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ASTM D7698-11

(Test Method)

Standard Test Method for In-Place Estimation of Density and Water Content of Soil and    Aggregate by Correlation with Complex Impedance Method

Standard Test Method for In-Place Estimation of Density and Water Content of Soil and    Aggregate by Correlation with Complex Impedance Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
The test method is a procedure for estimating in-place values of density and water content of soils and soil-aggregate based on electrical measurements.
The test method may be used for quality control and acceptance testing of compacted soil and soil aggregate mixtures as used in construction and also for research and development. The minimal disturbance nature of the methodology allows repetitive measurements in a single test location and statistical analysis of the results.  
Limitations:
This test method provides an overview of the CIMI measurement procedure, using a controlling console, connected to a soil sensor unit which applies 3.0 MHz radio frequency to an in-place soil in which metallic probes are driven at a prescribed distance apart. This test method does not discuss the details of the CIMI electronics, computer, or software that utilized on-board algorithms for estimating the soil density and water content
It is difficult to address an infinite variety of soils in this standard. This test method does not address the various types of soils on which the CIMI method may or may not be applicable. However, data presented in 12.1.1 provides a list of soil types that are applicable for the CIMI use.
The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded, or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures prescribed in this standard do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose and Application
1.1.1 This test method describes the procedure, equipment, and interpretation methods for estimating in-place soil dry density and water content using a Complex-Impedance Measuring Instrument (CIMI).
1.1.2 CIMI measurements as described in this Standard Test Method are applicable to measurements of compacted soils intended for roads and foundations.
1.1.3 This test method describes the procedure for estimating in-place density and water content of soils and soil-aggregates by use of a CIMI. The electrical properties of soil are measured using a radio frequency voltage applied to soil electrical probes driven into the soils and soil-aggregates to be tested, in a prescribed pattern and depth. Certain algorithms of these properties are related to wet density and water content. This correlation between electrical measurements, and density and water content is accomplished using a calibration methodology. In the calibration methodology, density and water content are determined by other ASTM Test Standards that measure soil density and water content, thereafter correlating the corresponding measured electrical properties to the soil physical properties.
1.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are mathematical conversions which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard.
1.1.5 All observed and calculated values shall confirm to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026 unless superseded by this standard.
1.2 Generalized Theory
1.2.1 Two key electrical properties of soil are conductivity and relative dielectric permittivity which are manifested as a value of complex-impedance that can be determined.
1.2.2 The soil conductivity contributes primarily to the real component of the complex-impedance, and the soil relative dielectric permittivity contributes primarily to the imaginary component of the complex-impedance.
1.2.3 The complex-impeda...

General Information

Status
Historical
Publication Date
31-Jan-2011
ICS
13.080.20 - Physical properties of soils
Technical Committee
D18 - Soil and Rock
Drafting Committee
D18.08 - Special and Construction Control Tests
Current Stage
Ref Project

Relations

Replaced By
ASTM D7698-11a - Standard Test Method for In-Place Estimation of Density and Water Content of Soil and 	Aggregate by Correlation with Complex Impedance Method
Effective Date
01-Nov-2011
Referred By
ASTM D4718/D4718M-15(2023) - Standard Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and Water Content for Soils Containing Oversize Particles
Effective Date
01-Feb-2011
Referred By
ASTM D8153-22 - Standard Test Method for Determination of Soil Water Contents Using a Dielectric Permittivity Probe
Effective Date
01-Feb-2011

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ASTM D7698-11 - Standard Test Method for In-Place Estimation of Density and Water Content of Soil and    Aggregate by Correlation with Complex Impedance MethodASTM D7698-11 - Standard Test Method for In-Place Estimation of Density and Water Content of Soil and    Aggregate by Correlation with Complex Impedance Method
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ASTM D7698-11 - Standard Test Method for In-Place Estimation of Density and Water Content of Soil and    Aggregate by Correlation with Complex Impedance Method
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NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:D7698–11
Standard Test Method for
In-Place Estimation of Density and Water Content of Soil
and Aggregate by Correlation with Complex Impedance
Method
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D7698; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope dielectric permittivity contributes primarily to the imaginary
component of the complex-impedance.
1.1 Purpose and Application
1.2.3 The complex-impedance of soil can be determined by
1.1.1 This test method describes the procedure, equipment,
placing two electrodes in the soil to be tested at a known
and interpretation methods for estimating in-place soil dry
distance apart and a known depth. The application of a known
density and water content using a Complex-Impedance Mea-
frequency of alternating current to the electrodes enables a
suring Instrument (CIMI).
measurement of current through the soil, voltage across the
1.1.2 CIMI measurements as described in this StandardTest
electrodes, and the electrical phase difference between the
Method are applicable to measurements of compacted soils
voltage and current waves. Complex-impedance is calculated
intended for roads and foundations.
from these known and measured parameters.
1.1.3 This test method describes the procedure for estimat-
1.2.4 From the determined complex-impedance, an electri-
ing in-place density and water content of soils and soil-
cal network consisting of a resistor (R) and capacitor (C)
aggregates by use of a CIMI. The electrical properties of soil
connected in parallel are used to represent a model of the soil
are measured using a radio frequency voltage applied to soil
being tested.
electrical probes driven into the soils and soil-aggregates to be
1.2.5 Relationships can be made between the soil wet
tested, in a prescribed pattern and depth. Certain algorithms of
density and the magnitude of the complex-impedance, and also
these properties are related to wet density and water content.
between the soil water mass per unit measured, and the
This correlation between electrical measurements, and density
quotient of the values of C and R using a Soil Model process.
and water content is accomplished using a calibration method-
1.2.6 The Soil Model process results in mathematical rela-
ology. In the calibration methodology, density and water
tionships between the physical and electrical characteristics of
content are determined by other ASTM Test Standards that
thesoilwhichareusedforsoil-specificcalibrationoftheCIMI.
measure soil density and water content, thereafter correlating
1.2.7 Refer toAppendix X1 for a more detailed explanation
the corresponding measured electrical properties to the soil
of complex-impedance measurement of in-place soil, and its
physical properties.
use in field measurements for the estimation of dry density and
1.1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
water content.
standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are
1.3 Precautions
mathematical conversions which are provided for information
1.3.1 The radio frequencies and output power levels of the
purposes only and are not considered standard.
CIMI method are such that they are harmless according to the
1.1.5 Allobservedandcalculatedvaluesshallconfirmtothe
Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in
1.3.2 This standard does not purport to address all of the
Practice D6026 unless superseded by this standard.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
1.2 Generalized Theory
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
1.2.1 Two key electrical properties of soil are conductivity
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
and relative dielectric permittivity which are manifested as a
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
value of complex-impedance that can be determined.
1.2.2 The soil conductivity contributes primarily to the real
2. Referenced Documents
component of the complex-impedance, and the soil relative
2.1 ASTM Standards:
ThistestmethodisunderthejurisdictionofASTMCommitteeD18onSoiland
Rock and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D18.08 on Special and For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
Construction Control Tests. contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2011. Published March 2011. DOI: 10.1520/ Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D7698-11. the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959, United States.
D7698–11
D653 Terminology Relating to Soil, Rock, and Contained 3.2.5 radio frequency, n—a frequency useful for radio
Fluids transmission (1).
3.2.6 soil capacitance, n—the value of the capacitor in an
D698 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Character-
equivalent parallel resistor – capacitor circuit that results from
istics of Soil Using Standard Effort (12 400 ft-lbf/ft (600
the probe to probe voltage, soil current, and resulting phase
kN-m/m ))
relationship due to the application of a radio frequency
D1556 Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in
alternating voltage source applied to the probes.
Place by Sand-Cone Method
3.2.7 soil current , n—the peak value of the radio frequency
D1557 Test Methods for Laboratory Compaction Charac-
current passing through the soil from one probe electrode to
teristics of Soil Using Modified Effort (56,000 ft-lbf/
3 3 another.
ft (2,700 kN-m/m ))
3.2.8 Soil Model, n—the result of a calibration procedure
D2216 Test Methods for Laboratory Determination of Wa-
that establishes a correlating linear function between measured
ter (Moisture) Content of Soil and Rock by Mass
electrical soil properties and measured physical soil properties.
D3740 Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies
3.2.9 Soil Model linear correlation function, n—one of the
Engaged in Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock as
two mathematical expressions that are derived from perform-
Used in Engineering Design and Construction
ing linear regressions on two sets of soil test data; measured
D4253 Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit
physical soil characteristics, and a corresponding set of elec-
Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table
trical measurements made on the same soil samples.
D4643 Test Method for Determination of Water (Moisture)
3.2.10 soil resistance, n—the value of the resistor in an
Content of Soil by Microwave Oven Heating
equivalent parallel resistor-capacitor circuit that results from
D4718 Practice for Correction of Unit Weight and Water the probe to probe voltage, soil current, and resulting phase
relationship due to the application of a radio frequency
Content for Soils Containing Oversize Particles
alternating voltage source applied to the probes.
D4944 Test Method for Field Determination of Water
3.2.11 water mass per unit volume, n—the mass of water
(Moisture) Content of Soil by the Calcium Carbide Gas
contained in a volume of soil being measured, and is expressed
Pressure Tester
dimensionally as kg/m.
D6026 PracticeforUsingSignificantDigitsinGeotechnical
Data
4. Summary of the Test Method
D7382 Test Methods for Determination of Maximum Dry
4.1 The test method is a two step process.
Unit Weight and Water Content Range for Effective
4.1.1 A Soil Model that relates impedance measurement to
Compaction of Granular Soils Using a Vibrating Hammer
the density and water content of the soil is developed. In this
step the electrical measurements are collected at locations that
3. Terminology
have various water contents and densities typical of the range
3.1 Definitions shall be in accordance with the terms and
to be expected. Concurrent with collecting the electrical data,
symbols given in Terminology D653.
determinationofdensityandwatercontentareperformedatthe
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
same locations using one or more of the traditional test
methods,suchasTestMethodsD1556andD2216.Theprocess
3.2.1 compleximpedance,n—theratioofthephasorequiva-
is repeated over the site sufficiently that a range of water
lent of a steady-state sine-wave or voltage like quantity
contents and densities are obtained. The combined data (im-
(driving force) to the phasor equivalent of a steady-state
pedance and density/water content) will generate the correlat-
sine-wave current of current like quantity (response) (1).In
ing linear regression functions of the Soil Model.
practice, the instrument uses the magnitude of the impedance
4.1.2 Once the Soil Model has been developed the CIMI
ratio (|Z|) in its calculations.
device is used to make electrical measurements of the soil at
3.2.2 dielectricproperties,n—seerelativedielectricpermit-
locationsofunknowndensityandwatercontent.UsingtheSoil
tivity and dielectric phase angle
Model linear correlation functions, the procedure then esti-
3.2.2.1 dielectric phase angle, n—the angular difference in
mates the values of soil density and water content based on the
phase between the sinusoidal alternating voltage applied to a
measured electrical properties.
dielectric and the component of the resulting alternating
current having the same period as the voltage.
5. Significance and Use
3.2.2.2 relative dielectric permittivity, n—the property that
5.1 The test method is a procedure for estimating in-place
determines the electrostatic energy stored per unit volume for
values of density and water content of soils and soil-aggregate
unit potential gradient multiplied by the permittivity of free
based on electrical measurements.
space (2).
5.2 The test method may be used for quality control and
3.2.3 phase relationship, n—the electrical phase difference
acceptance testing of compacted soil and soil aggregate mix-
between the applied probe to probe radio frequency voltage,
tures as used in construction and also for research and
and the resulting soil current.
3.2.4 probe to probe voltage, n—the peak value of radio
frequency voltage measured across two probes that are con-
The boldface numbers in parentheses refer to a list of references at the end of
ducting soil current. this standard.
D7698–11
development. The minimal disturbance nature of the method- properties.Wherelackofuniformityinthesoilduetolayering,
ology allows repetitive measurements in a single test location aggregate or voids is suspected, the test site should be
and statistical analysis of the results. excavated and visually examined to determine if the test
5.3 Limitations: material is representative of the in-situ material in general and
5.3.1 This test method provides an overview of the CIMI ifanoversizecorrectionisrequiredinaccordancewithPractice
measurement procedure, using a controlling console, con- D4718. Soils must be homogeneous and practically free of
nected to a soil sensor unit which applies 3.0 MHz radio rocks that are in excess of five centimeters in diameter and
frequency to an in-place soil in which metallic probes are construction debris for the most accurate results.
driven at a prescribed distance apart.This test method does not
6.5 Statistical variance may increase for soil material that is
discuss the details of the CIMI electronics, computer, or significantlydrierorwetterthanoptimumwatercontent(2.5 %
software that utilized on-board algorithms for estimating the
over optimum or 6.0 % below optimum) as determined using
soil density and water content Test Methods D698 or D1557. Statistical variance may in-
5.3.2 It is difficult to address an infinite variety of soils in
crease for soil material that is compacted to less than 88 % of
this standard. This test method does not address the various the maximum dry density as determined using Test Methods
types of soils on which the CIMI method may or may not be
D698orD1557.TheCIMIisgenerallymoreaccuratewhenthe
applicable. However, data presented in 12.1.1 provides a list of
Soil Model range is broader than the range of soil density and
soil types that are applicable for the CIMI use.
water content being tested in the field.
5.3.3 Theproceduresusedtospecifyhowdataarecollected,
6.6 If temperature measurements are not used, an error may
recorded, or calculated in this standard are regarded as the
be introduced in the results depending on the value of the
industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the
difference between the temperature of the soil used for the Soil
significant digits that generally should be retained. The proce-
Model and the unknown in-place soil being measured. All
dures prescribed in this standard do not consider material
electrical values are equilibrated to 15.55 °C.The equilibration
variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose
is necessary because the soil temperature affects the electrical
studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; it is
signals that are measured.
common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of
6.7 This test method applies only to non-frozen soil. The
reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It
electrical properties of soil change considerably as soil tem-
is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant
perature approaches the freezing point of the entrained water.
digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.
6.8 The use of electrical probes with different length than
those used to make the soil mode will introduce an error in the
6. Interferences
interpretation of the data and the estimation of the density of
6.1 Anomalies in the test material with electrical impedance water content of the tested soils.
properties significantly different from construction soils and
6.9 The use of a Soil Model that was generated from a
aggregate evaluated during Soil Model development, such as
different soil than that selected for unknown in-place measure-
metal objects or organic material, may affect the accuracy of
ments will result in errors in the estimation of the density of
the test method.
water content of the tested soils.
6.2 The accuracy of the results obtained by this test method
6.10 Attempts to measure unknown in-place soils with a
may be influenced by poor contact between the soil electrical
Soil Model that was generated from a limited range of wet
probes and the soil being tested. Large air voids, relative to the
density or water content values, or both, may result in
...

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SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The thermal conductivity of intact soil specimens, reconstituted soil specimens, and rock specimens is used to analyze and design systems involving underground transmission lines, oil and gas pipelines, radioactive waste disposal, geothermal applications, and solar thermal storage facilities, among others. Measurements can be made on site (in situ), or samples can be tested in a lab environment.
Note 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself ensure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method presents a procedure for determining the thermal conductivity (λ) of soil and rock using a transient heat method. This test method is applicable for both intact specimens of soil and rock and reconstituted soil specimens, and is effective in the lab and in the field. This test method is most suitable for homogeneous materials, but can also give a representative average value for non-homogeneous materials.  
1.2 This test method is applicable to dry, unsaturated or saturated materials that can sustain a hole for the sensor. It is valid over temperatures ranging from 100°C, depending on the suitability of the thermal needle probe construction to temperature extremes. However, care must be taken to prevent significant error from: (1) redistribution of water due to thermal gradients resulting from heating of the needle probe; (2) redistribution of water due to hydraulic gradients (gravity drainage for high degrees of saturation or surface evaporation); (3) phase change of water in specimens with temperatures near 0°C or 100°C.  
1.3 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. No other units of measurements are included in this standard. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.4 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.4.1 The procedures used to specify how data are collected/recorded or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.
Note 1: This test method is also applicable and commonly used for determining thermal conductivity of a variety of engineered porous materials of geologic origin including concrete, Fluidized Thermal Backfill (FTB), and thermal grout.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

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ASTM D7380/D7380M-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Soil Compaction Determination at Shallow Depths Using 2.3-kg [5-lbm] Dynamic Cone Penetrometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The test method is used to assess the compaction effort of compacted materials. The number of drops required to drive the cone a distance of 83 mm [3.25 in.] is used as a criterion to determine the pass or fail in terms of soil percent compaction.  
5.2 The device does not measure soil compaction directly and requires determining the correlation between the number of drops and percent compaction in similar soil of known percent compaction and water content.  
5.3 The number of drops is dependent on the soil water content. Calibration of the device should be performed at a water content equal to the water content expected in the field.  
5.4 There are other DCPs with different dimensions, hammer weights, cone sizes, and cone geometries. Different test methods exist for these devices (such as D6951) and the correlations of the 5-lbm DCP with soil percent compaction are unique to this device.  
5.5 The 5-lbm DCP is a simple device, capable of being handled and operated by a single operator in field conditions. It is typically used as Quality Control (QC) of layer-by-layer compaction by construction crew in roadway pavement, backfill compaction in confined cuts and trenches, and utility pavement restoration work.
Note 1: The quality of results produced by this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of these factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedure for the determination of the number of drops required for a dynamic cone penetrometer with a 2.3-kg [5-lbm] drop hammer falling 508 mm [20 in.] to penetrate a certain depth in compacted backfill.  
1.2 The device is used in the compaction verification of fine- and coarse-grained soils, granular materials, and weak stabilized or modified material used in subgrade, base layers, and backfill compaction in confined cuts and trenches at shallow depth.  
1.3 The test method is not applicable to highly stabilized and cemented materials or granular materials containing a large percentage of aggregates greater than 37 mm [1.5 in.].  
1.4 The method is dependent upon knowing the field water content and the user having performed calibration tests to determine cone penetration resistance of various compaction levels and water contents.  
1.5 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system are not necessarily exact equivalents; therefore, to ensure conformance with the standard, each system shall be used independently of the other, and values from the two systems shall not be combined. Within the text of this standard, SI units appear first followed by the inch-pound [or other non-SI] units in brackets. Reporting of test results in units other than SI shall not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.6 It is common practice in the engineering profession to concurrently use pounds to represent both a unit of mass [lbm] and a force [lbf]. This implicitly combines two separate systems of units; that is, the absolute system and the gravitational system. This standard has been written using the absolute system of units when dealing with the inch-pound system. In this system, the pound [lbf] represents a unit of force (weight). However, the use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass [lbm] or the reading of density in lbm/ft3 shall not be regarded as a nonconformance with this standard.  
1.7 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding...

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ASTM D6467-21e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Torsional Ring Shear Test to Determine Drained Residual Shear Strength of Fine-Grained Soils

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The ring shear test is suited to the relatively rapid determination of drained residual shear strength because of the short drainage path through the thin specimen, the constant cross-sectional area of the shear surface during shear, unlimited rotational displacement in one direction, and the capability of testing one specimen under different effective normal stresses to obtain clay particles that are oriented parallel to the direction of shear to obtain residual shear strength envelope.  
5.2 The apparatus allows a reconstituted specimen to be overconsolidated and presheared prior to drained shearing. Overconsolidation and preshearing of the reconstituted specimen significantly reduces the horizontal displacement required to reach a residual condition, and therefore, reduces soil extrusion, wall friction, and other problems (Stark and Eid, 1993)3. This simulates a preexisting shear surface along which the drained residual strength can be mobilized.  
5.3 The ring shear test specimen is annular so the angular displacement differs from the inner edge to the outer edge. At the residual condition, the shear strength is constant across the specimen so the difference in shear stress between the inner and outer edges of the specimen is negligible.
Note 1: Notwithstanding the statements on precision and bias contained in this test method: The precision of this test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent testing. Users of this test method are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not ensure reliable testing. Reliable testing depends on several factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 Fine-grained soils in this Test Method are restricted to soils containing no more than 15 % fine sand (100 % passing the 425 μm (No. 40) sieve and no more than 15 % retained on the 75 μm (No. 200) sieve).A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard.  
1.2 This test method provides a procedure for performing a torsional ring shear test under a drained condition to determine the residual shear strength of fine-grained soils. This test method is performed by shearing a reconstituted, overconsolidated, presheared specimen at a controlled displacement rate until the constant drained shear resistance is established on a single shear surface determined by the configuration of the apparatus.  
1.3 In this test, the specimen rotates in one direction until the constant or residual shear resistance is established. The amount of rotation is converted to displacement using the average radius of the specimen and multiplying it by numbers of degrees traveled and 0.0174.  
1.4 An intact specimen or a specimen with a natural shear surface can be used for testing. However, obtaining a natural slip surface specimen, determining the direction of field shearing, and trimming and aligning the usually non-horizontal shear surface in the ring shear apparatus is difficult. As a result, this test method focuses on the use of a reconstituted specimen to determine the residual strength. An unlimited amount of continuous shear displacement can be achieved to obtain a residual strength condition in a ring shear device.  
1.5 A shear stress-displacement relationship may be obtained from this test method. However, a shear stress-strain relationship or any associated quantity, such as modulus, cannot be determined from this test method because the height of the shear zone unknown, so an accurate or representative shear strain cannot be determined.  
1.6 The selection of effective normal stresses and determination of the shear strength parameters for design analyses are the responsibility of the professional or office requesting the test. Generally, three or more effective normal s...

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ASTM D7830/D7830M-14(2021)e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for In-Place Density (Unit Weight) and Water Content of Soil Using an Electromagnetic Soil Density Gauge

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The method described determines wet density and gravimetric water content by correlating complex impedance measurement data to an empirically developed model. The empirical model is generated by comparing the electrical properties of typical soils encountered in civil construction projects to their wet densities and gravimetric water contents determined by other accepted methods.  
5.2 The test method described is useful as a rapid, non-destructive technique for determining the in-place total density and gravimetric water content of soil and soil-aggregate mixtures and the determination of dry density.  
5.3 This method may be used for quality control and acceptance of compacted soil and soil-aggregate mixtures as used in construction and also for research and development. The non-destructive nature allows for repetitive measurements at a single test location and statistical analysis of the results.
Note 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard test method is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the requirements of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective sampling/testing/inspection, and the like. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depend on many factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluation some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the procedures for determining in-place properties of non-frozen, unbound soil and soil aggregate mixtures such as total density, gravimetric water content and relative compaction by measuring the intrinsic impedance of the compacted soil.  
1.1.1 The method and device described in this test method are intended for in-process quality control of earthwork projects. Site or material characterization is not an intended result.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in either SI units or inch-pound units are to be regarded separately as standard. The values stated in each system may not be exact equivalents; therefore, each system shall be used independently of the other. Combining values from the two systems may result in nonconformance with the standard.  
1.2.1 The gravitational system of inch-pound units is used when dealing with inch-pound units. In this system, the pound (lbf) represents a unit of force (weight) while the unit for mass is slugs. The rationalized slug unit is not given in this standard.  
1.2.2 In the engineering profession, it is customary practice to use, interchangeably, units representing both mass and force, unless dynamic calculations are involved. This implicitly combines two separate systems of units, that is, the absolute system and the gravimetric system. It is undesirable to combine the use of two separate systems within a single standard. The use of balances or scales recording pounds of mass (lbm), or the recording of density in lbm/ft3 should not be regarded as nonconformance with this standard.  
1.3 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the Guide for Significant Digits and Rounding established in Practice D6026.  
1.3.1 The procedures used to specify how data is collected, recorded, and calculated in this standard are regarded as industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that should generally be retained. The procedures used do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; and it is common practice to increase or decrease the number of significant digits of reported data commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in the analysis methods for engineering design.  
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any,...

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ASTM D7698-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for In-Place Estimation of Density and Water Content of Soil and Aggregate by Correlation with Complex Impedance Method

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 CIMI measurements as described in this Standard Test Method are applicable to measurements of compacted soils intended for roads and foundations.  
5.2 The test method is used for estimating in-place values of density and water content of soils and soil-aggregates based on electrical measurements.  
5.3 The test method may be used for quality control and acceptance testing of compacted soil and soil aggregate mixtures as used in construction and also for research and development. The minimal disturbance nature of the methodology allows repetitive measurements in a single test location and statistical analysis of the results.  
5.4 Limitations:  
5.4.1 This test method provides an overview of the CIMI measurement procedure using a controlling console connected to a soil sensor unit which applies a 3.0 MHz RF voltage to an in-place soil via metallic probes that are driven into the soil at a prescribed distance apart. This test method does not discuss the details of the CIMI electronics, computer, or software that utilize on-board algorithms for estimating the soil density and water content  
5.4.2 It is difficult to address an infinite variety of soils in this standard. However, data presented in X3.1 provides a list of soil types that are applicable for the CIMI use.  
5.4.3 The procedures used to specify how data are collected, recorded, or calculated in this standard are regarded as the industry standard. In addition, they are representative of the significant digits that generally should be retained. The procedures prescribed in this standard do not consider material variation, purpose for obtaining the data, special purpose studies, or any considerations for the user’s objectives; it is common practice to increase or reduce significant digits of reported data to be commensurate with these considerations. It is beyond the scope of this standard to consider significant digits used in analytical methods for engineering design.
Note 1: Notwithstanding th...
SCOPE
1.1 Purpose and Application—This test method describes the procedure, equipment, and interpretation methods for estimating in-place soil dry density and water content using a Complex-Impedance Measuring Instrument (CIMI).  
1.1.1 The purpose and application of this test method is for testing porous material such as used in roadway base or building foundations that may be deployed in the field at various test sites. The test apparatus includes electrodes that contact the porous material under test and a sensor unit that supplies electromagnetic signals to the porous material. Response signals reveal electrical parameters such as complex impedance which can be equated to material properties such as density and moisture content.  
1.1.2 CIMI measurements as described in this test method are applicable to measurements of compacted soils intended for roads and foundations.  
1.1.3 This test method describes the procedure for estimating in-place density and water content of soils and soil-aggregates by use of a CIMI. The electrical properties of the soil are measured using a radio frequency (RF) voltage source connected to soil electrical probes driven into the soils and soil-aggregates to be tested, in a prescribed pattern and depth. Certain algorithms of these properties are related to wet density and water content. This correlation between electrical measurements, and density and water content is accomplished using a calibration methodology. In the calibration methodology, density and water content are determined by other ASTM Test Standards that measure soil density and water content, thereafter correlating the corresponding measured electrical properties to the soil physical properties.  
1.2 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. The inch-pound units given in parentheses are mathematical conversions which are provided for information purposes only and are not considered standard.  
1.2.1...

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ASTM D7928-21e1(Test Method)
Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Distribution (Gradation) of Fine-Grained Soils Using the Sedimentation (Hydrometer) Analysis

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 Particle-size distribution (gradation) is a descriptive term referring to the proportions by dry mass of a soil distributed over specified particle-size ranges. The gradation curve generated using this method yields the distribution of silt and clay size fractions present in the soil based on size definitions, not mineralogy or Atterberg limit classification.  
5.2 Unless the sedimentation sample is representative of the entire sample, the sedimentation results must be combined with a sieve analysis to obtain the complete particle size distribution.  
5.3 The clay size fraction is material finer than 2 µm. The clay size fraction is used in combination with the Plasticity Index (Test Methods D4318) to compute the activity, which provides an indication of the mineralogy of the clay fraction.  
5.4 The gradation of the silt and clay size fractions is an important factor in determining the susceptibility of fine-grained soils to frost action.  
5.5 The gradation of a soil is an indicator of engineering properties such as hydraulic conductivity, compressibility, and shear strength. However, soil behavior for engineering and other purposes is dependent upon many factors, such as effective stress, mineral type, structure, plasticity, and geological origin, and cannot be based solely upon gradation.  
5.6 Some types of soil require special treatment in order to correctly determine the particle sizes. For example, chemical cementing agents can bond clay particles together and should be treated in an effort to remove the cementing agents when possible. Hydrogen peroxide and moderate heat can digest organics. Hydrochloric acid can remove carbonates by washing and Dithionite-Citrate-Bicarbonate extraction can be used to remove iron oxides. Leaching with test water can be used to reduce salt concentration. All of these treatments, however, add significant time and effort when performing the sedimentation test and are allowable but outside the scope of this test method. ...
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers the quantitative determination of the distribution of particle sizes of the fine-grained portion of soils. The sedimentation by hydrometer method is used to determine the particle-size distribution (gradation) of the material that is finer than the No. 200 (75-µm) sieve and larger than about 0.2-µm. The test is performed on material passing the No. 10 (2.0-mm) or finer sieve and the results are presented as the mass percent finer of this fraction versus the log of the particle diameter.  
1.2 This method can be used to evaluate the fine-grained fraction of a soil with a wide range of particle sizes by combining the sedimentation results with results from a sieve analysis using D6913 to obtain the complete gradation curve. The method can also be used when there are no coarse-grained particles or when the gradation of the coarse-grained material is not required or not needed.
Note 1: The significant digits recorded in this test method preclude obtaining the grain size distribution of materials that do not contain a significant amount of fines. For example, clean sands will not yield detectable amounts of silt and clay sized particles, and therefore should not be tested with this method. The minimum amount of fines in the sedimentation specimen is 15 g.  
1.3 When combining the results of the sedimentation and sieve tests, the procedure for obtaining the material for the sedimentation analysis and calculations for combining the results will be provided by the more general test method, such as Test Methods D6913 (Note 2).
Note 2: Subcommittee D18.03 is currently developing a new test method “Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils Combining the Sieve and Sedimentation Techniques.”  
1.4 The terms “soil” and “material” are used interchangeably throughout the standard.  
1.5 The sedimentation analysis is based on the concept that larger particles will fall through a fluid faster than...

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ASTM D6572-21(Test Method)
Standard Test Methods for Determining Dispersive Characteristics of Clayey Soils by the Crumb Test

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The crumb test provides a simple, quick method for field or laboratory identification of a dispersive clayey soil. The internal erosion failures of a number of homogeneous earth dams, erosion along channel or canal banks, and rainfall erosion of earthen structures have been attributed to colloidal erosion along cracks or other flow channels formed in masses of dispersive clay (5).  
5.2 The crumb test, as originally developed by Emerson (6), was called the aggregate coherence test and had seven different categories of soil-water reactions. Sherard (5) later simplified the test by combining some soil-water reactions so that only four categories, or grades, of soil dispersion are observed during the test. The crumb test is a relatively accurate positive indicator of the presence of dispersive properties in a soil. The crumb test, however, is not a completely reliable negative indicator that soils are not dispersive. The crumb test can seldom be relied upon as a sole test method for determining the presence of dispersive clays. The double-hydrometer test (Test Method D4221) and pinhole test (Test Method D4647/D4647M) are test methods that provide valuable additional insight into the probable dispersive behavior of clay soils.
Note 2: The quality of the result produced by this standard is dependent on the competence of the personnel performing it, and the suitability of the equipment and facilities used. Agencies that meet the criteria of Practice D3740 are generally considered capable of competent and objective testing/sampling/inspection/etc. Users of this standard are cautioned that compliance with Practice D3740 does not in itself assure reliable results. Reliable results depends on several factors; Practice D3740 provides a means of evaluating some of those factors.
SCOPE
1.1 Two test methods are provided to give a qualitative indication of the natural dispersive characteristics of clayey soils: Method A and Method B.  
1.1.1 Method A—Procedure for Natural Soil Crumbs described in 10.1.  
1.1.2 Method B—Procedure for Remolded Soil Crumbs described in 10.2.  
1.2 The crumb test, while a good, quick indication of dispersive soil, should usually be run in conjunction with a pinhole test and a double hydrometer test, Test Methods D4647/D4647M and D4221, respectively. Since this test method may not identify all dispersive clay soils, other tests such as, pinhole dispersion (Test Methods D4647/D4647M), double hydrometer (Test Method D4221) and the analysis of pore water extraction (Test Methods D4542) may be performed individually or used together to help verify dispersion.  
1.3 The crumb test has some limitations in its usefulness as an indicator of dispersive soil. A dispersive soil may sometimes give a non-dispersive reaction in the crumb test. Soils containing kaolinite with known field dispersion problems, have shown non-dispersive reactions in the crumb test (1).2 However, if the crumb test indicates dispersion, the soil is probably dispersive.  
1.4 These test methods are applicable only to soils where the position of the plasticity index versus liquid limit plots (Test Methods D4318) falls on or above the “A” line (Practice D2487) and more than 12 % of the soil fraction is finer than 2-μm as determined in accordance with Test Method D7928.  
1.5 Oven-dried soil should not be used to prepare crumb test specimens, as irreversible changes could occur to the soil pore-water physicochemical properties responsible for dispersion (2).
Note 1: In some cases, the results of the pinhole, crumb, and double-hydrometer test methods may disagree. The crumb test is a better indicator of dispersive soils than of non-dispersive soils (3).  
1.6 Units—The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.7 All observed and calculated values shall conform to the guidelines for significant digits and rounding establish...

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