ASTM D6282/D6282M-14
(Guide)Standard Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environmental Site Characterizations (Withdrawn 2023)
Standard Guide for Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environmental Site Characterizations (Withdrawn 2023)
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Direct Push Soil Sampling is used extensively in environmental site characterization of soils below ground surface and can also be used for subsurface geotechnical site characterization (3, 7, 8, 9-12, 13). Limited early studies have been done using Direct Push Soil Sampling for environmental investigations (14, 15, 16). These methods are preferred for environmental site characterization over rotary drilling sampling methods (D6169, D6286) because they are minimally intrusive (less disruptive to the soil column) and they do not generate soil cuttings which could be contaminated and require characterization and safe disposal. Direct Push soil samplers are grouped into two categories; Single Tube and Dual (Double) Tube systems.
5.1.1 Dual Tube Systems—Dual tube soil sampling systems are preferred for use because the bore hole is protected and sealed by the outer casing during operations. However, in some conditions when sampling below the groundwater, a sealed single tube sampler (5.1.2) must to be used to avoid sample cross contamination. Figure 1 shows how a Double Tube system is used. The outer tube stays in place to protect and seal the borehole and prevents potential cross contamination of the boring and the soil sample. Dual tube systems allow for rapid continuous sampling both above and below the water table. When sampling is not required, a sealed inner drive point can be locked in for driving through zones not targeted for sampling or through obstructions or difficult to sample formations.
5.1.1.1 Dual tube systems facilitate deployment of other testing and sampling systems (Test Method D1586 and Practice D1587) and sensors, groundwater sampling (D6001), water testing (D7242), and even monitoring well installations (D6724, D6725). Well installations may require use of specially designed expendable tips that facilitate well construction.
5.1.1.2 In larger Dual Tube systems with inside diameters of at least 75 mm the Standard Penetration Test (D1586)...
SCOPE
1.1 This guide addresses direct push soil samplers, which may also be driven into the ground from the surface or through prebored holes. The samplers can be continuous or discrete interval units. Samplers are advanced by static push, or impacts from hammers, or vibratory methods, or a combination thereof, to the depth of interest. Both single tube and dual (double) tube systems may be advanced for soil sampling with direct push methods. Direct push methods are most often used to collect geo-environmental soil samples. These soil samples are used for soil classification (Practice D2488) and lithologic/hydrostratigraphic logging as well as being sub-sampled for contaminant and chemical analyses.
1.2 Other drilling and sampling methods may apply for samples needed for engineering and construction applications. This guide does not address single sampling events in the immediate base of the drill hole using rotary drilling equipment that employ cuttings removal as the sampler is advanced. Other sampling standards, such as Test Method D1586, Practices D1587 and D3550, and summarized in Guide D6169 apply to rotary drilling activities (Guide D6286). The guide does not cover open chambered samplers operated by hand such as augers, agricultural samplers operated at shallow depths, or side wall samplers.
1.2.1 While Sonic Drilling is considered a direct push method this standard may not apply to larger equipment addressed in Practice D6914.
1.3 Guidance on collection and handling of samples, are given in Practices D4220 and D6640. Samples for chemical analysis often must be subsampled and preserved for chemical analysis using special techniques such as Practice D4547, D6418, and D6640. Additional information on environmental sample preservation and transportation is available in other references (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)2. Samples for soil classification may be preserved using procedures given in Practice D4220 similar to Class A...
General Information
Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation: D6282/D6282M − 14
Standard Guide for
Direct Push Soil Sampling for Environmental Site
1
Characterizations
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D6282/D6282M; the number immediately following the designation indicates the
year of original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last
reapproval. A superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope be preserved using procedures given in Practice D4220 similar
to ClassA. In most cases, a direct push sample is considered as
1.1 This guide addresses direct push soil samplers, which
Class B in Practice D4220 but is protected, representative, and
may also be driven into the ground from the surface or through
suitable for chemical analysis. The samples taken with this
prebored holes. The samplers can be continuous or discrete
practice do not usually produce Class C and D (with exception
intervalunits.Samplersareadvancedbystaticpush,orimpacts
of thin wall samples of standard size) samples for laboratory
fromhammers,orvibratorymethods,oracombinationthereof,
testing for engineering properties, such as shear strength and
tothedepthofinterest.Bothsingletubeanddual(double)tube
compressibility. If sampling is for chemical evaluation in the
systems may be advanced for soil sampling with direct push
Vadose Zone, consult Guide D4700 for any special consider-
methods. Direct push methods are most often used to collect
ations.
geo-environmental soil samples. These soil samples are used
for soil classification (Practice D2488) and lithologic/
1.4 Insertion methods described include static push, impact,
hydrostratigraphic logging as well as being sub-sampled for
percussion, other vibratory/sonic driving, and combinations of
contaminant and chemical analyses.
these methods using direct push equipment adapted to drilling
rigs, cone penetrometer units, and specially designed
1.2 Other drilling and sampling methods may apply for
percussion/direct push combination machines. Hammers pro-
samples needed for engineering and construction applications.
This guide does not address single sampling events in the viding the force for insertion include drop style, hydraulically
activated, air activated and mechanical lift devices.
immediatebaseofthedrillholeusingrotarydrillingequipment
thatemploycuttingsremovalasthesamplerisadvanced.Other
1.5 Direct push soil sampling is limited to soils and uncon-
sampling standards, such as Test Method D1586, Practices
solidated materials that can be penetrated with the available
D1587 and D3550, and summarized in Guide D6169 apply to
equipment. The ability to penetrate strata is based on hammer
rotary drilling activities (Guide D6286). The guide does not
energy, carrying vehicle weight, compactness of soil, and
cover open chambered samplers operated by hand such as
consistency of soil. Penetration may be limited or damage to
augers, agricultural samplers operated at shallow depths, or
samplers and conveying devices can occur in certain subsur-
side wall samplers.
faceconditions,someofwhicharediscussedin5.6.Successful
1.2.1 While Sonic Drilling is considered a direct push
sample recovery also may be limited by the ability to retrieve
method this standard may not apply to larger equipment
tools from the borehole. Sufficient retract force must be
addressed in Practice D6914.
available when attempting difficult or deep investigations.
1.3 Guidance on collection and handling of samples, are
1.6 This guide does not address the installation of any
given in Practices D4220 and D6640. Samples for chemical
temporary or permanent soil, groundwater, vapor monitoring,
analysis often must be subsampled and preserved for chemical
or remediation devices.
analysis using special techniques such as Practice D4547,
D6418, and D6640. Additional information on environmental
1.7 The practicing of direct push techniques may be con-
sample preservation and transportation is available in other
trolled by local regulations governing subsurface penetration.
2
references (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) .Samplesforsoilclassificationmay
Certification, or licensing requirements, or both, may need to
be considered in establishing criteria for field activities.
1
This guide is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee D18 on Soil and Rock
1.8 The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units
and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.21 on Groundwater and
are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in
Vadose Zone Investigations.
CurrenteditionapprovedMay1,2014.PublishedJuly2014.Originallyapproved
each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each
in 1998. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as D6282–98(2005), which was
system shall be used independently of the o
...
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