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ASTM E1935-97(2003)

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for Calibrating and Meausring CT Density

Standard Test Method for Calibrating and Meausring CT Density

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
This test method allows specification of the density calibration procedures to be used to calibrate and perform material density measurements using CT image data. Such measurements can be used to evaluate parts, characterize a particular system, or compare different systems, provided that observed variations are dominated by true changes in object density rather than by image artifacts. The specified procedure may also be used to determine the effective X-ray energy of a CT system.
The recommended test method is more accurate and less susceptible to errors than alternative CT-based approaches, because it takes into account the effective energy of the CT system and the energy-dependent effects of the X-ray attenuation process.
This (or any) test method for measuring density is valid only to the extent that observed CT-number variations are reflective of true changes in object density rather than image artifacts. Artifacts are always present at some level and can masquerade as density variations. Beam hardening artifacts are particularly detrimental. It is the responsibility of the user to determine or establish, or both, the validity of the density measurements; that is, they are performed in regions of the image which are not overly influenced by artifacts.
Linear attenuation and mass attenuation may be measured in various ways. For a discussion of attenuation and attenuation measurement, see Guide E 1441 and Practice E 1570.
FIG. 1 Density Calibration Phantom
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers instruction for determining the density calibration of X- and γ-ray computed tomography (CT) systems and for using this information to measure material densities from CT images. The calibration is based on an examination of the CT image of a disk of material with embedded specimens of known composition and density. The measured mean CT values of the known standards are determined from an analysis of the image, and their linear attenuation coefficients are determined by multiplying their measured physical density by their published mass attenuation coefficient. The density calibration is performed by applying a linear regression to the data. Once calibrated, the linear attenuation coefficient of an unknown feature in an image can be measured from a determination of its mean CT value. Its density can then be extracted from a knowledge of its mass attenuation coefficient, or one representative of the feature.
1.2 CT provides an excellent method of nondestructively measuring density variations, which would be very difficult to quantify otherwise. Density is inherently a volumetric property of matter. As the measurement volume shrinks, local material inhomogeneities become more important; and measured values will begin to vary about the bulk density value of the material.
1.3 All values are stated in SI units.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
09-Mar-2003
ICS
35.240.80 - IT applications in health care technology
Technical Committee
E07 - Nondestructive Testing
Drafting Committee
E07.01 - Radiology (X and Gamma) Method
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaces
ASTM E1935-97 - Standard Test Method for Calibrating and Meausring CT Density
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003
Replaced By
ASTM E1935-97(2008) - Standard Test Method for Calibrating and Meausring CT Density
Effective Date
15-Dec-2008
Referred By
ASTM E3166-20e1 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Metal Additively Manufactured Aerospace Parts After Build
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003
Referred By
ASTM E2533-21 - Standard Guide for Nondestructive Examination of Polymer Matrix Composites Used in Aerospace Applications
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003
Referred By
ASTM E1441-19 - Standard Guide for Computed Tomography (CT)
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003
Referred By
ASTM E1814-14(2022) - Standard Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) Examination of Castings
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003
Referred By
ASTM F3637-23 - Standard Guide for Additive Manufacturing of Metal — Finished Part Properties — Methods for Relative Density Measurement
Effective Date
10-Mar-2003

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ASTM E1935-97(2003) - Standard Test Method for Calibrating and Meausring CT Density
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Standards Content (Sample)

NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:E1935–97 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Test Method for
1
Calibrating and Measuring CT Density
This standard is issued under the fixed designation E 1935; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (e) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 This test method covers instruction for determining the 3.1 Definitions:
densitycalibrationofX-and g-raycomputedtomography(CT) 3.1.1 The definitions of terms relating to CT, that appear in
systems and for using this information to measure material Terminology E 1316 and Guide E 1441, shall apply to the
densities from CT images. The calibration is based on an terms used in this test method.
examination of the CT image of a disk of material with 3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
embedded specimens of known composition and density. The 3.2.1 density calibration—calibration of a CT system for
measured mean CT values of the known standards are deter- accurate representation of material densities in examination
mined from an analysis of the image, and their linear attenu- objects.
ationcoefficientsaredeterminedbymultiplyingtheirmeasured 3.2.2 effective energy—the equivalent monoenergetic en-
physical density by their published mass attenuation coeffi- ergy for a polyenergetic CT system. Thus, the actual, polyen-
cient.The density calibration is performed by applying a linear ergetic CT system yields the same measured attenuation
regression to the data. Once calibrated, the linear attenuation coefficient for an examination object as a theoretical, monoen-
coefficient of an unknown feature in an image can be measured ergetic CT system at the effective energy.
from a determination of its mean CTvalue. Its density can then 3.2.3 phantom—a part or item being used to calibrate CT
be extracted from a knowledge of its mass attenuation coeffi- density.
cient, or one representative of the feature. 3.2.4 examination object—a part or specimen being sub-
1.2 CT provides an excellent method of nondestructively jected to CT examination.
measuring density variations, which would be very difficult to
4. Basis of Application
quantify otherwise. Density is inherently a volumetric property
4.1 The procedure is generic and requires mutual agreement
of matter. As the measurement volume shrinks, local material
between purchaser and supplier on many points.
inhomogeneities become more important; and measured values
will begin to vary about the bulk density value of the material.
5. Significance and Use
1.3 All values are stated in SI units.
5.1 This test method allows specification of the density
1.4 This standard does not purport to address the safety
calibration procedures to be used to calibrate and perform
concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
material density measurements using CT image data. Such
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and
measurements can be used to evaluate parts, characterize a
health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory
particular system, or compare different systems, provided that
limitations prior to use.
observed variations are dominated by true changes in object
2. Referenced Documents
density rather than by image artifacts. The specified procedure
2.1 ASTM Standards: may also be used to determine the effective X-ray energy of a
2
CT system.
E 1316 Terminology for Nondestructive Examinations
2
E 1441 Guide for Computed Tomography (CT) Imaging 5.2 The recommended test method is more accurate and less
susceptible to errors than alternative CT-based approaches,
E 1570 Practice for Computed Tomographic (CT) Exami-
2
nation because it takes into account the effective energy of the CT
system and the energy-dependent effects of the X-ray attenu-
ation process.
1
5.3 This (or any) test method for measuring density is valid
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee E07 on
Nondestructive Testing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee E07.01 on
only to the extent that observed CT-number variations are
Radiology (X and Gamma) Method.
reflective of true changes in object density rather than image
Current edition approved March 10, 2003. Published May 2003. Originally
artifacts. Artifacts are always present at some level and can
approved in 1997. Last previous edition approved in 1997 as E 1935 - 97.
2
Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Vol 03.03. masquerade as density variations. Beam hardening artifacts are
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
1

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Standard Test Method for Calibrating and Measuring CT Density

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method allows specification of the density calibration procedures to be used to calibrate and perform material density measurements using CT image data. Such measurements can be used to evaluate parts, characterize a particular system, or compare different systems, provided that observed variations are dominated by true changes in object density rather than by image artifacts. The specified procedure may also be used to determine the effective X-ray energy of a CT system.  
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FIG. 1 Density Calibration Phantom  
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4.1 Purpose—Practices to be employed for the radiographic examination of materials and components with neutrons using digital neutron detectors are outlined herein. They are intended as a guide for the assessment of a digital neutron radiograph’s characteristics. For information on neutron beam lines for imaging and film neutron radiography, refer to Guide E748.  
4.2 Limitations—Acceptance standards have not been established for any material or production process. Neutron radiography, whether performed by means of a reactor, an accelerator, subcritical assembly, or radioactive source, will be consistent in sensitivity and spatial resolution only if the consistency of all details of the technique, such as neutron source, collimation, geometry, imaging system, etc., are maintained. This guide is limited to the use of digital neutron detectors in combination with neutron conversion materials for image recording. This guide is intended for use with thermal and cold neutron spectrums. The production of thermal neutron radiographs by employing the use of film and appropriate conversion screens is covered in Guide E748.  
4.3 Interpretation and Acceptance Standards—Interpretat- ion and acceptance standards are not covered by this guide. Designation of accept-reject standards is recognized to be within the cognizance of product specifications.  
4.4 Other Aspects of the Neutron Radiographic Process—For many important aspects of neutron radiography such as technique, files, viewing of radiographs, storage of radiographs, film processing, and record keeping, refer to Guide E94, which covers these aspects for X-ray radiography. (See Section 2.)
SCOPE
1.1 This guide covers the evaluation, qualification, and quantification of digital neutron images. These images can be acquired by many methods, including: neutron sensitive imaging plates (Computed Radiography – CR), Digital Detector Arrays – DDA’s (amorphous silicon, CMOS, CCD, etc.), micro-channel plates, neutron sensitive fluoroscopes, neutron sensitive scintillators coupled to optical cameras, digitized radiographic films, and linear diode arrays.  
1.2 This guide does not purport to establish what is considered an acceptable image but is intended to only give guidance on digital neutron imaging, as well as image quality metrics of importance, and how they can be measured and reported.  
1.3 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.5 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2699-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Digital X-ray (DX) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of digital X-ray test results will use this standard. This practice defines a set of information modules that, along with Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard, provides a standard means to organize digital X-ray test parameters and results. The digital X-ray test results may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to this standard. Personnel wishing to view any digital X-ray inspection data stored according to Practice E2339 may use this document to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE-compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of digital X-ray imaging equipment using Digital Detector Arrays (DDA) as described in Practice E2698 by specifying image data transfer and archival methods in commonly accepted terms. A separate practice, Practice E2738, addresses this topic for digital X-ray imaging equipment using Computed Radiography (CR). This document is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of DICOM NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules, and a data dictionary that are specific to digital X-ray test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from digital X-ray test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all the digital X-ray technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Units—Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM
ASTM E2738-23(Practice)
Standard Practice for Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE) for Computed Radiography (CR) Test Methods

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Personnel that are responsible for the creation, transfer, and storage of computed radiography NDE data will use this practice. This practice will define a set of information modules that along with the Practice E2339 and the DICOM standard will provide a standard means to organize CR inspection data. The CR inspection data may be displayed and analyzed on any device that conforms to the standard. Personnel wishing to view any CR inspection data stored in accordance with Practice E2339 may use this practice to help them decode and display the data contained in the DICONDE compliant inspection record.
SCOPE
1.1 This practice covers the interoperability of computed radiography (CR) imaging and data acquisition equipment by specifying image data transfer and archival storage methods in commonly accepted terms. This practice is intended to be used in conjunction with Practice E2339 on Digital Imaging and Communication in Nondestructive Evaluation (DICONDE). Practice E2339 defines an industrial adaptation of NEMA PS3 / ISO 12052 (DICOM, see http://medical.nema.org), an international standard for image data acquisition, review, storage, and archival storage. The goal of Practice E2339, commonly referred to as DICONDE, is to provide a standard that facilitates the display and analysis of NDE results on any system conforming to the DICONDE standard. Toward that end, Practice E2339 provides a data dictionary and a set of information modules that are applicable to all NDE modalities. This practice supplements Practice E2339 by providing information object definitions, information modules and a data dictionary that are specific to computed radiography test methods.  
1.2 This practice has been developed to overcome the issues that arise when analyzing or archiving data from CR test equipment using proprietary data transfer and storage methods. As digital technologies evolve, data must remain decipherable through the use of open, industry-wide methods for data transfer and archival storage. This practice defines a method where all standard CR technique parameters and test results are communicated and stored in a standard manner regardless of changes in digital technology.  
1.3 This practice does not specify:  
1.3.1 A testing or validation procedure to assess an implementation's conformance to the standard.  
1.3.2 The implementation details of any features of the standard on a device claiming conformance.  
1.3.3 The overall set of features and functions to be expected from a system implemented by integrating a group of devices each claiming DICONDE conformance.  
1.4 Although this practice contains no values that require units, it does describe methods to store and communicate data that do require units to be properly interpreted. The SI units required by this practice are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this practice.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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