ASTM D4675-14
(Guide)Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Flat Strapping Materials
Standard Guide for Selection and Use of Flat Strapping Materials
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide is intended to assist the user in selecting strapping material(s) and application method(s), for evaluation, when subjected to handling, transit, and storage tests. It describes general load, unit and package types, strapping properties, strapping performance, weight considerations, shear planes, component frictional characteristics, and geometry.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers information on flat strapping materials (steel and nonmetallic) for the prospective user wanting initial guidance in selecting a strapping material and information on suggested application methods for use in packaging (closing, reinforcing, baling, bundling, unitizing, or palletizing) and loading applications (load unitization and securement to transport vehicle). The use applies to handling, securement, storage, and distribution systems.
1.2 Carrier associations have established certain packaging and loading requirements that (in some cases) specify the type of strap, the minimum size or strength, the type of joint or seal, and the number of straps, seals, and joints that must be used for particular types of shipments or under certain conditions. Users should consult with their carriers initially to determine if there are applicable published requirements. Individual carriers may establish their own requirements. (See 2.2.)
1.3 Limitations—This guide is not intended to give specific information as to how strapping must be used in any particular packaging or loading situation. Rather, it is intended to be informational in nature and is offered as a starting point for testing of strapping being considered by the user. Thorough user testing is essential, as is a review of pertinent regulations that can influence strap selection (size and type), and application methods.
1.4 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical conversions to SI (metric) units.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use. Specific safety hazard guidelines, however, are provided in Section 5.
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Designation: D4675 − 14
StandardGuide for
1
Selection and Use of Flat Strapping Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4675; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision.Anumber in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval.A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
INTRODUCTION
This guide covers two common categories of flat strapping materials: steel and nonmetallic.Within
each of these two broad categories there are distinct types that lend themselves in differing degrees to
particular applications.
The goal of this guide is to help the user focus on the desired elements of performance or service,
and the unique properties of each strapping material in order to judge which of these strapping
products is best suited for the intended strapping application. For further information, consult with
your strapping supplier, your carrier, and any packaging and loading regulations applicable to your
products. It is of particular importance, for both safety and satisfactory performance, that the user
informs the strapping supplier of all intended uses and usage conditions that may differ from industry
custom and practice or from intended strapping applications. Likewise, the user needs to inform the
strapping supplier of any practice of the user’s carrier that the user believes may differ from any
requirement or recommendation of the carrier’s association or of any applicableASTM or regulatory
provisions. The user also should inform the strapping supplier of the following expected conditions:
load, unit, or package characteristics (rigid, expanding, shrinking, or combination); severity of
handling; nature of transport equipment; storage conditions (stacking height and weight); exposure to
environmental conditions; extreme temperatures (particularly if prolonged outdoor exposure is
anticipated); exposure to chemicals; exposure to abrasive surfaces; and exposure to sharp or pointed
objectsthatcancausenicks,scratches,orholesinthestrapping.Thereareothermaterialsnotcovered
by this guide, which may also offer acceptable solutions or may be used in conjunction with flat
strappingtoprovideacceptablesolutionsfortheuser’sintendedapplication.Examplesofaccessories,
such as, edge protectors, seal protectors, etc. are shown in Fig. 1.
Strapping may be recyclable but must never be reused. Contact your supplier for further
information.
1. Scope 1.2 Carrier associations have established certain packaging
and loading requirements that (in some cases) specify the type
1.1 This guide covers information on flat strapping materi-
ofstrap,theminimumsizeorstrength,thetypeofjointorseal,
als (steel and nonmetallic) for the prospective user wanting
andthenumberofstraps,seals,andjointsthatmustbeusedfor
initial guidance in selecting a strapping material and informa-
particulartypesofshipmentsorundercertainconditions.Users
tion on suggested application methods for use in packaging
should consult with their carriers initially to determine if there
(closing, reinforcing, baling, bundling, unitizing, or palletiz-
are applicable published requirements. Individual carriers may
ing) and loading applications (load unitization and securement
establish their own requirements. (See 2.2.)
to transport vehicle). The use applies to handling, securement,
storage, and distribution systems.
1.3 Limitations—This guide is not intended to give specific
information as to how strapping must be used in any particular
packaging or loading situation. Rather, it is intended to be
1 informational in nature and is offered as a starting point for
ThisguideisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD10onPackagingand
is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizing and Unitizing of
testing of strapping being considered by the user. Thorough
Loads.
user testing is essential, as is a review of pertinent regulations
Current edition approved April 1, 2014. Published May 2014. Originally
ε1 that can influence strap selection (size and type), and applica-
approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 2009 as D4675–09 . DOI:
10.1520/D4675-14. tion methods.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
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D4675 − 14
FIG. 1 Various Strapping Applications
1.4 Thevaluesstatedininch-poundunitsaretoberegarded 2. Referenced Documents
as standard. The values given in parentheses are mathematical 2
2.1 ASTM Standards:
conversions to SI (metric) units.
D996Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
1.5 This standard does n
...
This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
´1
Designation: D4675 − 09 D4675 − 14
Standard Guide for
1
Selection and Use of Flat Strapping Materials
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D4675; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the U.S. Department of Defense.
1
ε NOTE—The layout of Table 2 was adjusted editorially in November 2010.
INTRODUCTION
This guide covers two common categories of flat strapping materials: flat carbon steel and
nonmetallic strapping. nonmetallic. Within each of these two broad categories,categories there are
distinct types that lend themselves in differing degrees to particular applications to differing
degrees.applications.
The goal of this guide is to help the user focus on the desired elements of performance or service,
and the unique properties of each strapping material in order to judge which of these strapping
materialsproducts is best suited for the application. Contact your supplier for further information.
intended strapping application. For further information, consult with your strapping supplier, your
carrier, and any packaging and loading regulations applicable to your products. It is of particular
importance, for both safety and satisfactory performance, that the user informs the strapping supplier
of all intended uses and usage conditions that may differ from industry custom and practice or from
intended strapping applications. Likewise, the user needs to inform the strapping supplier of any
practice of the user’s carrier that the user believes may differ from any requirement or recommen-
dation of the carrier’s association or of any applicable ASTM or regulatory provisions. The user also
should inform the strapping supplier of the following expected conditions: load, unit, or package
characteristics (rigid, expanding, shrinking, or combination); severity of handling; nature of transport
equipment; storage conditions (stacking height and weight); exposure to environmental conditions;
extreme temperatures (particularly if prolonged outdoor exposure is anticipated); exposure to
chemicals; exposure to abrasive surfaces; and exposure to sharp or pointed objects that can cause
nicks, scratches, or holes in the strapping. There are other materials not covered by this guide, which
may also offer acceptable solutions or may be used in conjunction with flat strapping to provide
acceptable solutions for the user’s intended application. Examples of accessories, such as, edge
protectors, seal protectors, etc. are shown in Fig. 1.
It is recognized that there are other materials (not covered) that may also offer acceptable solutions
or may be used in conjunction with flat strapping. Also, examples of ancillary materials are shown in
Fig. 1.
Strapping may be recyclable. recyclable but must never be reused. Contact your supplier for further
information.
1. Scope
1.1 This guide covers information on flat strapping materials (steel orand nonmetallic) for the prospective user wanting initial
guidance in selecting a strapping material and applied configuration information on suggested application methods for use in
packaging (closing, reinforcing, baling, bundling, unitizing, or palletizing) and loading applications (load unitization and
securement to transport vehicle) applications. vehicle). The use applies to handling, securement, storage, and distribution systems.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on Packagingand is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.25 on Palletizing and Unitizing of Loads.
Current edition approved March 1, 2009April 1, 2014. Published March 2009May 2014. Originally approved in 1987. Last previous edition approved in 20062009 as
ε2 ε1
D4675 – 06D4675 – 09 . DOI: 10.1520/D4675-09E01.10.1520/D4675-14.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
1
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D4675 − 14
FIG. 1 Applications for Steel and Nonmetallic StrappingVarious Strapping Applications
1.2 Carrier associations have established certain packaging and loading requirements that in(in some casescases) specify athe
type of strap, the minimum size or strength, or both, and the type of joint or seal, or both, and the number of straps, seals,
...
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