FprEN ISO 3452-1

Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Part 1: General principles (ISO/FDIS 3452-1:2021)

This standard defines a method of penetrant testing used to detect discontinuities, e.g. cracks, laps, folds, porosity and lack of fusion, which are open to the surface of the material to be tested. It is mainly applied to metallic materials, but can also be performed on other materials, provided that they are inert to the test media and they are not excessively porous, examples of which are castings, forgings, welds, ceramics, etc.
This standard is not intended to be used for acceptance criteria and gives no information relating to the suitability of individual test systems for specific applications nor requirements for test equipment.
The term 'discontinuity' is used here in the sense that no evaluation concerning acceptability or non-acceptability is included.
Methods for determining and monitoring the essential properties of penetrant testing products to be used are specified in ISO 3452-2 and ISO 3452-3.

Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Eindringprüfung - Teil 1: Allgemeine Grundlagen (ISO/FDIS 3452-1:2021)

Dieses Dokument legt ein Verfahren mit Weißlicht oder UV A Strahlung (365 nm) für die Eindringprüfung zum Auffinden von Fehlern wie z. B. Rissen, Überlappungen, Falten, Poren und Bindefehlern fest, die zur Oberfläche des zu prüfenden Werkstoffs hin offen sind. Es wird vorwiegend bei metallischen Werkstoffen angewendet, kann jedoch auch bei anderen Werkstoffen eingesetzt werden, vorausgesetzt, diese Werkstoffe sind gegenüber den Prüfmitteln inert und nicht übermäßig porös (Guss  und Schmiedestücke, Schweißnähte, Keramik usw.).
Dieses Dokument enthält außerdem die Anforderungen an Prozess  und Kontrollprüfungen, ist jedoch nicht für die Anwendung von Annahmekriterien vorgesehen. Es enthält weder Angaben bezüglich der Eignung der einzelnen Prüfsysteme für spezielle Anwendungen noch Anforderungen an die Prüfgeräte.
ANMERKUNG 1 Die Verfahren zur Bestimmung und Darstellung der wesentlichen Eigenschaften der verwendeten Eindringprüfmittel sind in ISO 3452 2 und ISO 3452 3 festgelegt.
ANMERKUNG 2 Der Begriff „Fehler“ wird in diesem Dokument in dem Sinne verwendet, dass keine Bewertung im Hinblick auf Zulässigkeit oder Unzulässigkeit eingeschlossen ist.
ANMERKUNG 3 CEN/TR 16638 behandelt die Eindringprüfung mit aktinischem Blaulicht

Essais non destructifs - Examen par ressuage - Partie 1: Principes généraux (ISO/FDIS 3452-1:2021)

Neporušitvene preiskave - Pregled s penetranti - 1. del: Splošna načela (ISO/FDIS 3452-1:2021)

Standards Content (sample)

SLOVENSKI STANDARD
oSIST prEN ISO 3452-1:2020
01-februar-2020
Neporušitvene preiskave - Pregled s penetranti - 1. del: Splošna načela (ISO/DIS
3452-1:2019)

Non-destructive testing - Penetrant testing - Part 1: General principles (ISO/DIS 3452-

1:2019)

Zerstörungsfreie Prüfung - Eindringprüfung - Teil 1: Allgemeine Grundlagen (ISO/DIS

3452-1:2019)

Essais non destructifs - Examen par ressuage - Partie 1: Principes généraux (ISO/DIS

3452-1:2019)
Ta slovenski standard je istoveten z: prEN ISO 3452-1
ICS:
19.100 Neporušitveno preskušanje Non-destructive testing
oSIST prEN ISO 3452-1:2020 en,fr,de

2003-01.Slovenski inštitut za standardizacijo. Razmnoževanje celote ali delov tega standarda ni dovoljeno.

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oSIST prEN ISO 3452-1:2020
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oSIST prEN ISO 3452-1:2020
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD
ISO/DIS 3452-1
ISO/TC 135/SC 2 Secretariat: SABS
Voting begins on: Voting terminates on:
2019-12-06 2020-02-28
Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing —
Part 1:
General principles
Essais non destructifs — Examen par ressuage —
Partie 1: Principes généraux
ICS: 19.100
THIS DOCUMENT IS A DRAFT CIRCULATED
This document is circulated as received from the committee secretariat.
FOR COMMENT AND APPROVAL. IT IS
THEREFORE SUBJECT TO CHANGE AND MAY
NOT BE REFERRED TO AS AN INTERNATIONAL
STANDARD UNTIL PUBLISHED AS SUCH.
IN ADDITION TO THEIR EVALUATION AS
ISO/CEN PARALLEL PROCESSING
BEING ACCEPTABLE FOR INDUSTRIAL,
TECHNOLOGICAL, COMMERCIAL AND
USER PURPOSES, DRAFT INTERNATIONAL
STANDARDS MAY ON OCCASION HAVE TO
BE CONSIDERED IN THE LIGHT OF THEIR
POTENTIAL TO BECOME STANDARDS TO
WHICH REFERENCE MAY BE MADE IN
Reference number
NATIONAL REGULATIONS.
ISO/DIS 3452-1:2019(E)
RECIPIENTS OF THIS DRAFT ARE INVITED
TO SUBMIT, WITH THEIR COMMENTS,
NOTIFICATION OF ANY RELEVANT PATENT
RIGHTS OF WHICH THEY ARE AWARE AND TO
PROVIDE SUPPORTING DOCUMENTATION. ISO 2019
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oSIST prEN ISO 3452-1:2020
ISO/DIS 3452-1:2019(E)
COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT
© ISO 2019

All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, or required in the context of its implementation, no part of this publication may

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oSIST prEN ISO 3452-1:2020
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Contents Page

Foreword ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

1 Scope ................................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 1

2 Normative references ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

3 Terms and definitions ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 1

4 Safety precautions .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 2

5 General principles ............................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

5.1 Personnel ..................................................................................................................................................................................................... 2

5.2 Description of the method ............................................................................................................................................................ 2

5.3 Process sequence .................................................................................................................................................................................. 2

5.4 Equipment ................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

5.5 Effectiveness ............................................................................................................................................................................................. 3

6 Products, sensitivity and designation ............................................................................................................................................ 3

6.1 Product family ......................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

6.2 Testing products .................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

6.3 Sensitivity .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 3

6.4 Designation ................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4

7 Compatibility ............................................................................................................................................................................................................ 4

7.1 General ........................................................................................................................................................................................................... 4

7.2 Compatibility of penetrant testing products ................................................................................................................. 4

7.3 Compatibility of penetrant testing products and the material to be tested ....................................... 4

8 Test procedure ........................................................................................................................................................................................................ 5

8.1 Written test procedure ..................................................................................................................................................................... 5

8.2 Precleaning ................................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

8.2.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 5

8.2.2 Mechanical precleaning ............................................................................................................................................. 5

8.2.3 Chemical precleaning ................................................................................................................................................... 5

8.2.4 Drying ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 5

8.3 Temperature .............................................................................................................................................................................................. 5

8.4 Application of penetrant ................................................................................................................................................................. 6

8.4.1 Methods of application ............................................................................................................................................... 6

8.4.2 Penetration time .............................................................................................................................................................. 6

8.5 Excess penetrant removal ............................................................................................................................................................. 6

8.5.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

8.5.2 Water .......................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

8.5.3 Solvents .................................................................................................................................................................................... 6

8.5.4 Emulsifier ............................................................................................................................................................................... 6

8.5.5 Water and solvent ........................................................................................................................................................... 7

8.5.6 Excess penetrant removal check ........................................................................................................................ 7

8.5.7 Drying after excess penetrant removal......................................................................................................... 7

8.6 Developing .................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7

8.6.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 7

8.6.2 Dry developer ..................................................................................................................................................................... 8

8.6.3 Water suspendable developer .............................................................................................................................. 8

8.6.4 Solvent based developer ........................................................................................................................................... 8

8.6.5 Water soluble developer ........................................................................................................................................... 8

8.6.6 Water or solvent based for special application (e.g. peelable developer) ...................... 8

8.6.7 No developer ....................................................................................................................................................................... 8

8.7 Inspection .................................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

8.7.1 General...................................................................................................................................................................................... 9

8.7.2 Viewing conditions ........................................................................................................................................................ 9

8.7.3 Wipe-off technique......................................................................................................................................................... 9

8.7.4 Recording ............................................................................................................................................................................... 9

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8.8 Postcleaning and corrosion protection ...........................................................................................................................10

8.8.1 Postcleaning ......................................................................................................................................................................10

8.8.2 Corrosion protection .................................................................................................................................................10

8.9 Retesting ....................................................................................................................................................................................................10

9 Test report ................................................................................................................................................................................................................10

Annex A (normative) Main stages of penetrant examination ..................................................................................................12

Annex B (normative) Process and control tests .....................................................................................................................................13

Annex C (informative) Example test report ................................................................................................................................................20

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................................................................................................................21

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Foreword

ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide federation of national standards

bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of preparing International Standards is normally carried out

through ISO technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a technical

committee has been established has the right to be represented on that committee. International

organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison with ISO, also take part in the work.

ISO collaborates closely with the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of

electrotechnical standardization.

The procedures used to develop this document and those intended for its further maintenance are

described in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 1. In particular, the different approval criteria needed for the

different types of ISO documents should be noted. This document was drafted in accordance with the

editorial rules of the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2 (see www .iso .org/ directives).

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this document may be the subject of

patent rights. ISO shall not be held responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights. Details of

any patent rights identified during the development of the document will be in the Introduction and/or

on the ISO list of patent declarations received (see www .iso .org/ patents).

Any trade name used in this document is information given for the convenience of users and does not

constitute an endorsement.

For an explanation of the voluntary nature of standards, the meaning of ISO specific terms and

expressions related to conformity assessment, as well as information about ISO's adherence to the

World Trade Organization (WTO) principles in the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT), see www .iso .org/

iso/ foreword .html.

This document was prepared by the European Committee for Standardization (CEN) Technical

Committee CEN/TC 138, Non-destructive testing, in collaboration with ISO Technical Committee

ISO/TC 135, Non-destructive testing, Subcommittee SC 2, Surface methods, in accordance with the

Agreement on technical cooperation between ISO and CEN (Vienna Agreement).

This third edition cancels and replaces the second edition (ISO 3452-1:2013) which has been technically

revised. Changes from the first edition include a table referring to the testing products.

The main changes compared to the previous edition are as follows:
— clarification of understanding of product family
— new procedure “no developer” added
— technically revised according to the state of the art.
A list of all parts in the ISO 3452 series can be found on the ISO website.

Any feedback or questions on this document should be directed to the user’s national standards body. A

complete listing of these bodies can be found at www .iso .org/ members .html.
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oSIST prEN ISO 3452-1:2020
DRAFT INTERNATIONAL STANDARD ISO/DIS 3452-1:2019(E)
Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing —
Part 1:
General principles
1 Scope

This part of ISO 3452 specifies a method of penetrant testing used to detect discontinuities, e.g. cracks,

laps, folds, porosity and lack of fusion, which are open to the surface of the material to be tested using

white light or UV-A (365 nm) radiation. It is mainly applied to metallic materials, but can also be

performed on other materials, provided that they are inert to the test media and not excessively porous

(castings, forgings, welds, ceramics, etc.)

It also includes requirements for process and control testing, but is not intended to be used for

acceptance criteria and gives neither information relating to the suitability of individual test systems

for specific applications nor requirements for test equipment.

NOTE 1 Methods for determining and monitoring the essential properties of penetrant testing products to be

used are specified in ISO 3452-2 and ISO 3452-3.

NOTE 2 The term discontinuity is used in this part of ISO 3452 in the sense that no evaluation concerning

acceptability or non-acceptability is included.
NOTE 3 CEN/TR 16338 addresses penetrant testing using actinic blue light.
2 Normative references

The following documents, in whole or in part, are normatively referenced in this document and are

indispensable for its application. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated

references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including any amendments) applies.

ISO 3059, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing and magnetic particle testing — Viewing conditions

ISO 3452-2, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 2: Testing of penetrant materials

ISO 3452-3, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 3: Reference test blocks

ISO 3452-4, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 4: Equipment

ISO 3452-5, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 5: Penetrant testing at temperatures

higher than 50 degrees C

ISO 3452-6, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Part 6: Penetrant testing at temperatures

lower than 10 degrees C

ISO 9712, Non-destructive testing — Qualification and certification of NDT personnel

ISO 12706, Non-destructive testing — Penetrant testing — Vocabulary
3 Terms and definitions

For the purposes of this document, the terms and definitions given in ISO 12706 apply.

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ISO and IEC maintain terminological databases for use in standardization at the following addresses:

— ISO Online browsing platform: available at https:// www .iso .org/ obp
— IEC Electropedia: available at http:// www .electropedia .org/
4 Safety precautions

As penetrant inspection techniques often require the use of harmful, flammable and/or volatile

materials, safety regulations shall be taken into account.

Prolonged or repeated contact of these materials with the skin or any mucous membrane should be

avoided. Working areas shall be adequately ventilated and sited away from sources of heat, sparks or

naked flames in accordance with all applicable safety regulations.

The penetrant testing products and equipment shall be used with care and always in compliance with

the instructions supplied by the manufacturer.
UV-A sources shall always be maintained in a good condition.

In addition to the need to follow legislation (e.g. optical radiation legislation), care shall be taken to

ensure the safe implementation of the method.
5 General principles
5.1 Personnel

Testing shall be carried out by proficient, suitably trained and qualified personnel and, where

applicable, shall be supervised by competent personnel nominated by the employer or, by delegation of

the employer, the inspection company in charge of testing. To demonstrate appropriate qualification it

is recommended that personnel be certified according to ISO 9712 or an equivalent formalized system.

Penetrant testing operations, unless otherwise agreed, shall be authorized by a competent supervisory

individual (Level 3 or equivalent) approved by the employer.
5.2 Description of the method

Prior to penetrant testing the surface to be inspected shall be clean and dry. Suitable penetrants are

then applied to the test area and enter into discontinuities open to the surface. After the appropriate

penetration time has elapsed the excess penetrant is removed from the surface and the developer

applied. The developer absorbs the penetrant that has entered and remains in the discontinuities and

may give a clearly visible enhanced indication of the discontinuity.

Should complementary NDT be required, it is preferable that the penetrant inspection is performed first,

so as not to introduce contaminants into open discontinuities. If penetrant inspection is used following

another NDT technique or method, the surface shall be cleaned carefully to remove contaminants

before application.
5.3 Process sequence

The penetrant process shall be continuous with no undue delays between the stages. If process

parameters are not met, surfaces shall be cleaned and reprocessed.
Testing generally proceeds through the following stages:
a) preparation and precleaning (see 8.2);
b) application of penetrant (see 8.4);
c) excess penetrant removal (see 8.5);
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d) application of developer (see 8.6);
e) inspection (see 8.7);
f) postcleaning and protection (see 8.8).
See Annex A.
5.4 Equipment

The equipment used for carrying out penetrant testing depends on the number, size, weight and shape

of the parts to be tested. The equipment shall be as specified in ISO 3452-4.
5.5 Effectiveness
The effectiveness of the penetrant testing depends upon many factors, including
a) types of penetrant materials and testing equipment,
b) surface preparation and condition;
c) material under examination and expected discontinuities,
d) temperature of the test surface,
e) penetration and development time, and
f) viewing conditions.

Control checks shall be carried out to demonstrate that the correct testing parameters are used. See

Annex B.
6 Products, sensitivity and designation
6.1 Product family

Various test systems exist in penetrant testing. The penetrant testing system and the product family

shall be selected according to the application. Various factors have an impact on the effectiveness and

sensitivity of the process, e.g. the surface roughness and condition, size and shape of the parts to be

tested and the sensitivity level of the product family. For example using a high sensitivity penetrant on

a rough surface may result in a less sensitive test than using a lower sensitive penetrant.

A product family is understood as a combination of the following penetrant testing materials:

penetrant, excess penetrant remover (except method A) and developer. A product family may be defined

by the manufacturer, user or inspection authority and does not necessarily have to be from the same

manufacturer.
6.2 Testing products
The products used for testing are given in Table 1.
6.3 Sensitivity

Sensitivity levels shall be determined according to ISO 3452-2. By using specific product families

different sensitivity levels may be achieved. Therefore ISO 3452-2 describes penetrant baseline

sensitivity and product family sensitivity.
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6.4 Designation

The product family to be used for penetrant testing is given a designation comprising the type, the

method and the form for the testing products, and a figure which indicates the sensitivity level achieved

by testing according to ISO 3452-2.

EXAMPLE A product family comprising fluorescent penetrant (I), water as the excess penetrant remover

(A), dry-powder developer (a), and system sensitivity of level 2 gives the following penetrant testing system

designation when using ISO 3452-1 and ISO 3452-2: product family ISO 3452-2, IAa Level 2.

Table 1 — Testing products/procedures
Penetrant Excess penetrant remover Developer
Type Denomination Method Denomination Form Denomination
I Fluorescent A Water a Dry
II Colour contrast B Lipophilic emulsifier b Water soluble
III Dual purpose (fluo- C Solvent c Water suspendable
rescent and colour
D Hydrophilic emulsifier d Solvent based (non-aque-
contrast)
ous for Type I)
E Water and solvent e Solvent based (non-aque-
ous for Types II and III)
f Special application
g No developer

For specific cases, it is necessary to use penetrant testing products complying with particular requirements with regards

to flammability, sulfur, halogen and sodium content and other contaminants. See ISO 3452-2.

Method E relates to the use of two products, both water and solvent. Penetrant materials qualified for method A

are also considered qualified for method E.
For form g, development time is required, see 8.6.1.
7 Compatibility
7.1 General

The penetrant testing products shall be compatible with each other and the material to be tested. The

use for which the part or parts is designed shall also be considered.
7.2 Compatibility of penetrant testing products

Drag-out losses shall be replaced with the same product, which may be from a different batch.

7.3 Compatibility of penetrant testing products and the material to be tested

7.3.1 In most cases the compatibility can be assessed prior to use by means of the corrosion tests

detailed in ISO 3452-2.

7.3.2 The wettability of the test surface using the selected penetrant testing product shall be

established before testing.

7.3.3 The chemical or physical properties of some non-metallic materials can be adversely affected

by penetrant testing materials; their compatibility has to be established before inspecting parts

manufactured from, and assemblies that include such materials.

7.3.4 In situations where contamination might occur, it is essential to ensure that the penetrant testing

materials do not have a deleterious effect on fuels, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, etc.

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7.3.5 For parts associated with peroxide rocket fuel, explosive stores (these include all items containing

explosive propellant, initiating or pyrotechnic materials), oxygen equipment or nuclear applications the

compatibility of penetrant testing materials shall be given special consideration.

8 Test procedure
8.1 Written test procedure

All testing shall be performed in accordance with an approved written documentation, either

specifically prepared or included in the relevant product standard. The written test procedure shall

also include all relevant parameters for testing, e.g. temperatures, times, pressures. When generating

test procedures the product manufacturers recommendations shall be taken into account.

8.2 Precleaning
8.2.1 General

Contaminants such as scale, rust, oil, grease, paint and water shall be removed — if necessary using

mechanical or chemical methods, or a combination of these. Precleaning shall ensure that the test

surface is free from residues and that it allows the penetrant to enter any discontinuity. The cleaned

area shall be large enough to prevent interference from areas adjacent to the actual test surface.

8.2.2 Mechanical precleaning

Scale, slag, rust, etc., shall be removed using suitable methods such as brushing, rubbing, abrasion,

blasting or high-pressure blasting (water or ice pellets). These methods r
...