark-ignition engine fuel, any
typically measured by an absorption dynamometer or brake.
one of several numerical indicators of resistance to knock
3.1.17 friction mean effective pressure, n— for spark-
obtained by comparison with reference fuels in standardized
ignition engines, the measure of the difference between IMEP
engine or vehicle tests. D4175
and BMEP or power absorbed in mechanical friction and any
3.1.7 supercharge rating, n—the numerical rating of the
auxiliaries.
knock resistance of a fuel obtained by comparison of its
3.1.18 repeatability conditions, n—conditions where inde-
knock-limitedpowerwiththatofprimaryreferencefuelblends
pendent test results are obtained with the same method on
when both are tested in a standard CFR engine operating under
identical test items in the same laboratory by the same operator
the conditions specified in this test method.
using the same equipment within short intervals of time. E456
3.1.8 supercharge performance number, n— a numerical
3.1.18.1 Discussion—In the context of this method, a short
value arbitrarily assigned to the supercharge ratings above 100
time interval is understood to be the time for two back-to-back
ON.
ratings because of the length of time required for each rating.
3.1.9 primary reference fuels, n—for knock testing, volu- 3.1.19 reproducibility conditions, n—conditions where test
metrically proportioned mixtures of isooctane with n-heptane,
results are obtained with the same method on identical test
or blends of tetraethyllead in isooctane which define the items in different laboratories with different operators using
supercharge rating scale.
different equipment. E456
3.1.10 standard knock intensity, n—for supercharge method
3.2 Abbreviations:
knock testing, trace or light knock as determined by ear.
3.2.1 ARV—accepted reference value
3.1.10.1 Discussion—Light knock intensity is a level defi-
3.2.2 ABDC—after bottom dead center
nitelyabovethecommonlydefinedleastaudible“traceknock”;
3.2.3 ATDC—after top dead center
it is the softest knock that the operator can definitely and
3.2.4 BBDC—before bottom dead center
repeatedly recognize by ear although it may not be audible on
every combustion cycle (intermittent knock). The variations in
3.2.5 BMEP—break mean effective pressure
knock intensity can occasionally include loud knocks and very
3.2.6 BTDC—before top dead center
light knocks. These variations can also change with mixture
3.2.7 C.R.—compression ratio
ratio; the steadiest knock typically occurring in the vicinity of
3.2.8 FMEP—friction mean effective pressure
0.09 fuel-air ratio.
3.2.9 IAT—intake air temperature
3.1.11 power curve, n—for supercharge method knock
rating, the characteristic power output, expressed as indicated 3.2.10 IMEP—indicated mean effective pressure
mean effective pressure, over a range of fuel-air ratios from
3.2.11 NEG—National Exchange Group
approximately0.08toapproximately0.12,whenasupercharge
3.2.12 O.N.—octane number
test engine is operated on isooctane plus 6 ml of tetraethyllead
3.2.13 PN—performance number
per U.S. gallon under standard conditions at a constant intake
manifold pressure of 40 in. of Hg (134.3 kPa) absolute.
3.1.12 knock-limited power curve, n—for supercharge
See The Internal-Combustion Engine by Taylor and Taylor, International
method knock rating, the non-linear standard knock intensity Textbook Company, Scranton, PA.
D909 − 07 (2012)
3.2.14 PRF—primary reference fuel follows: crankcase, a cylinder/clamping sleeve, a thermal
siphonrecirculatingjacketcoolantsystem,anintakeairsystem
3.2.15 RTD—resistance thermometer device (Terminology
with controlled temperature and pressure equipment, electrical
E344) platinum type
controls, and a suitable exhaust pipe. The engine flywheel is
3.2.16 TDC—top dead center
connected to a special electric dynamometer utilized to both
3.2.17 TEL—tetraethyllead
start the engine and as a means to absorb power at constant
speed when combustion is occurring (engine firing). See Fig. 1
3.2.18 UV—ultra violet
and Table 1.
4. Summary of Test Method
7.1.1 The single cylinder test engine for the determination
4.1 The supercharge method rating of a fuel is determined of Supercharge rating is manufactured as a complete unit by
Waukesha Engine, Dresser, Inc. The Waukesha Engine desig-
by comparing the knock-limited power of the sample to those
for bracketing blends of reference fuels under standard oper- nation for the apparatus required for this test method is Model
CFR F-4 Supercharge Method Octane Rating Unit. All the
ating conditions. Testing is performed at fixed compression
ratio by varying the intake manifold pressure and fuel flow required unit information can be found in the Supercharge
Method Aviation Gasoline Rating Unit Installation Manual,
rate, and measuring IMEPat a minimum of six points to define
CFR F-4 Form 846 and the Supercharge Method Aviation
the mixture response curves, IMEPversus fuel-air ratio, for the
GasolineRatingUnitOperation&MaintenanceCFRF-4Form
sample and reference fuels. The knock-limited power for the
893.
sample is bracketed between those for two adjacent reference
fuels, and the rating for the sample is calculated by interpola-
7.2 Auxiliary Equipment—A number of components and
tionoftheIMEPatthefuel-airratiowhichproducesmaximum
devices have been developed to integrate the basic engine
power (IMEP) for the lower bracketing reference fuel.
equipment into complete laboratory measurement system.
5. Significance and Use
8. Reference Materials
5.1 Superchargemethodratingscanprovideanindicationof
8.1 Cylinder Jacket Coolant—EthyleneGlycolshallbeused
the rich-mixture antiknock performance of aviation gasoline in
in the cylinder jacket with the required amount of water to
aviation piston engines.
obtain a boiling temperature of 191 6 3°C (375 6 5°F).
5.2 Supercharge method ratings are used by petroleum
(Warning—Ethylene glycol based antifreeze is poisonous and
refiners and marketers and in commerce as a primary specifi-
may be harmful or fatal if inhaled or swallowed. See Annex
cation measurement to insure proper matching of fuel anti-
A1.)
knock quality and engine requirement.
8.1.1 Water shall be understood to mean reagent water
conforming to Type IV of Specification D1193.
5.3 Supercharge method ratings may be used by aviation
engine and aircraft manufacturers as a specification measure-
8.2 Engine Crankcase Lubricating Oil—An SAE 50 viscos-
ment related to matching of fuels and engines.
ity grade oil meeting the current API service classification for
spark-ignitionenginesshallbeused.Itshallcontainadetergent
6. Interferences
additiveandhaveakinematicviscosityof16.77–25.0mm per
6.1 Precaution—Avoid exposure of sample fuels to sunlight
s (cSt) at 100°C (212°F) and a viscosity index of not less than
or fluorescent lamp UV emissions to minimize induced chemi-
85.Oilscontainingviscosityindeximproversshallnotbeused.
cal reactions that can affect octane number ratings.
Multigraded oils shall not be used. (Warning—Lubricating oil
6.1.1 Exposure of these fuels to UV wavelengths shorter
is combustible and its vapor is harmful. See Annex A1.)
than 550 nm for a short period of time can significantly affect 10,11
8.3 PRF, isooctane (2,2,4-trimethylpentane) and
octane number ratings.
n-heptane meeting the specifications in Table 2.(Warning—
6.2 Electrical power subject to transient voltage or fre-
Primaryreferencefuelisflammableanditsvaporsareharmful.
quency surges or distortion can alter CFR engine operating
Vapors may cause flash fire. See Annex A1.)
conditions or knock measuring instrumentation performance
8.4 Tetraethyllead concentrated antiknock mixture (aviation
and thus affect the supercharge rating obtained for sample
mix) containing not less than 61.0 weight % of tetraethyllead
fuels.
and sufficient ethylene dibromide to provide two bromine
atoms per atom of lead. The balance of the antiknock mixture
7. Apparatus
shall be a suitable oxidation inhibitor, an oil-soluble dye to
9,10
7.1 Engine Equipment —This test method uses a single
provide a distinctive color for identification and kerosene.
cylinder, CFR engine that consists of standard components as
8.4.1 Temperature Corrections—If the temperature of the
fuel is below that of the TEL, the quantity of the TEL is
Supporting data have been filed at AST
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