ASTM D1596-97(2003)
(Test Method)Standard Test Method for Dynamic Shock Cushioning Characteristics of Packaging Material
Standard Test Method for Dynamic Shock Cushioning Characteristics of Packaging Material
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
Dynamic cushioning test data obtained by this test method are applicable to the cushioning material and not necessarily the same as obtained in a package. In addition to the influence of the package, the data can also be affected by the specimen area, thickness, loading rate, and other factors.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for obtaining dynamic shock cushioning characteristics of packaging materials through acceleration-time data achieved from dropping a falling guided platen assembly onto a motionless sample. This test method does not address any effects or contributions of exterior packaging assemblies.
1.2 The data acquired may be used for a single point or for use in developing a dynamic cushion curve for the specific material being tested. Curves are used either to predict performance of materials under use conditions or for comparison among different materials at specific input conditions. Caution should be used when attempting to compare data from different methods or when using such data for predicting in-package performance. Depending upon the particular materials of concern, correlation of such data (from among differing procedures or for predicting in-package performance) may be highly variable.
Note 1-Alternative and related method for possible consideration is Test Method D 4168.
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for information only.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.>
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Designation:D1596–97 (Reapproved 2003)
Standard Test Method for
Dynamic Shock Cushioning Characteristics of Packaging
Material
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D1596; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
This standard has been approved for use by agencies of the Department of Defense.
1. Scope D996 Terminology of Packaging and Distribution Environ-
ments
1.1 This test method covers a procedure for obtaining
D4168 Test Methods for Transmitted Shock Characteristics
dynamic shock cushioning characteristics of packaging mate-
of Foam-in-Place Cushioning Materials
rials through acceleration-time data achieved from dropping a
D4332 Practice for Conditioning Containers, Packages, or
falling guided platen assembly onto a motionless sample. This
Packaging Components for Testing
test method does not address any effects or contributions of
E105 Practice for Probability Sampling Of Materials
exterior packaging assemblies.
E122 Practice for Calculating Sample Size to Estimate,
1.2 The data acquired may be used for a single point or for
With Specified Precision, the Average for a Characteristic
use in developing a dynamic cushion curve for the specific
of a Lot or Process
material being tested. Such data may be used for comparison
among different materials at specific input conditions, or
3. Terminology
qualifying materials against performance specifications. Cau-
3.1 Definitions—General definitions for packaging and dis-
tion should be used when attempting to compare data from
tribution environments are found in Terminology D996.
different methods or when using such data for predicting
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
in-package performance. Depending upon the particular mate-
3.2.1 acceleration—the rate of change of velocity of a body
rials of concern, correlation of such data (from among differing
2 2
with respect to time, measured in in./s (m/s ).
procedures or for predicting in–package performance) may be
3.2.2 displacement—the magnitude of movement of a body,
highly variable.
point, or surface from a fixed reference point, measured in
NOTE 1—Alternative and related method for possible consideration is
inches (metres).
Test Method D4168.
3.2.3 dynamic cushion curve— a graphic representation of
1.3 The values stated in inch-pound units are to be regarded
dynamic shock cushioning or transmitted shock (in G’s) over a
as the standard. The SI units given in parentheses are for
variety of static loading conditions (psi or kg/square m) for a
information only.
specific cushioning material thickness (or structure) at a
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the
specific equivalent free fall drop height.
safety problems, if any, associated with its use. It is the
3.2.3.1 Such representations can encompass the average
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
response readings in G’s of a number of drops, the average of
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
drops, two to five for each test phase, or represent a single,
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
specific drop number in a drop sequence (that is, first or third
drop data).
2. Referenced Documents
3.2.4 equivalent free-fall drop height—the calculated height
2.1 ASTM Standards:
of free fall in vacuum required for the dropping platen to attain
a measured or given impact velocity.
3.2.5 equivalent free-fall impact velocity—the calculated
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D10 on
impact velocity of the dropping platen if it were to free fall in
Packaging and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D10.13 on Interior
Packaging. a vacuum from a specific test drop height.
Current edition approved April 10, 1997. Published June 1997. Originally
3.2.6 platen drop height—the actual drop height of the test
published as D1596 – 59 T. Last previous edition D1596 – 91. DOI: 10.1520/
machineplatenrequiredtoobtainanequivalentfreefallimpact
D1596-97R03.
velocity.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website.
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D1596–97 (2003)
3.2.7 reaction mass—a mass, consisting of the impact 6.1.3 All dropping platens are influenced by guide system
surface and any other rigidly attached mass that reacts in an friction and air resistance. The significance of these effects
opposing manner to the forces produced during the impact of varies with the type of apparatus and the mass on the dropping
the dropping platen on the impact surface. platen. For this reason, the equivalent free fall impact velocity
3.2.8 static loading—the applied mass in pounds (kilo-
of the dropping platen is equated to a free fall drop height
grams) divided by the area, measured in square inches (metres) rather than an actual platen drop height. (Example—Using the
2 2
to which the mass is applied (lbs/in. or kg/m ). Sometimes
formula in 11.2, a 30 in. (0.7 m) free fall is equated to a 152
referred to as static stress loading. in./s (3.9 m/s) impact velocity of the dropping platen.)
3.2.9 velocity—the rate of change of position of a body in a
6.2 Reaction Mass:
specified direction with respect to time, measured in inches per
6.2.1 The testing machine shall be attached to a reaction
second (metre per second).
mass.Thereactionmassshallbesufficientlyheavyandrigidso
3.3 Symbols: Symbols:
that not more than 2 % of the impact acceleration is lost to the
3.3.1 g— symbol for the acceleration due to the effects of
reaction mass while conducting dynamic tests. The rigid
the earth’s gravitational pull. While somewhat variable, it is
impact surface should be in intimate contact with the reaction
2 2
usually considered a constant of value 386 in./s or (9.8 m/s ).
mass so that the two bodies move as one (surface preparation
3.3.2 G—symbol for the dimensionless ratio between an
or grouting may be required). This performance may be
acceleration in length per time squared units and the accelera-
verified by using shock sensors, one located on the dropping
tion of gravity in the same units.
platen and one on the impact surface or on the reaction mass
immediately next to the impact surface to measure the accel-
4. Summary of Test Method
eration levels.The ratio of the measured impact acceleration of
4.1 An apparatus having a guided dropping platen capable
the reaction mass divided by the measured acceleration of the
of having variable mass, inputs a dynamic force into a test
dropping platen shall be equal to or less than 2 %.
specimen placed on a rigid impact surface at a predetermined
6.2.2 As an alternative to measuring the acceleration level
impact velocity that equates to a free fall drop height. An
of the reaction mass for each test condition, the reaction mass
accelerometer rigidly mounted to the dropping platen and
is acceptable if it is 50 times the maximum mass of the
connected to a data acquisition system records the shock
droppingplaten.Neitherthedepthnorthewidthofsuchamass
experienced (acceleration-time history) during the impact on
shall be less than half the length.
the test specimen. By changing the variables, such as impact
velocity, static loading (dropping platen mass), and the number 6.3 Instrumentation and Shock Sensors:
of test impacts for any given test, dynamic shock cushioning
6.3.1 Instrumentation is required to measure the impact
characteristics (cushion curves) of the packaging material can
velocity to an accuracy of 62 % of the true value.
be developed.
6.3.2 Accelerometers, signal conditions, and data storage
apparatus are required to monitor acceleration versus time
5. Significance and Use
histories.The instrumentation systems shall have the following
5.1 Dynamic cushioning test data obtained by this test
minimum properties:
method are applicable to the cushioning material and not
6.3.2.1 Frequency response range from 2 Hz or less to at
necessarily the same as obtained in a package. In addition to
least 1000 Hz.
the influence of the package, the data can also be affected by
6.3.2.2 Accuracy reading to be within 65 % of the actual
the specimen area, thickness, loading rate, and other factors.
value.
6. Apparatus
6.3.2.3 Cross axis sensitivity less than 5 % of full scale.
6.1 Testing Machine:
6.1.1 Any guided vertical drop testing system that will
7. Sampling
produce test conditions conforming to the requirements speci-
7.1 The choice of sampling plans for materials depends on
fied in this section is acceptable. The system shall consist of a
the purpose of the testing. Practice E105 is recommended.
rigid flat faced dropping platen, a rigid flat impact surface
7.2 The number of test specimens for each condition of test
whose face is parallel to the dropping platen face.
(for example, static loading) depends on the desired degree of
NOTE 2—Lack of rigidity can cause undesirable vibrations in the
precision and the availability of materials. Practice E122 and
apparatus that are recorded in the acceleration-time curve. This condition
many statistical tests provide excellent guidance on the choice
has also been a suspected cause for discontinuities in dynamic data where
of sample size. It is recommended that at least three replicate
th
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