ASTM D2396-20

Standard Test Methods for Powder-Mix Time of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Resins Using a Torque Rheometer

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 The ability of PVC granules to accept a plasticizer and become a dry free-flowing powder is related to the internal pore structure of the resin, resin temperature, plasticizer temperature, and the plasticizer used. By choosing an applicable plasticizer and maintaining a uniform temperature for the resin and plasticizer, it is possible to classify resins by how rapidly they absorb plasticizer. Resin suitability for a specific intensive mixing operation can be ascertained using these test methods.
SCOPE
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the powder-mix time of a general-purpose poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resin.  
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.  
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
Note 1: ISO 4574-2019 is covering the primary subject of this ASTM method.  
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Nov-2020
• ICS: 83.080.10 - Thermosetting materials
• Technical Committee: D20 - Plastics
• Drafting Committee: D20.15 - Thermoplastic Materials

Relations

• Refers: ASTM D883-24 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2024
• Refers: ASTM D883-23 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2023
• Refers: ASTM E456-13a(2022)e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
• Effective Date: 01-Apr-2022
• Refers: ASTM D883-20 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2020
• Refers: ASTM D883-19c - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Aug-2019
• Refers: ASTM D883-19a - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 15-Apr-2019
• Refers: ASTM D883-19 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Feb-2019
• Refers: ASTM D883-18a - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Dec-2018
• Refers: ASTM D883-18 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2018
• Refers: ASTM D1600-18 - Standard Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics (Withdrawn 2024)
• Effective Date: 01-Jan-2018
• Refers: ASTM E456-13A(2017)e3 - Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2017
• Refers: ASTM E2935-17 - Standard Practice for Conducting Equivalence Testing in Laboratory Applications
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2017
• Refers: ASTM E456-13A(2017)e1 - Standard Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2017
• Refers: ASTM D883-17 - Standard Terminology Relating to Plastics
• Effective Date: 15-Aug-2017
• Refers: ASTM E2935-16 - Standard Practice for Conducting Equivalence Testing in Laboratory Applications
• Effective Date: 15-Nov-2016

Overview

ASTM D2396-20 specifies standard test methods for determining the powder-mix time of general-purpose poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resins using a torque rheometer. The powder-mix time test is vital in assessing the ability of PVC resins to absorb plasticizers efficiently, resulting in a dry, free-flowing powder. The test outcome directly relates to key factors such as the resin's internal pore structure, temperatures of resin and plasticizer, and plasticizer type. Proper understanding of powder-mix time helps manufacturers and researchers classify PVC resins and ensure suitability for various mixing and manufacturing operations.

This standard promotes consistency in test methodology and supports comparison of different PVC resins under standardized laboratory conditions, thus contributing to quality assurance in PVC processing.

Key Topics

• Powder-Mix Time: Measurement of the time required for a PVC resin to absorb a plasticizer, transitioning from a wet to a dry, free-flowing state.
• Torque Rheometer Usage: Outlines procedures for using torque rheometers equipped with either sigma or planetary mixing heads to monitor and record powder-mix time.
• Influencing Factors: Temperature, resin characteristics, type and viscosity of plasticizer, mixer equipment, and rotor speed are significant variables impacting powder-mix time results.
• Test Methods:
  • Method A: Utilizes a sigma mixing head.
  • Method B: Utilizes a planetary mixing head.
• Data Interpretation: Analyzing the torque curve helps determine the precise powder-mix time, which is essential for process optimization and quality control.
• Interlaboratory Comparison: The standard discusses approaches to equate results from different laboratories, emphasizing repeatability and reproducibility for robust data.

Applications

ASTM D2396-20 is of high practical value to industries and laboratories involved in PVC formulation, compounding, and processing. Applications include:

• Quality Control: Assuring consistent processing behavior of PVC resins by verifying powder-mix time parameters.
• Material Selection: Classifying and comparing resins based on the speed of plasticizer absorption for targeted applications.
• Process Optimization: Determining optimal resin, plasticizer, and process parameters for specific manufacturing scenarios, such as extrusion or molding.
• Research and Development: Evaluating the effects of new plasticizers, resin modifications, or changes in processing conditions.
• Interlaboratory Studies: Providing a benchmark for harmonized testing procedures and facilitating meaningful comparison of results across facilities.

Understanding powder-mix time is integral to ensuring the final product's performance and processing efficiency, especially in applications where uniform resin-plasticizer interaction is critical.

Related Standards

• ISO 4574:2019: Plastics - PVC resins - Determination of plasticizer absorption at room temperature. This ISO standard closely aligns with ASTM D2396-20, sharing similar test objectives and principles.
• ASTM D883: Terminology Relating to Plastics - Provides standard definitions used within plastics testing.
• ASTM D1600: Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics - Covers standard abbreviations.
• ASTM E456: Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics - Ensures consistent terminology regarding test precision and bias.
• ASTM E691: Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method - Guidance for method validation and statistical assessment.
• ASTM E2935: Practice for Conducting Equivalence Tests for Comparing Testing Processes - Reference for comparing alternative testing protocols.

Adopting ASTM D2396-20 and related standards supports best practices in PVC resin testing, material classification, and quality assurance, directly benefiting PVC product manufacturers, compounders, and end-users seeking reliable processing and performance outcomes.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: D2396 − 20
Standard Test Methods for
Powder-Mix Time of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Resins
Using a Torque Rheometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope 3. Terminology
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the
3.1 Definitions:
powder-mix time of a general-purpose poly(vinyl chloride)
3.1.1 Terms used in this standard are defined in accordance
(PVC) resin.
with Terminology D883, and abbreviations are in accordance
withTerminology D1600 unless otherwise specified. For terms
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
relating to precision and bias and associated issues, the terms
standard.
used in this standard are defined in accordance with Terminol-
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the
ogy E456.
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
4. Summary of Test Methods
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 A sample of resin is heated and mixed in a bowl to the
test temperature.Ameasured amount of plasticizer is added to
NOTE 1—ISO 4574-2019 is covering the primary subject of thisASTM
the resin through a dispersing funnel. When the plasticizer is
method.
added to the resin, the mix becomes wet and an increase in
1.4 This international standard was developed in accor-
motortorqueisneededtomaintainthesamerotorspeed.Asthe
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
mixingcontinuesintheheatedbowl,theplasticizerisabsorbed
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
into the resin and the resin granules become dry and free-
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
flowing. When the mix reaches the dry and free-flowing state,
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
its resistance to stirring decreases and the motor torque needed
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
to maintain the same rotor speed decreases. By recording the
changes in motor torque with time, it is possible to measure the
2. Referenced Documents
time required for a resin to absorb a plasticizer.
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics 4.2 These test methods describe the use of two different
D1600 Terminology forAbbreviatedTerms Relating to Plas- mixing heads that can be mounted on a torque rheometer to
tics
perform this test.Test results obtained with these mixing heads
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
are compared in Section 14.
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
4.2.1 A sigma mixing head is used in Test Method A.
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
4.2.2 A planetary mixing head is used in Test Method B.
E2935 Practice for Conducting Equivalence Tests for Com-
paring Testing Processes
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The ability of PVC granules to accept a plasticizer and
1 become a dry free-flowing powder is related to the internal
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on
Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.15 on Thermoplastic
pore structure of the resin, resin temperature, plasticizer
Materials.
temperature, and the plasticizer used. By choosing an appli-
Current edition approved Dec. 1, 2020. Published December 2020. Originally
cable plasticizer and maintaining a uniform temperature for the
approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 2012 as D2396 - 94 (2012).
DOI: 10.1520/D2396-20.
resin and plasticizer, it is possible to classify resins by how
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
rapidly they absorb plasticizer. Resin suitability for a specific
contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
intensive mixing operation can be ascertained using these test
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
the ASTM website. methods.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2396 − 20
TABLE 1 Powder-Mix Time of ASTM No. 1 Resin TABLE 2 Interlaboratory Testing of ASTM No. 1 Resin
A
DIDP Viscosity, Bowl Mean Laboratory Powder-Mix Time, s Bowl Temperature, °C
Standard Number of
cP Temperature, Powder-Mix
1 454 82.0
Deviation Samples
A B
(millipascals-s) °C Time, s
2 454 85.0
111 85 435 . 2 3 450 85.5
128 85 461 6.9 5
A
The bowl temperature was measured at the thermocouple well.
147 85 479 . 2
A
Viscosity was measured using a Brookfield RVF Viscometer, No. 1 spindle, 20
r/min, at 23°C.
B
The bowl temperature was measured at the thermocouple well.
7.4 Balance, 0.1-g sensitivity.
7.5 Container, 0.95 L size.
7.6 Beaker, 400-mL.
6. Interferences
7.7 Funnel, for use with planetary mixer (see Test Method
6.1 Resin—Each resin has a specific response in accepting a
B).
plasticizer. Differences in powder-mix time between resins can
7.8 Ruler, with metric scale.
be observed in the graph in the annex.
7.9 Paint Brush, 25.4 mm width.
6.2 Plasticizer—Plasticizer viscosity directly affects
7.10 Thermometer, range of 40 to 100°C with 0.2°C divi-
powder-mix time. Table 1 shows that an increase in diisodecyl
sions.
phthalate (DIDP) viscosity results in an increase in powder-
mix time. The data in Table 1 was generated in a single
7.11 Spatula.
laboratory using Test Method A.
7.12 Viscometer, Brookfield RVF, or equivalent.
6.3 Temperature—The temperature at which the test is
8. Materials
performed will affect the powder-mix time. A lower test
temperature will have a longer powder-mix time.
8.1 Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Resin.
NOTE2—Itisalsoimportanttocontrolthetemperatureoftheplasticizer
8.2 Diisodecyl Phthalate Plasticizer (DIDP).
added to the resin. The powder-mix time can vary by as much as3sfor
8.3 Clay.
each degree Fahrenheit difference in plasticizer temperature, as seen in the
graph in the annex.
9. Safety Precautions
6.4 Equipment—Differences between equipment can result
9.1 Take care not to exceed the manufacturer’s recom-
in differences in powder-mix times. To equate equipment, it is
mended torque limit on the planetary mixer and the sigma
suggested that a specific powder-mix time be chosen and that
mixer because of the danger of bending the blades.
thebowltemperaturebeadjustedtoobtainthesametimeforall
equipment. Table 2 shows the results from three laboratories
9.2 For legacy non computerized torque rheometer and
using this technique to equate to a powder-mix time forASTM
attached mixing equipment, stop the mixer before cleaning the
No. 1 resin usingTest MethodAto the value set by Laboratory
bowl and blades.
1.
10. Preparation of Torque Rheometer
6.5 Rotor Speed—Observed with the planetary mixing head
10.1 Set up the Plasti-Corder Torque Rheometer according
(see Test Method B) was a decrease in dry time when the rotor
to the manufacturers’ recommendations stated in the instruc-
speed had been increased: 60 r/min @ 82°C using DIDP = dry
tion manual of the instrument and the measuring head equip-
time of 868 s; and 100 r/min @ 82°C using DIDP = dry time
ment. This includes the connection of all necessary
of 628 s.
thermocouples, stock temperature probes, including their lead
7. Apparatus
wire extension and the liquid external circulator for the
temperature control.
7.1 Torque Rheometer.
10.2 StartthesoftwareandselecteithertheSigmaMixerfor
7.2 Sigma Mixer 650-mL, or equivalent, and the dispersion
Method A or the Planetary Mixer for Method B.
trough shown in Fig. 1 for plasticizer distribution. (For Test
Method A.)
10.3 Select the evaluation method PVC Dry Blend Plasti-
cizer Absorption.
7.3 Planetary Mixer, and the dispersion funnel shown in
Fig. 2 for plasticizer distribution. (For Test Method B.)
10.4 PL-2000 Computerized Torque Rheometer—Program
the PL-2000 Plasti-Corder for the test conditions of:
3 NOTE 3—If a C.W. Brabender Instruments, Inc. Plasti-Corder Torque
The C. W. Brabender MetaStation 4E or MetaStation 8E Torque Rheometer or
Rheometer is used with the BrabenderWinMix Program the choice can be
theIntelli-TorqueandATRPlasti-Corder,aregisteredtrademarkofC.W.Brabender
made in the drop down menu under the Config/Mixer tab.
Instruments, Inc., 50 E. Wesley Street, South Hackensack, NJ 07606.
NOTE 4—If a C.W. Brabe
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: D2396 − 94 (Reapproved 2012) D2396 − 20
Standard Test Methods for
Powder-Mix Time of Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Resins
Using a Torque Rheometer
This standard is issued under the fixed designation D2396; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope
1.1 These test methods cover the determination of the powder-mix time of a general-purpose poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC) resin.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard.
1.3 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety safety, health, and healthenvironmental practices and determine the
applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
NOTE 1—There is no ISO standard ISO 4574-2019 is covering the primary subject of thesethis ASTM test methods.method.
1.4 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
D883 Terminology Relating to Plastics
D1600 Terminology for Abbreviated Terms Relating to Plastics
E456 Terminology Relating to Quality and Statistics
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
E2935 Practice for Conducting Equivalence Tests for Comparing Testing Processes
3. Terminology
3.1 General:Definitions:
3.1.1 Definitions are Terms used in this standard are defined in accordance with Terminology D883, and abbreviations are in
accordance with Terminology D1600 unless otherwise indicated.specified. For terms relating to precision and bias and associated
issues, the terms used in this standard are defined in accordance with Terminology E456.
These test methods are under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D20 on Plastics and are the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D20.15 on Thermoplastic Materials.
Current edition approved April 1, 2012Dec. 1, 2020. Published June 2012December 2020. Originally approved in 1969. Last previous edition approved in 20042012 as
D2396 - 94 (2004).(2012). DOI: 10.1520/D2396-94R12.10.1520/D2396-20.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
D2396 − 20
TABLE 1 Powder-Mix Time of ASTM No. 1 Resin
DIDP Viscosity, Bowl Mean
Standard Number of
cP Temperature, Powder-Mix
Deviation Samples
A B
(millipascals-s) °C Time, s
111 85 435 . 2
128 85 461 6.9 5
147 85 479 . 2
A
Viscosity was measured using a Brookfield RVF Viscometer, No. 1 spindle, 20
r/min, at 23°C.
B
The bowl temperature was measured at the thermocouple well.
4. Summary of Test Methods
4.1 A sample of resin is heated and mixed in a bowl to the test temperature. A measured amount of plasticizer is added to the resin
through a dispersing funnel. When the plasticizer is added to the resin, the mix becomes wet and an increase in motor torque is
needed to maintain the same rotor speed. As the mixing continues in the heated bowl, the plasticizer is absorbed into the resin and
the resin granules become dry and free-flowing. When the mix reaches the dry and free-flowing state, its resistance to stirring
decreases and the motor torque needed to maintain the same rotor speed decreases. By recording the changes in motor torque with
time, it is possible to measure the time required for a resin to absorb a plasticizer.
4.2 These test methods describe the use of two different mixing heads that can be mounted on a torque rheometer to perform this
test. Test results obtained with these mixing heads are compared in Section 14.
4.2.1 A sigma mixing head is used in Test Method A.
4.2.2 A planetary mixing head is used in Test Method B.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 The ability of PVC granules to accept a plasticizer and become a dry free-flowing powder is related to the internal pore
structure of the resin, resin temperature, plasticizer temperature, and the plasticizer used. By choosing an applicable plasticizer and
maintaining a uniform temperature for the resin and plasticizer, it is possible to classify resins by how rapidly they absorb
plasticizer. Resin suitability for a specific intensive mixing operation can be ascertained using these test methods.
6. Interferences
6.1 Resin—Each resin has a specific response in accepting a plasticizer. Differences in powder-mix time between resins can be
observed in the graph in the annex.
6.2 Plasticizer—Plasticizer viscosity directly affects powder-mix time. Table 1 shows that an increase in diisodecyl phthalate
(DIDP) viscosity results in an increase in powder-mix time. The data in Table 1 was generated in a single laboratory using Test
Method A.
6.3 Temperature—The temperature at which the test is performed will affect the powder-mix time. A lower test temperature will
have a longer powder-mix time.
NOTE 2—It is also important to control the temperature of the plasticizer added to the resin. The powder-mix time can vary by as much as 3 s for each
degree Fahrenheit difference in plasticizer temperature, as seen in the graph in the annex.
6.4 Equipment—Differences between equipment can result in differences in powder-mix times. To equate equipment, it is
suggested that a specific powder-mix time be chosen and that the bowl temperature be adjusted to obtain the same time for all
equipment. Table 2 shows the results from three laboratories using this technique to equate to a powder-mix time for ASTM No.
1 resin using Test Method A to the value set by Laboratory 1.
6.5 Rotor Speed—Observed with the planetary mixing head (see Test Method B) was a decrease in dry time when the rotor speed
had been increased: 60 r/min @ 82°C using DIDP = dry time of 868 s; and 100 r/min @ 82°C using DIDP = dry time of 628 s.
D2396 − 20
TABLE 2 Interlaboratory Testing of ASTM No. 1 Resin
A
Laboratory Powder-Mix Time, s Bowl Temperature, °C
1 454 82.0
2 454 85.0
3 450 85.5
A
The bowl temperature was measured at the thermocouple well.
7. Apparatus
7.1 Torque Rheometer.
7.2 Sigma Mixer 650-mL, or equivalent, and the dispersion trough shown in Fig. 1 for plasticizer distribution. (For Test Method
A.)
7.3 Planetary Mixer, and the dispersion funnel shown in Fig. 2 for plasticizer distribution. (For Test Method B.)
7.4 Balance, 0.1-g sensitivity.
7.5 Container, 0.95 L size.
7.6 Beaker, 400-mL.
7.7 Funnel, for use with planetary mixer (see Test Method B).
7.8 Ruler, with metric scale.
7.9 Paint Brush, 25.4 mm width.
7.10 Thermometer, range of 40 to 100°C with 0.2°C divisions.
7.11 Spatula.
7.12 Viscometer, Brookfield RVF, or equivalent.
8. Materials
8.1 Poly(Vinyl Chloride) (PVC) Resin.
8.2 Diisodecyl Phthalate Plasticizer. Plasticizer (DIDP).
8.3 Clay.
9. Safety Precautions
9.1 Take care not to exceed the manufacturer’s recommended dampingtorque limit on the planetary mixer and the sigma mixer
because of the danger of bending the blades.
The C. W. Brabender PL 2000 Computerized Plasticorder or Electronic Plasticorder, MetaStation 4E or MetaStation 8E Torque Rheometer or the Intelli-Torque and ATR
Plasti-Corder, a registered trademark of C. W. Brabender Instruments, Inc., 50 E. Wesley Street, South Hackensack, NJ 07606, or System 903, a registered trademark of Haake
Buchler Instruments, Inc., 244 Saddle River Road, Saddle Brook, NJ 07662, or equivalents, have been found suitable for this purpose.07606.
Suitable equipment (open bowl mixer with removable sigma blades with type 5 (2:3) gear ration – Part number 02-21-000.001] may be obtained from C. W. Brabender
Instruments, Inc., 50 E. Wesley St., South Hackensack, NJ 07606, or Haake Buchler Instruments, Inc., 244 Saddle River Rd, Saddle Brook, NJ 07662.07606.
Suitable equipment (Part number 02-10-000) may be obtained from C. W. Brabender Model 01-10-000, or equivalent, has been found suitable for this
purpose.Instruments, Inc., 50 E. Wesley St., South Hackensack, NJ 07606
Burgess No. 30, or equivalent, available from Burgess Pigment Co., Box 4146, Macon, GA 31208, has been found suitable for this purpose.
D2396 − 20
FIG. 1 Distribution Funnel
9.2 Stop For legacy non computerized torque rheometer and attached mixing equipment, stop the mixer before cleaning the bowl
and blades.
10. Preparation of Torque Rheometer
10.1 Electronic Plasti-Corder Torque Rheometer: Set up the Plasti-Corder Torque Rheometer according to the manufacturers’
recommendations stated in the instruction manual of the instrument and the measuring head equipment. This includes the
connection of all necessary thermocouples, stock temperature probes, including their lead wire extension and the liquid external
circulator for the temperature control.
10.1.1 Adjust the torque rheometer so that the strip chart torque range reads 200 m-g at full scale.
10.1.2 Set chart speed to 10 mm/min.
10.1.3 Place pen on chart.
10.1.4 Connect the stock temperature measuring thermocouple to the recorder and start the recorder.
10.2 Start the software and select either the Sigma Mixer for Method A or the Planetary Mixer for Method B.
10.3 Select the evaluation method PVC Dry Blend Plasticizer Absorption.
3 3
10.4 PL-2000 Computerized Torque Rheometer—Program the PL-2000
...