ASTM F1978-22

Standard Test Method for Measuring Abrasion Resistance of Metallic Thermal Spray Coatings by Using the Taber Abraser

SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
5.1 This test method provides a means to evaluate the resistance to particle shedding of a thermal spray coating. Such particle shedding might occur during surgical insertion of an implant or as the result of micromotion of the implant after insertion.  
5.2 This abrasion test method may be useful for quality control analysis of a coating, and it can be used to evaluate the effects of processing variables, such as substrate preparation before coating, surface texture, coating technique variables, or postcoating treatments, any of which may influence the susceptibility of the coating to particle shedding.  
5.3 This abrasion test method is for flat plate-shaped specimens of a size sufficient that the wheels of the abrader do not leave the surface of the specimen. It is not recommended for devices with other shapes or sizes.
SCOPE
1.1 This test method quantifies the abrasion resistance of metallic coatings produced by thermal spray processes on flat metallic surfaces. It is intended as a means of characterizing coatings used on surgical implants.  
1.2 This test uses the Taber Abraser,2 which generates a combination of rolling and rubbing to cause wear to the coating surface. Wear is quantified as cumulative weight loss.  
1.3 This test method is limited to flat, rigid specimens that do not react significantly with water and do not undergo a phase transformation or chemical reaction between room temperature and 100 °C in air.  
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.  
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.  
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.

General Information

• Status: Published
• Publication Date: 30-Sep-2022
• ICS: 25.220.40 - Metallic coatings
• Technical Committee: F04 - Medical and Surgical Materials and Devices
• Drafting Committee: F04.15 - Material Test Methods

Relations

• Refers: ASTM G195-13a - Standard Guide for Conducting Wear Tests Using a Rotary Platform Abraser
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2013
• Refers: ASTM G195-13 - Standard Guide for Conducting Wear Tests Using a Rotary Platform Abraser
• Effective Date: 01-Jul-2013
• Refers: ASTM E691-13 - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
• Effective Date: 01-May-2013
• Refers: ASTM E691-11 - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2011
• Refers: ASTM E691-08 - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
• Effective Date: 01-Oct-2008
• Refers: ASTM G195-08 - Standard Guide for Conducting Wear Tests Using a Rotary Platform, Double-Head Abraser
• Effective Date: 01-May-2008
• Refers: ASTM E691-05 - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
• Effective Date: 01-Nov-2005
• Refers: ASTM E691-99 - Standard Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
• Effective Date: 10-May-1999

Overview

ASTM F1978-22 is the standard test method for measuring abrasion resistance of metallic thermal spray coatings using the Taber Abraser. Published by ASTM International, this standard provides a reliable and repeatable method to evaluate how well flat, metallic thermal spray coatings, such as those applied to surgical implants, resist abrasion and particle shedding.

The significance of ASTM F1978-22 lies in its ability to assess coating durability, which is especially important for medical devices where coating integrity can impact device performance and patient safety. The method utilizes the Taber Abraser, an instrument that simulates a combination of rolling and rubbing wear, and quantifies the cumulative weight loss of the coating after a set number of abrasion cycles.

Key Topics

• Abrasion Resistance: Quantitative evaluation of how metallic thermal spray coatings resist wear and particle loss when subjected to abrasion.
• Particle Shedding: Assessment of the tendency of coatings to shed particles, a key concern for surgical implants and other precision components.
• Taber Abraser Method: The Taber Abraser applies controlled rotary abrasion using standardized H-22 wheels under set mass, offering consistent and comparable results.
• Sample Preparation: The test is specifically designed for flat, rigid metallic specimens of defined size and thickness, ensuring method accuracy.
• Data Reporting: Results include cumulative weight loss for each sample, mean loss, and standard deviation for various cycle counts (2, 5, 10, and 100), providing robust quality control data.
• Quality Control: Results reveal the effects of processing variables, such as substrate preparation, surface texture, coating techniques, and post-coating treatments on abrasion resistance.

Applications

ASTM F1978-22 is widely recognized for its value in the following areas:

• Medical Device Manufacturing: Critical for characterizing the durability of coatings used on surgical implants, helping device manufacturers ensure coatings will not shed harmful particles in the body.
• Process Optimization: Enables researchers and engineers to compare the effects of different thermal spray processes, substrate conditions, and post-coating treatments on abrasion resistance.
• Quality Assurance: Applied in manufacturing QC labs to confirm compliance with internal and industry specifications for thermal spray coatings.
• Product Development: Supports material selection and product validation for industries using metallic sprayed coatings, extending beyond medical to aerospace and industrial equipment where surface wear is a concern.

Related Standards

• ASTM E691: Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method, referenced for precision and reproducibility assessment.
• ASTM G195: Guide for Conducting Wear Tests Using a Rotary Platform Abraser, provides additional guidance on rotary abrasion testing methods.
• ISO Standards: While ASTM F1978-22 is an ASTM standard, its development aligns with international WTO principles to support global harmonization of test methods.

Practical Value

Complying with ASTM F1978-22 helps organizations:

• Ensure repeatable and scientifically rigorous measurement of abrasion resistance in thermal spray coatings.
• Meet regulatory and quality expectations for medical devices and other critical components.
• Systematically evaluate and improve surface engineering processes by providing actionable test results.
• Reduce the risk of premature coating degradation, product failure, or patient complications linked to particle shedding.

For organizations involved in the production, testing, or certification of metallic thermal spray coatings, ASTM F1978-22 establishes a trusted, internationally recognized framework for abrasion resistance assessment. This supports safer, more reliable products and helps manufacturers maintain a competitive edge in quality and compliance.

Standards Content (Sample)

This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization established in the Decision on Principles for the
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
Designation: F1978 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Abrasion Resistance of Metallic Thermal Spray
Coatings by Using the Taber Abraser
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1978; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope* 2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
1.1 This test method quantifies the abrasion resistance of
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to
metallic coatings produced by thermal spray processes on flat
Determine the Precision of a Test Method
metallic surfaces. It is intended as a means of characterizing
G195 Guide for Conducting Wear Tests Using a Rotary
coatings used on surgical implants.
Platform Abraser
1.2 This test uses the Taber Abraser, which generates a
combinationofrollingandrubbingtocauseweartothecoating
3. Terminology
surface. Wear is quantified as cumulative weight loss.
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
3.1.1 abraser, n—instrument that is designed to determine
1.3 This test method is limited to flat, rigid specimens that
the resistance of surfaces to composite rolling and rubbing
do not react significantly with water and do not undergo a
action.
phase transformation or chemical reaction between room
temperature and 100 °C in air.
3.1.2 particle shedding, n—loss of surface particles and
fragments from a coating.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as
3.1.3 thermal spray coating, n—coating produced by spray-
standard. No other units of measurement are included in this
ing melted or softened powder or wire by means of combus-
standard.
tible gases, plasma, or two-wire arc.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the
3.1.4 weight loss, n—amount of mass removed by the test
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the
apparatus over the course of testing.
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
priate safety, health, and environmental practices and deter-
4. Summary of Test Method
mine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
4.1 This test method uses a Taber Abraser with H-22
1.6 This international standard was developed in accor-
Calibrade (trademarked) wheels and the 250 g mass of the
dance with internationally recognized principles on standard-
abrading head without added weights. A specimen is abraded
ization established in the Decision on Principles for the
using rotary rubbing action under controlled conditions of
Development of International Standards, Guides and Recom-
pressure and abrasive action. The test specimen, mounted on a
mendations issued by the World Trade Organization Technical
turntable platform, turns on a vertical axis against the sliding
Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
rotation of two abrading wheels. The wheels shall be mounted
in such a way that when they are in contact with the rotating
test specimen, they rotate in opposing directions. One abrading
This test method is under the jurisdiction ofASTM Committee F04 on Medical
wheel rubs the specimen outward toward the periphery and the
and Surgical Materials and Devices and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
other inward toward the center while a vacuum system
F04.15 on Material Test Methods.
removes wear debris during the test. The resulting abrasion
Current edition approved Oct. 1, 2022. Published October 2022. Originally
approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 2018 as F1978 – 18. DOI:
10.1520/F1978-22.
Trademarked. The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the
committee at this time is Taber Industries, North Tonawanda, NY 14120 USA. If For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
you are aware of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM
Headquarters.Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
responsible technical committee, which you may attend. the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1978 − 22
marks form a pattern of crossed arcs over an area of approxi- 6.1.2 Amotor capable of rotating the turntable platform at a
mately 30 cm . Specimens are abraded, cleaned ultrasonically, speed of either 72 r⁄min 6 2 r⁄min or 60 r⁄min 6 2 r⁄min.
dried, cooled, and weighed for a set number (2, 5, 10, and 100)
6.1.3 A pair of abrading heads, which include the pivoted
of cumulative rotational cycles. The specimens are weighed
armandflangedholdertowhichtheabrasivewheelisattached.
after each iteration, and the weight loss is the measure of
6.1.4 A vacuum suction system and vacuum pickup nozzle
abrasive wear to the specimen.
to remove debris and abrasive particles from the specimen
surface during testing. A vacuum suction level of 100 shall be
5. Significance and Use
used and the vacuum suction force shall be 13.7 kPa or greater,
5.1 This test method provides a means to evaluate the as measured by a vacuum gauge at the vacuum pickup nozzle
resistance to particle shedding of a thermal spray coating. Such
port. The height of the vacuum pickup nozzle shall be
particle shedding might occur during surgical insertion of an adjustable.
implant or as the result of micromotion of the implant after
6.1.5 A counter to record the number of abrasion cycles
insertion.
(revolutions) made by the turntable platform.
5.2 This abrasion test method may be useful for quality
6.2 H-22 Taber Calibrade Wheels, vitrified based, consist-
control analysis of a coating, and it can be used to evaluate the
ing of hard particles embedded in a binder material.
effects of processing variables, such as substrate preparation
6.2.1 The wheels shall be cylindrically shaped; 12.7 mm 6
before coating, surface texture, coating technique variables, or
0.3 mm thick; include an axial hole 16.0 mm 6 0.1 mm to
postcoating treatments, any of which may influence the sus-
allow the wheel to be mounted to the flanged holder on the
ceptibility of the coating to particle shedding.
pivoted arm; and have an external diameter of 51.9 mm 6
5.3 This abrasion test method is for flat plate-shaped speci- 0.5 mm when new, and in no case less than 44.4 mm.
mens of a size sufficient that the wheels of the abrader do not 2
6.3 Taber Wheel Refacer, or equivalent.
leave the surface of the specimen. It is not recommended for
6.4 Ultrasonic Cleaning Unit, for cleaning specimens after
devices with other shapes or sizes.
abrading.
6. Apparatus
6.5 DryingOven,capableofoperationat100 °C 62 °C,for
6.1 Taber Abraser (Fig. 1), or equivalent as described in
drying specimens.
Guide G195, with abrading head of 250 g mass and no added
6.6 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing specimens
weights, and consisting of the following elements:
with a resolution of 0.0001 g.
6.1.1 A specimen turntable platform, which is removable,
that includes a rubber pad and centrally located threaded post 6.7 Infrared Thermometer (optional), to measure tempera-
and nut. ture of specimens before weighing.
NOTE 1—Vacuum suction system not shown.
FIG. 1 Taber Abraser
F1978 − 22
cleaning. Utilize a support that will prevent the specimen from contacting
6.8 Deionized Water.
the bottom of the ultrasonic cleaning unit.
6.9 Sodium Chloride (NaCl), reagent grade.
8.2.5 Place the cleaned sample in a 100 °C oven and dry for
7. Test Specimen a minimum of 10 min.
8.2.6 Allow the sample to cool to within 1 °C of room
7.1 Abrasion test specimens shall be approximately 10 cm
temperature before weighing.
squares or 10 cm diameter circles of at least 1.6 mm but not
greater than 6.5 mm thickness, with a 6.5 mm diameter hole
NOTE 2—Specimens that are not cooled sufficiently may generate
through the center to allow the specimen to be secured to the
convection currents and result in erroneous mass readings. An infrared
specimen holder of theTaberAbraser. For substrates other than thermometercanbeusedtomeasurethetemperatureofthespecimenprior
to weighing.
titanium, consideration shall be given to the weight of the test
specimen relative to the capacity of the analytical balance.
8.2.7 Using the analytical balance, weigh the sample no
fewer than three times and record the average weight of these
7.2 The coating shall be applied in a manner representative
measurements.
of that used on the finished surgical implant.
8.2.8 Repeat 8.2.4 – 8.2.7 until the same mass (within
7.3 Prepare a minimum of seven specimens. If there is more
60.0003 g) is recorded for two consecutive cleanings.
than one coating to evaluate, a minimum of six samples for
8.2.9 Record the total number of cleanings performed in
each coating shall be prepared and at least one set shall contain
8.2.4 – 8.2.8.
seven samples.
8.2.10 Determine the required cleaning time necessary to
7.3.1 Of the seven-sample set, one sample shall be selected
obtain a stable mass, as (10 · (x – 1)) min, where x is the total
to determine the time required for ultrasonic cleaning.
number of cleanings determined in 8.2.9.
7.3.2 One specimen, randomly selected from each group of
six specimens, shall be reserved to measure weight loss caused
NOTE 3—Handle specimens by the edges to prevent unintentional
by ultrasonic cleaning. This specimen shall be called the
particle shedding.
“blank” specimen and shall be weighed, ultrasonically cleaned,
8.3 Reference Standard (Blank)—Each group of six speci-
dried, cooled, and reweighed for an equal number of times of
mens shall include one unabraded “blank” specimen, as speci-
the abraded specimen.
fied in 7.3.2. Once in every six tests, an unabraded specimen
shall be used as a control to determine the weight loss caused
8. Procedure
by the ultrasonic cleaning. This specimen shall be weighed,
8.1 General Information:
cleaned for the time calculated in 8.2.10, dried, cooled, and
8.1.1 If there is more than one set of specimens to test, the
reweighed for as many times as would normally be done if
specimens shall be tested in a random sequence.
abrasion testing were being performed. These values shall be
8.1.2 A single complete specimen run
...

This document is not an ASTM standard and is intended only to provide the user of an ASTM standard an indication of what changes have been made to the previous version. Because
it may not be technically possible to adequately depict all changes accurately, ASTM recommends that users consult prior editions as appropriate. In all cases only the current version
of the standard as published by ASTM is to be considered the official document.
Designation: F1978 − 18 F1978 − 22
Standard Test Method for
Measuring Abrasion Resistance of Metallic Thermal Spray
Coatings by Using the Taber Abraser
This standard is issued under the fixed designation F1978; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope*
1.1 This test method quantifies the abrasion resistance of metallic coatings produced by thermal spray processes on flat metallic
surfaces. It is intended as a means of characterizing coatings used on surgical implants.
1.2 This test uses the Taber Abraser, which generates a combination of rolling and rubbing to cause wear to the coating surface.
Wear is quantified as cumulative weight loss.
1.3 This test method is limited to flat, rigid specimens that do not react significantly with water and do not undergo a phase
transformation or chemical reaction between room temperature and 100°C100 °C in air.
1.4 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as standard. No other units of measurement are included in this standard.
1.5 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility
of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety, health, and environmental practices and determine the applicability of
regulatory limitations prior to use.
1.6 This international standard was developed in accordance with internationally recognized principles on standardization
established in the Decision on Principles for the Development of International Standards, Guides and Recommendations issued
by the World Trade Organization Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT) Committee.
2. Referenced Documents
2.1 ASTM Standards:
E691 Practice for Conducting an Interlaboratory Study to Determine the Precision of a Test Method
G195 Guide for Conducting Wear Tests Using a Rotary Platform Abraser
3. Terminology
3.1 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
This test method is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee F04 on Medical and Surgical Materials and Devices and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee
F04.15 on Material Test Methods.
Current edition approved Feb. 1, 2018Oct. 1, 2022. Published March 2018October 2022. Originally approved in 1999. Last previous edition approved in 20172018 as
F1978 – 17.F1978 – 18. DOI: 10.1520/F1978-18.10.1520/F1978-22.
Trademarked. The sole source of supply of the apparatus known to the committee at this time is Taber Industries, North Tonawanda, NY 14120 USA. If you are aware
of alternative suppliers, please provide this information to ASTM Headquarters. Your comments will receive careful consideration at a meeting of the responsible technical
committee, which you may attend.
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or contact ASTM Customer Service at [e-mail]. For Annual Book of ASTM Standards
volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on the ASTM website.
*A Summary of Changes section appears at the end of this standard
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
F1978 − 22
3.1.1 abraser, n—instrument that is designed to determine the resistance of surfaces to composite rolling and rubbing action.
3.1.2 particle shedding, n—loss of surface particles and fragments from a coating.
3.1.3 thermal spray coating, n—coating produced by spraying melted or softened powder or wire by means of combustible gases,
plasma, or two-wire arc.
3.1.4 weight loss, n—amount of mass removed by the test apparatus over the course of testing.
4. Summary of Test Method
4.1 This test method uses a Taber Abraser with H-22 Calibrade (trademarked) wheels and the 250-g 250 g mass of the abrading
head without added weights. A specimen is abraded using rotary rubbing action under controlled conditions of pressure and
abrasive action. The test specimen, mounted on a turntable platform, turns on a vertical axis against the sliding rotation of two
abrading wheels. The wheels shall be mounted in such a way that when they are in contact with the rotating test specimen, they
rotate in opposing directions. One abrading wheel rubs the specimen outward toward the periphery and the other inward toward
the center. center while a vacuum system removes wear debris during the test. The resulting abrasion marks form a pattern of
crossed arcs over an area of approximately 30 cm . Specimens are abraded and cleaned ultrasonically abraded, cleaned
ultrasonically, dried, cooled, and weighed for a set number (2, 5, 10, orand 100) of cumulative rotational cycles. The specimens
are weighed after each cleaning,iteration, and the weight loss is the measure of abrasive wear to the specimen.
5. Significance and Use
5.1 This test method provides a means to evaluate the resistance to particle shedding of a thermal spray coating. Such particle
shedding might occur during surgical insertion of an implant or as the result of micromotion of the implant after insertion.
5.2 This abrasion test method may be useful for quality control analysis of a coating, and it can be used to evaluate the effects
of processing variables, such as substrate preparation before coating, surface texture, coating technique variables, or postcoating
treatments, any of which may influence the susceptibility of the coating to particle shedding.
5.3 This abrasion test method is for flat plate-shaped specimens of a size sufficient that the wheels of the abrader do not leave the
surface of the specimen. It is not recommended, however, recommended for devices with other shapes or sizes.
6. Apparatus
6.1 Taber Abraser,Abraser (Fig. 1), or equivalent as described in Guide G195, with abrading head of 250-g 250 g mass and no
added weights.weights, and consisting of the following elements:
6.1.1 A specimen turntable platform, which is removable, that includes a rubber pad and centrally located threaded post and nut.
6.1.2 A motor capable of rotating the turntable platform at a speed of either 72 r ⁄min 6 2 r ⁄min or 60 r ⁄min 6 2 r ⁄min.
6.1.3 A pair of abrading heads, which include the pivoted arm and flanged holder to which the abrasive wheel is attached.
6.1.4 A vacuum suction system and vacuum pickup nozzle to remove debris and abrasive particles from the specimen surface
during testing. A vacuum suction level of 100 shall be used and the vacuum suction force shall be 13.7 kPa or greater, as measured
by a vacuum gauge at the vacuum pickup nozzle port. The height of the vacuum pickup nozzle shall be adjustable.
6.1.5 A counter to record the number of abrasion cycles (revolutions) made by the turntable platform.
6.2 H-22 Taber Calibrade Wheels, or equivalent. vitrified based, consisting of hard particles embedded in a binder material.
6.2.1 The wheels shall be cylindrically shaped; 12.7 mm 6 0.3 mm thick; include an axial hole 16.0 mm 6 0.1 mm to allow the
wheel to be mounted to the flanged holder on the pivoted arm; and have an external diameter of 51.9 mm 6 0.5 mm when new,
and in no case less than 44.4 mm.
F1978 − 22
NOTE 1—Vacuum suction system not shown.
FIG. 1 Taber Abraser
6.3 Taber Vacuum Unit, made by Shop-Vac (trademarked), 7.4 amps, or equivalent.
6.3 Taber Wheel Refacer, or equivalent.
6.4 Ultrasonic Cleaning Unit, for cleaning specimens after abrading.
6.5 Drying Oven, capable of operation at 100100 °C 6 2°C,2 °C, for drying specimens.
6.6 Analytical Balance, capable of weighing specimens to an accuracywith a resolution of 0.0001 g.
6.7 Infrared Thermometer (optional), to measure temperature of specimens before weighing.
6.8 Deionized Water.
6.9 Sodium Chloride (NaCl), reagent grade.
7. Test Specimen
7.1 Abrasion test specimens shall be approximately 10-cm 10 cm squares or 10-cm 10 cm diameter circles of at least 1.6 mm but
not greater than 6.5 mm thickness, with a 6.5 mm diameter hole through the center to allow the specimen to be secured to the
specimen holder of the Taber Abraser. For substrates other than titanium, consideration shall be given to the weight of the test
specimen relative to the capacity of the analytical balance.
NOTE 1—For specimens thicker than 6.5 mm but less than 12.7 mm, an extension nut such as type S-21 or equivalent may be used in place of the clamp
nut. When using the S-21 extension nut, the clamp plate is not used and the specimen center hole shall be 9.6 mm.
7.2 The coating shall be applied in a manner representative of that used on the finished surgical implant.
F1978 − 22
7.3 Prepare a minimum of seven specimens. If there is more than one coating to evaluate, a minimum of six samples for each
coating shall be prepared and at least one set shall contain seven samples.
7.4 Of the seven sample set, one sample shall be selected to determine the time required for ultrasonic cleaning.
7.3 One specimen, randomly selected from each group of six specimens, shall be reserved to measure weight loss caused by
ultrasonic cleaning. This specimen shall be called the “blank” specimen and shall be weighed, cleaned, and reweighed for an equal
number of times to the cleaning and weighing of the abraded specimen.Prepare a minimum of seven specimens. If there is more
than one coating to evaluate, a minimum of six samples for each coating shall be prepared and at least one set shall contain seven
samples.
7.3.1 Of the seven-sample set, one sample shall be selected to determine the time required for ultrasonic cleaning.
7.3.2 One specimen, randomly selected from each group of six specimens, shall be reserved to measure weight loss caused by
ultrasonic cleaning. This specimen shall be called the “blank” specimen and shall be weighed, ultrasonically cleaned, dried, cooled,
and reweighed for an equal number of times of the abraded specimen.
8. Procedure
8.1 General Information:
8.1.1 If there is more than one set of specimens to test, the specimens shall be tested in a random sequence.
8.1.2 A single complete specimen run shall consist of a series of partial runs, commencing with an initial two-cycle partial run
and continuing until 100 cycles have been completed. Once a specimen run is initiated, no other specimens shall be tested using
the same wheel until the specimen run is finished.
8.1.3 At the start of each new complete specimen run, the display indicating the number of cycles run shall be reset. The Taber
Abraser counts cumulative cycles (cycles completed) and so the number of cycles set for each partial run shall be the cumulative
number of cycles (2, 5, 10, or 100) designated as the end of that partial run. See Note 4.
8.2 Determining Time of Ultrasonic Cleaning—Before running the battery of tests, the time required for ultrasonic cleaning shall
be determined.
8.2.1 Using the analytical balance, weigh the seventh sample as described in 7.47.3.1 no fewer than three times and record the
average weight of these measurements.
8.2.2 Prepare the Taber Abraser following steps 8.4.28.4.2 – 8.4.4 to 8.4.9.
8.2.3 Set the Taber Abraser for ten cumulative cycles and start the turntable.
8.2.4 Clean the sample for ten minutes10 min with a fresh saline solution (see 8.4.1), with the ultrasonic cleaner to be used for
the coating analysis.
NOTE 1—To ensure wear debris is effectively removed, the specimen side subjected to abrasion should be facing downward during ultrasonic cleaning.
Utilize a support that will prevent the specimen from contacting the bottom
...