ASTM C1568-08(2013)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Wind Resistance of Concrete and Clay Roof Tiles (Mechanical Uplift Resistance Method)
Standard Test Method for Wind Resistance of Concrete and Clay Roof Tiles (Mechanical Uplift Resistance Method)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 The method of attachment of roof tiles to the roof deck, or support structure, is one factor in the resistance of concrete and clay roof tiles to the action of wind. Several systems of attachment, and even combinations of systems, are used in the application of tile to a roof. The mechanical uplift resistance of the tile, when applied to the roof by any attachment system approved by, and in accordance with, the manufacturer's instructions, is a primary factor in the tile's resistance to the action of wind. This test method determines the mechanical uplift resistance that is related to resistance to the uplift forces acting as a result of wind. Natural wind conditions differ with respect to intensity, duration, and turbulence; these conditions are beyond the means of this test method to simulate.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the mechanical uplift resistance of concrete and clay roof tiles, which relates to the wind resistance of an air-permeable roof tile system as applied to a roof.
1.2 The procedure covers mechanically-fastened attachment systems, adhesive-set attachment systems, and mortar-set attachment systems, or combinations of attachment systems, that are used to apply tile to a roof.
1.3 The values stated in inch pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The values in parentheses are given for reference only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
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Designation: C1568 − 08 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Test Method for
Wind Resistance of Concrete and Clay Roof Tiles
(Mechanical Uplift Resistance Method)
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C1568; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
NOTE 1—This standard is based on the International Code Council’s
1. Scope
ICC/SBCCI SSTD 11 Test Standard for Determining Wind Resistance of
1.1 This test method covers a procedure to determine the
Concrete or Clay Roof Tiles, and work derived from the tile industry’s
mechanical uplift resistance of concrete and clay roof tiles, testing programs completed in the Redland Wind Tunnel in the UK.
which relates to the wind resistance of an air-permeable roof
2.3 ASCE Standard:
tile system as applied to a roof.
ASCE 7 Minimum Design Loads for Buildings and Other
1.2 The procedure covers mechanically-fastened attachment Structures
systems, adhesive-set attachment systems, and mortar-set at-
3. Terminology
tachment systems, or combinations of attachment systems, that
are used to apply tile to a roof.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in this test
method refer to Terminology C43, and Specifications C1167
1.3 The values stated in inch pound units are to be regarded
and C1492.
as the standard. The values in parentheses are given for
reference only.
4. Significance and Use
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
4.1 The method of attachment of roof tiles to the roof deck,
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
or support structure, is one factor in the resistance of concrete
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
and clay roof tiles to the action of wind. Several systems of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
attachment, and even combinations of systems, are used in the
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
application of tile to a roof.The mechanical uplift resistance of
the tile, when applied to the roof by any attachment system
2. Referenced Documents
2 approved by, and in accordance with, the manufacturer’s
2.1 ASTM Standards:
instructions, is a primary factor in the tile’s resistance to the
C43 Terminology of Structural Clay Products (Withdrawn
3 action of wind. This test method determines the mechanical
2009)
uplift resistance that is related to resistance to the uplift forces
C67 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Brick and
acting as a result of wind. Natural wind conditions differ with
Structural Clay Tile
respect to intensity, duration, and turbulence; these conditions
C140 Test Methods for Sampling and Testing Concrete
are beyond the means of this test method to simulate.
Masonry Units and Related Units
C1167 Specification for Clay Roof Tiles
5. Apparatus
C1492 Specification for Concrete Roof Tile
5.1 Atest apparatus shown in Fig. 1 shall be used to test the
2.2 SBCCI Standard:
mechanical uplift resistance of roof tiles. The triangulated
SBCCI SSDT 11 SBCCI Test Standard for Determining
framework and loading bar shall be constructed of tubular steel
Wind Resistance of Concrete or Clay Roof Tiles
of sufficient strength to remain rigid when loads of up to 500
lbf are applied to the test tile. The frame shall be fixed to the
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee C15 on
floor to prevent movement of the frame and to provide a solid
Manufactured Masonry Units and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
C15.06 on Roofing Tile.
reference plane for deflection measurements. The joints of the
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2013. Published December 2013. Originally
frame shall be rigid, however, the loading bar rotates about the
approved in 2003. Last previous edition approved in 2008 as C1568 – 08. DOI:
frame to facilitate the loading of the test tile. The other end of
10.1520/C1568-08R13.
the loading bar is attached to a hydraulic jack, or similarly
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
controllable mechanical device, which allows the load to be
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
applied gradually and to be maintained at any desired load
the ASTM website.
3 while deflections are being measuredThe load is applied to the
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. tile through a load transfer device (steel bolt with chain
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C1568 − 08 (2013)
FIG. 1 Mechanical Uplift Resistance Test Apparatus
linkage) and is measured by a load cell capable of operating at nailed to the rafters. If the roofing underlayment transfers
up to 500 lbf.The roof framing used for the specimens shall be loads, the underlayment shall be installed and, if required,
either fixed to the floor, anchored to the triangulated battens shall be nailed to the sheathing. The tile to be tested
framework,orweightedtopreventtheroofframingfrombeing shall then be installed onto the roof deck section. Tiles in the
lifted during the test. Deflections are measured by dial gages coursebelowthetesttileshallbeinstalledtoensurethatthetile
firmly fixed to a reference plane so that as the tile is loaded and being tested is at the correct angle to the sheathing with the
the tile or test frame distorts, the reference position remains nose of the test tile at the correct angle to the tile course below.
static. A dial gage plunger is placed on top of the tile nose in
6.3 The loading shall be applied through a chain linkage
a central position to measure the mechanical uplift of the tile.
attached to the load transfer bolt at a rate that will cause
Additional dial gages are required depending on the method of
deflection of the tile nose of approximately 1 in.(25 mm) per
tile attachment: (a) in mechanically fastened systems, a dial
minute.
gage at the fastener in the bead of the tile to measure
6.3.1 The load cell shall be zeroed to take out the weight of
withdrawal of the fastener; (b) when a clip is used, a dial gage
the load transfer bolt and chain linkage.
at the clip to measure deflection and permanent set of the clip;
6.4 Each type of tile installation shall be tested three (3)
and (c) when a barrel tile is used, a dial gage at the roll of the
times with a new tile and fixing. The position of the tile shall
tile to measure the deflection of the roll due to the rotation of
be moved each time so that new fixings will not be affected by
this type of tile.
any damage caused by previous tests. The sheathing,
6. Procedure underlayment, and battens shall be replaced when damage is
such that the test result is compromised. If the failure of any of
6.1 Drill the test tile and install the steel-bolt load-transfer
the three (3) tests varies from the average failure by more than
device into to the tile as follows:
twenty percent (20 %), then three (3) additional tests shall be
6.1.1 Drill a hole along the centerline of the exposed width
performed to provide a total of six (6) tests.
of the tile at 0.76 times the tile length from the head of the tile
using a ⁄4 in. (6 mm) non-percussion, cutting carbide bit.
7. Conditioning
Discard any tile that, after drilling, exhibits spalling or chip-
7.1 See the conditioning specified for each specific instal-
ping around the hole in excess of ⁄4 in. (6 mm). Installa4in.
lation system.
(100 mm) long, ⁄4 in. (6 mm) diameter steel bolt witha1in.
(25 mm) diameter steel washer under the tile through the hole.
8. Failure
It is not prohibited to shape the washer to match the contour of
the underside of the tile. It is also not prohibited to omit the
8.1 The failure criteria are described for each specific
washer.
installation system and tile.
6.2 Install the tile in the same manner as on a roof, in
9. Calculation of Mechanical Uplift Resistance
accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions, on a small
section of roof deck constructed to fit within the frame of the 9.1 The reported mechanical uplift resistance shall be the
test apparatus as shown in Fig. 1. The rafters shall be securely failure load corresponding to the failure criteria described for
anchored to the frame or the floor and the sheathing firmly each specific attachment system, and adjusted as in 9.2.
C1568 − 08 (2013)
9.2 The failure load shall be adjusted when the attachment as the load required to deflect the nose of the tile by two (2) in.
systemisusedtoprovideresistancetomorethanone(1)tileby (51 mm), or to break the tile, or to cause ⁄4 in. (6 mm)
dividing the failure load by a load factor of two (2). If the withdrawal of the fastener (nail, screw, etc.) at the tile head.
attachment system provides resistance for only one (1) roof For a tile with clips, failure of the tile’s mechanically-fastened
tile, the load factor is one (1). attachment system shall be considered as the lower of the loads
requiredtodevelopapermanentsetattheclipof ⁄8in.(3mm),
9.3 The mechanical uplift resistance is the net result of the
or a ⁄4 in. (6 mm) withdrawal of the fastener (nail, screw, etc.)
Attachment resistance minus the tile’s gravity moment.
at the tile head. For a barrel tile with clips, failure of the tile’s
mechanically-fastened attachment system shall be considered
as the lower of the loads required to develop a permanent set
W = average weight of tile (lbf).
1 1
θ = test roof deck slope (degrees). at the clip of ⁄8 in. (3 mm), or a ⁄4 in. (6 mm) withdrawal of
α = installed tile angle with respect to the test roof deck
the fastener (nail, screw, etc.) at the tile head, or a deflection of
(degrees). two (2) in. (51 mm) at the roll of the tile. In all cases, if the
L = tile gravitational moment arm (ft). The tile gravita-
ultimate failure of the mechanically-fastened attachment sys-
g
tional moment arm, L , is the orthogonal distance
tem or the tile occurs before any one of the above criteria are
g
from the tile’s center of gravity to the tile’s axis of
met, then the load at ultimate failure shall be considered as
rotation.
failure of the tile’s mechanically-fastened attachment system.
L = tile attachment moment arm (ft). The tile attachment
f
10.6.2 The mechanical uplift resistance of the
moment arm, L , is the orthogonal distance from the
f
mechanically-fastened tile is the lowest load corresponding to
point of load application to the tile’s axis of rotation.
any of the failure criteria described in 10.6.1, adjusted in
accordance with Section 9.
F = failure load as determined under 9.2 (lbf).
S.F. = safety factor = 2.0.
11. Tile Attachment Using Adhesive-Set Systems
M = tile gravitational moment (ft-lbf). The gravitational
g
moment, M , is the moment created by the dead
11.1 The adhesive system shall be installed in accordance
f
weight of the tile for the roof deck slope.
with the manufacturer’s instructions using supplementary clips
M 5W cos θ2α L
@ ~ !~ !
if so specified.
g g
M = fastening system attachment moment (ft-lbf). The
f
11.2 When a hot-mopped underlayment system is used, the
attachment moment, M, is the allowable uplift resis-
f
underlayment shall be left to reach ambient temperature before
tance for the attachment resistance for the roof deck
tile installation.
slope.
M 5F cos θ2α L 2M , S.F.
@ ~ !~ !
f f f
11.3 Tiles shall be at a temperature of 100°F (38°C) plus or
minus 5°F (63°C) when installed. The adhesive system shall
10. Tile Installation Using Mechanically-Fastened
be cured in accordance with the manufacturer’s instructions.
Systems
Testing must be completed within 28-days of installation.
10.1 Tile shall be installed in accordance with the manufac-
11.4 Specimens shall be tested at a surface temperature of
turer’s instructions, using supplementary clips if so specified.
75°F (21°C) plus or minus 5°F (63°C) measured with a
surface-mounted thermocouple and recorded on a chart to
10.2 It is not prohibited to omit the tile underlayment
confirm that the surface temperature meets the required test
system.
temperature.
10.3 When a hot-mopped underlayment system is used, the
underlayment shall be left to reach ambient temperature before 11.5 One dial gage shall be mounted to measure the upward
tile installation.
deflection of the tile ⁄4 in. (19 mm) from the nose of the tile
and in line with the point of application of the load.
10.4 For a tile fixed without a clip, one dial gage shall be
mounted to measure the upward deflection of the tile ⁄4 in. (19
11.6 For a tile fixed with a clip, load the tile in such a
mm) from the nose of the tile and in line with the point of
manner that the load and deflection can be measured at several
application of the load. 1
levels of deflection up to a maximum of ⁄4 in. (6 mm). At a
deflection of ⁄4 in. (6 mm), the load shall be removed and the
10.5 For a tile fixed with a clip, load the tile in such a
permanent set of the clip measured, then the loading shall be
manner that the load and deflection can be measured at several
1 re-applied and increased until ultimate failure of either the
levels of deflection up to a maximum of ⁄4 in. (6 mm). At a
1 attachment system or the tile. For a tile fixed with a clip, one
deflection of ⁄4 in. (6 mm), the load shall be removed and the
dial gage shall be mounted to measure the deflection at the clip
permanent set of the clip measured, then the loading shall be
position.
takentoultimatefailureofeitherthefixingorthetile.Foratile
fixedwithaclip,onedialgageshallbemountedtomeasurethe
11.7 Failure Criteria:
deflection at the clip position.
11.7.1 Failure of the tile’s adhesive-set attachment system
10.6 Failure Criteria: shall be considered as the load required to cause deflection
10.6.1 For a tile without clips, failure of the tile’s without any further increase in the load, or to cause a
mechanically-fastened attachment system shall be considered separation of the system, or to cause the tile to break. An
C1568 − 08 (2013)
adhesive-set attachment system that includes mechanical fas- 12.8 The mechanical uplift resistance of the mortar-set tile
teners and/or clips shall use the failure criteria of this section is the lowest load corresponding to any of the failure criteria in
and 10.6 for the fasteners and/or clips. 12.7.1, adjusted in accordance with Section 9.
11.7.2 The mechanical uplift resistance of the adhesive-set
13. Testing of Hip/Ridge Roof Tile
tile is th
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