ASTM C981-05(2013)
(Guide)Standard Guide for Design of Built-Up Bituminous Membrane Waterproofing Systems for Building Decks
Standard Guide for Design of Built-Up Bituminous Membrane Waterproofing Systems for Building Decks
SIGNIFICANCE AND USE
4.1 This guide provides information and guidelines for the selection of components and the design of a built-up bituminous membrane waterproofing system in building deck construction. Where the state of the art is such that criteria for particular conditions are not established or have numerous variables that require consideration, applicable portions of Design Considerations, Sections 5-16, serve as reference and guidance for selection by the designer of the system.
SCOPE
1.1 This guide describes the design of fully adhered built-up bituminous membrane waterproofing systems for plaza deck and promenade construction over occupied spaces of buildings where covered by a separate wearing course.
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the standard. The values given in parentheses are for information only.
1.3 The committee with jurisdiction over this standard is not aware of any comparable standards published by other organizations.
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appropriate safety and health practices and determine the applicability of regulatory limitations prior to use.
General Information
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Standards Content (Sample)
NOTICE: This standard has either been superseded and replaced by a new version or withdrawn.
Contact ASTM International (www.astm.org) for the latest information
Designation:C981 −05 (Reapproved 2013)
Standard Guide for
Design of Built-Up Bituminous Membrane Waterproofing
Systems for Building Decks
This standard is issued under the fixed designation C981; the number immediately following the designation indicates the year of
original adoption or, in the case of revision, the year of last revision. A number in parentheses indicates the year of last reapproval. A
superscript epsilon (´) indicates an editorial change since the last revision or reapproval.
1. Scope D41 Specification for Asphalt Primer Used in Roofing,
Dampproofing, and Waterproofing
1.1 This guide describes the design of fully adhered built-up
D43 Specification for Coal Tar Primer Used in Roofing,
bituminous membrane waterproofing systems for plaza deck
Dampproofing, and Waterproofing
and promenade construction over occupied spaces of buildings
D173 Specification for Bitumen-Saturated Cotton Fabrics
where covered by a separate wearing course.
Used in Roofing and Waterproofing
1.2 The values stated in SI units are to be regarded as the
D226 Specification forAsphalt-Saturated Organic Felt Used
standard. The values given in parentheses are for information
in Roofing and Waterproofing
only.
D227 Specification for Coal-Tar-Saturated Organic Felt
1.3 Thecommitteewithjurisdictionoverthisstandardisnot
Used in Roofing and Waterproofing
aware of any comparable standards published by other orga-
D312 Specification for Asphalt Used in Roofing
nizations.
D449 Specification for Asphalt Used in Dampproofing and
1.4 This standard does not purport to address all of the Waterproofing
safety concerns, if any, associated with its use. It is the D450 Specification for Coal-Tar Pitch Used in Roofing,
responsibility of the user of this standard to establish appro-
Dampproofing, and Waterproofing
priate safety and health practices and determine the applica-
D1079 Terminology Relating to Roofing and Waterproofing
bility of regulatory limitations prior to use.
D1327 Specification for Bitumen-Saturated Woven Burlap
Fabrics Used in Roofing and Waterproofing
2. Referenced Documents
D1668 Specification for Glass Fabrics (Woven and Treated)
2.1 ASTM Standards: for Roofing and Waterproofing
C33 Specification for Concrete Aggregates D2178 Specification forAsphalt Glass Felt Used in Roofing
C578 Specification for Rigid, Cellular Polystyrene Thermal and Waterproofing
Insulation
D2822 Specification for Asphalt Roof Cement, Asbestos-
C717 Terminology of Building Seals and Sealants
Containing
C755 Practice for Selection of Water Vapor Retarders for
D4022 Specification for Coal Tar Roof Cement, Asbestos
Thermal Insulation
Containing
C1193 Guide for Use of Joint Sealants
D4586 Specification for Asphalt Roof Cement, Asbestos-
C1299 Guide for Use in Selection of Liquid-Applied Seal-
Free
ants (Withdrawn 2012)
D4601 Specification for Asphalt-Coated Glass Fiber Base
C1472 Guide for Calculating Movement and Other Effects
Sheet Used in Roofing
When Establishing Sealant Joint Width
D4990 SpecificationforCoalTarGlassFeltUsedinRoofing
and Waterproofing
D5295 Guide for Preparation of Concrete Surfaces for Ad-
This guide is under the jurisdiction of ASTM Committee D08 on Roofing and
hered (Bonded) Membrane Waterproofing Systems
Waterproofing and is the direct responsibility of Subcommittee D08.22 on Water-
D5898 Guide for Details for Adhered Sheet Waterproofing
proofing and Dampproofing Systems.
Current edition approved May 1, 2013. Published May 2013. Originally
D5957 Guide for Flood Testing Horizontal Waterproofing
approved in 1983. Last previous edition approved in 2005 as C981 – 05. DOI:
Installations
10.1520/C0981-05R13.
2 D6152 Specification for SEBS-Modified Mopping Asphalt
For referenced ASTM standards, visit the ASTM website, www.astm.org, or
contact ASTM Customer Service at service@astm.org. For Annual Book of ASTM
Used in Roofing
Standards volume information, refer to the standard’s Document Summary page on
D6162 Specification for Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS)
the ASTM website.
Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials Using a Combina-
The last approved version of this historical standard is referenced on
www.astm.org. tion of Polyester and Glass Fiber Reinforcements
Copyright © ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, PO Box C700, West Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959. United States
C981−05 (2013)
D6163 Specification for Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS) amount and intensity of vibration resulting from function or
Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials Using Glass Fiber adjacent occupancies, and design live loads both normal and
Reinforcements emergency.
D6164 Specification for Styrene Butadiene Styrene (SBS)
6.2 It is essential that all components and contiguous
Modified Bituminous Sheet Materials Using Polyester
elements be compatible and coordinated to form a totally
Reinforcements
integrated waterproofing system.
D6451 Guide for Application of Asphalt Based Protection
6.3 The plaza deck system is normally composed of several
Board
subsystems: the structural building deck (membrane substrate),
D6622 Guide forApplication of FullyAdhered Hot-Applied
the waterproofing membrane, the drainage subsystem, the
Reinforced Waterproofing Systems
thermal insulation, protection or working slab, and the wearing
2.2 Other Documents:
course (see Fig. 1). Fig. 1 as well as details, subsystems,
ACI301 SpecificationsforStructuralConcreteinBuildings
components, and illustrations that follow are intended to
illustrate a principle but are not necessarily the only solution
3. Terminology
for a diversity of environments.
3.1 Definitions—For definitions of terms used in the guide,
refer to Terminologies C717 and D1079.
7. Substrate
3.2 Definitions of Terms Specific to This Standard:
7.1 The building deck or substrate referred to in this guide
3.2.1 prefabricated drainage composite—a preformed po-
is reinforced cast-in-place structural concrete.
rous material, usually plastic, with a filter-type fabric over it.
7.1.1 High early strength and lightweight insulating con-
cretes do not provide suitable substrates.Additives made to the
4. Significance and Use
concrete mix (such as calcium chloride) to promote curing,
4.1 This guide provides information and guidelines for the reduce water requirements, or modify application temperature
selection of components and the design of a built-up bitumi- requirements should not be used unless the manufacturer of the
nous membrane waterproofing system in building deck con- waterproofing system specifically agrees.
struction. Where the state of the art is such that criteria for 7.1.2 Precast concrete slabs pose more technical problems
particular conditions are not established or have numerous than cast-in-place concrete, and the probability of lasting
variables that require consideration, applicable portions of watertightness is greatly diminished and difficult to achieve
Design Considerations, Sections5–16, serve as reference and because of the multitude of joints that have the capability of
guidance for selection by the designer of the system. movement and must be treated accordingly. Moving joints are
5. Comparison to Other Standards
5.1 The Committee with jurisdiction over this standard is
not aware of any comparable standards published by other
organizations.
5.2 For application methods, refer to Guide D6622. For
design of typical details not addressed in this guide, refer to
Guide D5898.
6. General
6.1 The design of plaza deck waterproofing cannot be
satisfactorily determined without consideratoin of the several
subsystems, their material components, and interrelationships.
The proper selection from a variety of components that form a
built-up bituminous membrane waterproofing system must be
predicated upon specific project requirements and the interre-
lationship of components. The variety of the types of surfaces
exposed to weather, the difference of climatic conditions to
which the deck is exposed, and the interior environmental
requirements of the occupied space are major determinants in
the process of component selection. Essential to determination
of the deck design components is information relative to
temperature extremes of the inner and outer surfaces, precipi-
tation rates, solar exposure, prevailing wind direction, the
pattern and reflectivity of adjacent structures, anticipated
FIG. 1 Basic Components of Built-up Bituminous Membrane Wa-
Available from ACI International, PO Box 9094, Farmington Hills, MI terproofing System with Separate Wearing Course (see Section
48333–9094. 6.3)
C981−05 (2013)
critical features of waterproofing systems and are more critical manufacturer’s requirements for the particular membrane be-
when sealed at the membrane level than at a higher level with ing applied. Adequate drying of residual moisture from slabs
the use of integral concrete curbs. Such curbs are impractical poured over a permanent metal deck will normally take longer
with precast concrete slabs and necessitate an even more than from slabs stripped of forming. Subsequent underside
impractical drain in each slab. Other disadvantages of precast painting of stripped concrete slabs that might inhibit moisture
concrete slabs are their inflexibility in achieving contoured vapor transmission and possibly cause loss of membrane
slope to drains and the difficulty of coordinating the placement adhesion should be avoided.
of such drains.
7.7 Joints—Joints in a structural concrete slab are herein
7.2 Slope for Drainage—Drainage at the membrane level is referred to as reinforced joints, unreinforced joints, and expan-
important. When the waterproofing membrane is placed di- sion joints.
rectly on the concrete slab, a monolithic concrete substrate 7.7.1 Reinforced Joints—Reinforced joints consist of hair-
line cracks, cold joints, construction joints, and isolation joints
slope of a minimum 2 % ( ⁄4 in./ ft.) should be maintained. The
maximum slope is related to the type of membrane used. Slope held together with reinforcing steel bars or wire fabric. These
are considered static joints with little or no movement antici-
is best achieved with a monolithic pour as compared with a
separate concrete fill. The fill presents the potential of addi- pated because the slab reinforcement is continuous across the
joint.
tionalcracksandprovidesacleavageplanebetweenthefilland
structural slab. This cleavage plane complicates the detection 7.7.2 Nonreinforced Joints—Nonreinforced joints consist of
of leakage in the event that water should penetrate the butt-type construction joints and isolation joints not held
membrane at a crack in the fill and travel along the separation together with reinforcing steel bars or wire fabric. These joints
until reaching a crack in the structural slab. are generally considered by the designer of the structural
system as nonmoving or static joints. However, the joints
7.3 Strength—The strength of concrete is a factor to be
shouldbeconsideredascapableofhavingsomemovement,the
considered with respect to the built-up bituminous membrane
magnitude of which is difficult to predict.
insofar as it relates to finish, bond strength, and continuing
7.7.3 Expansion and Seismic Joints—Expansion joints, as
integrity. The cast-in-place structural concrete should have a
3 3 differentiated from control joints, are designed to accommo-
minimum density of 1762 kg/m (110 lb/ft ).
date movement in more than one direction, are an integral part
7.4 Finish—The structural slab should have a finish of
of the building structural system, and must be carried through
sufficiently rough texture to provide a mechanical bond for the
the entire structure. Expansion joints are incorporated in the
membrane but not so rough to preclude achieving continuity of
structural frame (1) to reduce internal stresses caused by wide
the membrane across the surface. As a minimum, ACI 301
temperature ranges or differential movement, or both, between
floated finish is required with ACI 301 troweled finish
structural elements as might be the case in large adjoining
preferred, deleting the final troweling.
heated and unheated spaces; (2) where there are different
foundation settlement conditions between adjacent elements;
7.5 Curing—Curing the structural slab is necessary to pro-
or (3) where movements between high- and low-attached
vide a sound concrete surface and to obtain the quality of
structures are anticipated. Seismic joints are a special case in
concrete required. Curing is accomplished chemically with
which the joints are generally quite large and are designed to
moisture and should not be construed as drying.
limit damage to the structural frame during earthquakes.
7.5.1 Moist Curing—Moist curing is achieved by keeping
Expansion and seismic joints are best located at high points of
the surfaces continuously wet by covering with burlap satu-
contoured substrates to deflect water away from the joint. For
rated with water and kept wet by spraying or hosing. The
expansion joints designed for thermal movement only, the
covering materials should be placed to provide complete
movement is expected to be only in the horizontal plane.
surface coverage with joints lapped a minimum of 75 mm (3
Seismic joints are designed to accommodate both vertical and
in.).
horizontal movement.
7.5.2 Sheet Curing—Sheet curing is accomplished with a
sheet vapor retarder that reduces the loss of water from the
7.8 Flashing Substrate—The vertical surface that the mem-
concrete and moistens the surface of the concrete by
branewaterproofingintersectsmustbesound,withasmoothor
condensation, thus preventing the surface from drying while
floated finish, dry, and free of cracks and loose materials as
curing. Laps of sheets covering the slab should be not less than
statedforthehorizontalordecksubstrate.Theverticalsurfaces
50 mm (2 in.) and should be sealed or weighted (see Practice
may be of concrete, stone, or masonry, and should be rein-
C755).
forced against shrinkage and cracks.
7.5.3 Chemical Curing—Liquid or chemical curing com-
8. Waterproofing Membrane
pounds applied to the surface of the structural slab should not
be used unless approved by the manufacturer of the built-up
8.1 The major membrane components include primers,
bituminous membrane as the material may interfere with the bitumens, reinforcements and flashing materials.
bond of the membrane to the structural slab.
8.2 Primers—Primers (Specifications D41 and D43) are
7.6 Dryness—Membrane manufacturer’s requirements for used to prepare the substrate to obtain maximum adhesion of
substrate dryness vary from being visibly dry to having a the bitumen to the substrate.Asphalt derivative primers should
specific maximum moisture content. Since there is a lack of be used with asphalt and coal-tar derivative primers with
unanimity in this regard, it is necessary t
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